umayyad dynasty 661-750 ce › damascus syria—center of the empire › emphasis on arab culture...
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Umayyad Dynasty 661-750 CE› Damascus Syria—Center of the empire› Emphasis on Arab culture› Discrimination toward non-Arab
Abbassid Dynasty 750-1258› Overthrew Umayyad› Moved capital to Baghdad› Prospered—Art, Science, Medicine, Etc› Very tolerant of other religions/ethnic groups
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Seljuks 1055› Took Baghdad › Weakened Byzantine Empire
1200s Mongols swept through› Hulagu (Grandson of Genghiz)› Brought trade but destroyed cities and
killed people
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1300s Ottomans in Anatolia› 1453 captured Constantinople ending the
Byzantine Empire
Suleiman (1520-1566)- The “Lawgiver”› Ruled 50 million people› Height of the 500 year rule
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Slaves– conquered peoples who gained freedom by converting to Islam› Christian boys taken, converted and
developed personal strengths If athletic– Military (highest Janizary corps) If intellectual– political leaders (highest
grand vizier)
Millets- Non-Muslim communities ruled themselves but loyal to Sultan
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1500s the Safavids waged war on Ottomans› Iran› Safavids Shiite› Led by Shah (King)
Abbas the Great 1587-1629 Shah (King)› European helped him to fight agains Ottomans
Trained in Musketry and Cannonry › Encouraged trade
Brought Chinese to Capital Shahs ruled till 1979 thought the Safavids were
gone by 1736
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In the 19th century, the Ottoman empire began losing control to Russia and Britain› Britain and Russia were both showing interest
in the Middle East.
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US Foreign policy= not much interest in the race for territory in the east
› Monroe Doctrine
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Ottoman Empire =Central Powers (Germany and Austria Hungary)
Sykes-Picot Accord– Secret treaty between Britain and France to divide up the Arab empire
Balfour Declaration---The British supported the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine
Promises to support an independent Arab state
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Movement to reestablish Israel in the holy land
Theodore Herzl Due to antisemitism in
Eastern Europe and Russia in the late 1800s› Pogroms
Gained momentum during WWI
Realized after the Holocaust
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Woodrow Wilson’s 14 points, League of Nations and “Self-Determination” (decolonization/autonomy) › British and France opposed
Why?
› US never joins
What did this mean?
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Britain and France carve up the Middle East. › Britain took Iraq,
Kuwait, The Arabian Peninsula, Jordan and Palestine
› French took Morocco, Algeria, Syria Lebanon and Tunisia
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Broken Promises
Lack of independence of Arab nations
New Jewish Nation
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Shift from Coal to Oil
› US had some interest but produced 60% of worlds oil prior to WWII (1940)
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During WWII– Soviets British must not allow Nazis to gain foothold
Post WWII US changes stance on oil
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1948 UN led by US creates Jewish nation of Israel
US dependence on Middle East for oil
Stop spread of communism
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After WWII the British could not afford to remain in control of the Suez
› The United States took over to prevent the Soviets from doing so
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US needs Saudi Oil
US supports Israel
Saudis oppose Israel
US needs to stop Soviets
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United Nations—Israel is a sovereign state
Immediate responses› Egypt, Syria, Jordan,
Lebanon and Iraq invade Israel.
› Israel succeeds and extends territory
› 750000 Palestinian refuges were now without a home and the Arab world was enraged
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Egypt’s Gamal Abd al-Nasser takes the Suez Canal from French and British› He also makes deal with Soviets› Block Israel’s ability to ship in Red Sea› British and French support invasion by
Israel› Israel takes Sinai › US intervenes forcing Israel to leave Sinai
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Egypt’s Gamal Abd al-Nasser › Pan-Arabism
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PLO formed– Palestinian Liberation Organization› Sought the formation of an
autonomous Palestinian state› Refused to accept Israel’s legitimacy
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Nasser orders UN troops to leave Egypt-Israel border and restricts Israeli shipping through the Suez
Israel preemptively invades Occupies Sinai Peninsula, Golan Heights,
W. Bank Said the would withdraw in return for
recognition RESPONSE = NO
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Egypt and Syria invade Israel on Yom Kippur (4th Arab-Israeli War)› Soviets supply Egypt and
Syria and US supports Israel (Beginning of full US support)
› Saudi Arabia cuts off Oil to US = Crisis in US Realization of just how
dependent US is on Oil Doubled the unemployment Reduced GDP by 6%
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Peace treaty between Israel and Egypt
Egypt’s Sadat recognized Israel’s soverignty in return for Israeli withdraw from the Sinai Peninsula
US gave 3 billion to Israel and 1.5 billion to Egypt
Sadat of Egypt became hated because of his negotiations and eventually was assassinated in 1981 Egypt was also expelled from the Arab League
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Today the situation remains unstable› Palestinian push for statehood› Hamas refusal to Accept Israel’s
sovereignty › Jerusalem remains a bone of contention› The 2002 wall of protection cuts through
Palestinian farmland› Refuges remain homeless in bordering
countries› Fight for scarce resources
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The United States had helped Iranian shah (King), Mohammed Reza Pahlavi to gain control of the Iranian government
The United States began sending more “support” to Iran
By the mid-70s, 50% of all arms exports were heading to Iran
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Pahlavi popularity declines› Westernization› Gap between rich and
poor
Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini takes control
Khomeini sought reform based on Islamic fundamentalism.
