4

4.1

4.1.1

30005145m15003000mV4560

4.1.2

1

-2001BD18306-2001

pH6.78.39.3820.1

2

1

U

2

23581520m3725m160mT3zh57m3

10-20m

3

4400m15001700m30003200m

T3zh51-2

1030m60m1040m

120m150m300m3950

0+0000+835m60m0+430300m0+8350+334m0+8351+218m0+3340+384m5510m0+3841+073.737m

4

S45E1020m170m110m4050mQ4al+pl31.237.9mT3zh7.0m

40210m200m3500m315m25m

0.51.3m0.52cmJc130m

3

GB17741-20052005102421032731243203

7

GB18306-200110.10g0.15g1

4.1.3

11.313.433.935.6-11-7.4613.4mm537.9mm66%67%1530.5mm1593.2mm1.6m/s2.6m/s17.0m/s17m/sNNWENE

4.1.3

1

1

P=10%P=50%P=90%541244-14-2

4-1

(m3/s)

Cv

Cs/Cv

P=10%

P=50%

P=90%

(54)

6.52

0.15

2

7.80

6.48

5.30

(124)

2.23

0.21

2

2.85

2.20

1.65

4-2

m3/s

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

1

2

3

4

6-10

12-4

11.4

18.5

16.4

10.9

7.3

6.9

4.4

3.1

2.4

2.3

2.4

4.9

7.62

18.1

4.59

10.5

14.5

11.7

7.5

9.1

9.7

3.6

2.3

1.7

1.6

1.7

4.0

6.50

15.8

3.38

12.2

9.8

10.3

5.2

4.7

6.0

2.7

1.8

1.3

1.2

1.3

2.6

4.93

10.8

2.42

11.4

14.3

12.8

7.9

7.0

7.5

3.58

2.39

1.80

1.70

1.79

3.79

6.35

14.9

3.47

6.52m3/s736mm23.3L/(s.km2)

(610)10.2m3/s65.3%(124)2.37m3/s14.8%1222.04m3/s7.55%21.74m3/s2.02%

P=10%7.80m3/sP=90%5.30m3/s1.47232P=90%1.22m3/s

2

8.05km4-34-4

4-3

m3/s

12-4

km2

0.69

0.23

29.2

0.76

0.25

32.8

0.77

0.26

33.2

1.02

0.34

44.0

3.23

1.09

139.2

4-4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

1

2

3

4

1.19

1.49

1.34

0.82

0.73

0.78

0.37

0.25

0.19

0.18

0.19

0.40

1.34

1.68

1.51

0.92

0.82

0.88

0.42

0.28

0.21

0.20

0.21

0.45

1.35

1.70

1.52

0.93

0.83

0.89

0.43

0.28

0.21

0.20

0.21

0.45

1.79

2.25

2.02

1.24

1.11

1.18

0.56

0.38

0.28

0.27

0.28

0.60

5.67

7.12

6.39

3.92

3.50

3.74

1.79

1.19

0.90

0.85

0.89

1.89

2

4-54-6

4-5

Q%m3/s

0.20%

0.50%

1.00%

2.00%

3.30%

5%

10%

340

297

267

237

215

198

170

30.7

27.3

24.7

22.3

20.5

19.1

16.7

41.0

36.5

33.1

29.8

27.4

25.5

22.2

56.9

50.5

45.8

41.2

37.9

35.3

30.8

62.7

55.6

50.4

45.2

41.5

38.6

33.7

381

333

298

264

240

221

189

4-6

m3/s

5%

10%

20%

13

2.93

2.82

2.68

4

28.5

24.1

19.8

5

73.8

63.5

54.1

69

198

170

142

10

44.60

39.5

34.0

11

7.00

6.51

5.98

12

3.84

3.70

3.53

13

3.95

3.81

3.62

4

34.8

29.5

24.2

5

90.2

77.6

66.1

69

221

189

158

10

54.5

48.3

41.5

11

9.44

8.79

8.07

12

5.18

4.99

4.76

3

4-7

4-7

km2

279.2

29.2

32.8

33.2

44.0

t

7.09

0.742

0.834

0.844

1.118

kg/m3

0.299

0.299

0.299

0.299

0.299

6~9

kg/m3

0.583

0.583

0.583

0.583

0.583

t

2.65

0.277

0.311

0.315

0.418

t

9.74

1.019

1.145

1.126

1.536

4.1.4

9151721

14223300m

28003300m

300036503900m

36503900m

37004300m510m1623cm

4.1.5

1

792.4t2711.29t/km2a8,81.4%2398.08km25.8%170.87km28.7%256.3km24.1%120.8km24-8

4-8

mm

km2

%

t/km2a

t

%

1

1367.37

250

34.18

2

1551.16

52.65

1500

232.67

29.13

1.2

3

1272.51

43.19

3750

477.19

59.75

3.0

4

106.33

3.61

6500

69.12

8.65

5.2

5

12.30

0.42

11500

14.15

1.77

9.2

6

3.75

0.13

15000

5.63

0.71

12.0

2-6

2945.06

100

2711.29

798.76

100

2.2

1-6

4313.42

832.94

1.5

2

17.75hm25.69hm212.06hm2310t/a2570t/km2.a

4.2

20164

2016420165

4.2.1

1

1

93277482141923271977251440

2

7925845925814

4-7

Distribution type

%

%

1Cosmoplitan

30

37.97

36

13.95

2Pantropic

18

22.78

22

8.53

3

4

5.06

7

2.71

4Old word tropic

1

1.27

4

1.55

5

1

1.27

6

1

1.27

10

3.87

7Tropic Asia

1

1.27

5

1.94

8North Temperate

18

22.78

109

42.25

9

1

1.27

16

6.20

10Old world temperate

2

2.53

18

6.98

11

5

1.94

12

3

1.16

13

1

0.39

14-East Asia

2

2.53

18

6.98

15

4

1.55

Total

79

100.00

258

100.00

3613.95%4818.60%14857.37%31.16%10.39%-186.98%41.55%

3

19998492))