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› Expel Western Ideas (Music, movies and literature)
› Women Covered› US=Great Satan› Soviet Union= Lesser
Satan › 1979- Iranian students
seize the US embassy (8 soldiers end up dead)
› Gas Prices in the US soared due to the halt of Iranian gas exports
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In September of 1980 Saddam Hussein of Iraq invaded Iran
For 8 years the two struggled against one another. › Iraq with more support
from Saudi Arabia and Kuwait
› Iran more determined with plastic keys hanging from their necks
US supports Saddam
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Reagan did not want to see Iran win.
When Iran began attacking Kuwait, the US began supplying Iraq with weapons
Simultaneously, the US secretly sold anti-tank weapons and spare military parts to Iran
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Soviets invade Afghanistan 1979
US supports Mujahedeen and Osama› 1994 Taliban
splits from Northern Alliance and takes control of Afghanistan New Fundamentalism
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In 1988 Saddam begins gassing Kurds in the North of Iraq › Kurds supported the
Iranians and hoped for independence
More recent news:Iraq executes Chemical AliAli Hassan al-Majid was notorious for the gassing of more than 5,000 Kurds in 1988 and other brutal campaigns
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Iraq accuses Kuwait of pumping oil from an area claimed by Saddam Hussein
US warns Saddam not to use force
Saddam invades Kuwait in early August, 1990
Iraq’s chief supporter (Soviet Union) immediately stopped arms shipments
US gave Hussein a deadline to pull out troops by January 15, 1991. at the same time positioning 540000 troops in the Middle East
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Support of Arab States and European Nations
US invasion in Mid-January 1991 pushed to Iraq Army back to Bagdad .
Bush (Sr.) decided that completed destruction may destabilize Iraq
After the Gulf War, many countries in the Middle East relied on the US to maintain stability.
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Coordinated attacks by al Qaeda on the Pentagon and the World Trade Center.
Since the Gulf War most of our regional focus has been on Iraq, Iran and the Arab-Israeli conflict
Since we have discussed the roots of the Arab-Israeli conflict in depth, lets look at Iran and Iraq
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After the Gulf War: Iraq oil exports were limited Saddam Hussein was allowed to remain in
power to keep country stable UN weapons inspectors were allowed to look
for weapons of mass destruction and also destroyed stockpiles of biological and chemical weapons
In 1998, the US and British bombed Iraq when they refused to allow weapons inspectors into Iraq
Iraq continued to refuse to allow UN inspectors in until 2002
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In 2002 the United Nations put pressure on Iraq to allow weapons inspections
Iraq agreed but resisted the UN inspections.
Colin Powell insisted the Saddam Hussein had links to al Quaeda.
Britain and US saw action as necessary to bring about regime change but France, Germany and Russia did not agree with action being taken
Turkey later refused to allow US to use its territory to enter Iraq
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The US moves forward with some support from allies
No WMDs were found Mass gravesites were found (Hussein) Hussein’s regime was toppled Order is far from being restored
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The UN believes that Iran has failed to notify the UN that they have imported Uranium
It is clear that Iran has a well developed Nuclear program
Iran seeks permission from France Germany and Britain to enrich Uranium
US worries about the threat
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Plenty of evidence showing that Iran support Hamas, Hezbollah and Islamic Jihad– 3 terrorist groups that seek the liberation of Palestine
Evidence of torture and killings of opposition to the Iranian regime
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US placed economic sanctions on Iran Any country who invests more than 20
million annually into Iranian fuel industry is not allowed access to US markets
The vacuum left by US in Iran’s fuel industry has been filled by other countries