4

Rhododendron)Gentiana(Pedicularis)DelphiniumThalictrumLoniceraAcerPolygonumPotentillaAnemoneRanunculusLigulariaChamaenerion spp.Rosa)BerberisSpiraeaAlliumAnaphalisSalviaBuddlejaClematisAquilegiaOrchidaceae

Draba nemorosaAngelica sinensisAstilbe chinensisCardamine macrophyllaAruncus sylvesterElsholtzia densaLonicera hispidaMetaplexis japonicaDipsacus asperTaraxacum mongolicum

Rosa spp.Rubus spp.Cotoneaster spp.Actinidia tetrameraFragaria spp.Elaeagnus spp.Cerasus spp.Hippophae spp.

RosaceaeLeguminosaeGramineaeRanunculaceaeCyperaceaePotentilla spp.Vicia craccaFestuca spp.Deyeuxia spp.Poa spp.Kobresia spp.Cardamine macrophyllaAnemone spp.Ranunculus spp.

Picea spp.Abies spp.Betula albosinensisTsuga spp.

2

1

IIIIAI A1IIA1-2

7580%()

2

112

A

1()Form. Lindera pulcherrima var. Hemsleyana/Cyclobalanopsis glauca/Quercus wutaishanica

B

2Form. Betula spp.

3Form. Populus spp.

4Form. Hippophae spp.

C

5Form. Quercus aquifolioides

D

6Form. Tsuga chinensis/Picea spp./Betula spp.

E

7Form. Picea asperata/Picea purpurea

8Form. Abies faxoniana

F

9Form. Salix spp.

10Form. Berberis spp.

G

11Form. Festuca spp./Kobresia spp.

H

12Form. Picea spp.

13Form. Zea mays

4-8

1

23002800m

2

2400m

3

4

2500-3000m

5

24003800

6

2500-3200m

7

2400-3500m0.4-0.8Picea asperataPicea purpurea

8

26003900

9

10

2400-3000

11

40%-60%

12

2510m0.5-0.7Berberis spp.Salix spp.

13

Zea mays(Triticum aestivum)(Solanum tuberosum)

3

Landsat TM12

122TM(20m)

4-9

hm2

(%)

1

()

102.65

6.15

2

151.29

9.07

3

56.57

3.39

4

35.68

2.14

5

26.35

1.58

6

410.14

24.59

7

454.21

27.23

8

63.58

3.81

9

83.24

4.99

10

56.19

3.37

11

10.37

0.62

12

179.04

10.73

13

20.35

1.22

14

18.34

1.10

1668.00

100.00

3

1

180m

2

++++

31#~3#5km

3

850m

4

/8

4-10

1

1

0.35

1#

2

2

0.35

2#

3

3

0.35

3#

4

4

0.18

4#

5

5

0.18

5#

6

6

0.15

6#

7

7

0.18

7#

8

8

0.15

8#

1.89

5

721.89m94.22hm2

4-11

1

1#

0.68

2

2#

0.50

3

3#

0.86

4

4#

1.50

5

5#

0.07

6

6#

0.13

7

7#

0.20

8

8#

0.15

9

9#

0.13

4.22

6

8km

1.72km3.5km

7

19998492

4.2.2

1

136889822 I1101

2

1

82431

Batrachuperus tibetanusOreolalax popeiScutiger glandulatusScutiger boulengeriBufo andrewsiAmolops mantzorumAmolops lifanensisRana kukunorisScutiger glandulatusAmolops mantzorum

44

8

8

2

815Gloydius strauchiProtobothrops jerdonii

3

9812307374.49%2525.51%Streptopelia orientalisPtyonoprogne rupestrisMotacilla CinereaMotacilla CinereaPyrrhocoraxpyrrhocorax

4-12

%

2

2.04

1

1.02

3

3.06

1

1.02

3

3.06

1

1.02

4

4.08

3

3.06

1

1.02

1

1.02

1

1.02

4

4.08

1

1.02

3

3.06

5

5.1

1

1.02

2

2.04

6

6.12

2

2.04

2

2.04

11

11.23

9

9.19

7

7.15

3

3.06

8

8.17

1

1.02

2

2.04

2

2.04

5

5.1

3

3.06

12

30

98

100.00

984242.86%3939.79%1717.35%

2

4

61422Susscrofa LinnaeusS ciurotamias davidianusApodemuschevrieri

4-13

%

2

9.09

1

4.55

1

4.55

1

4.55

1

4.55

1

4.55

1

4.55

2

9.09

3

13.64

4

18.18

1

4.55

1

4.55

1

4.55

2

9.09

6

14

22

100.00

221150.00%940.91%29.09%

2

12 I11011813

4-14

1

Milivus migrans

II

2

Accipiter gentilis

II

3

Buteo buteo

II

4

Falco tinnunculus

II

5

Pucrasia macrolopha

II

6

Chrysolophus pctus

II

7

Strix aluco

II

8

Moschus berezovskii

I

9

Macaca thibetana

II

10

Selenarctos thibetanus

II

11

Naemorhedus goral

II

12

Elaphodus cephalophus

Milivus migrans54-69

Accipiter gentilis3238130300

HYPERLINK "http://baike.baidu.com/view/27818.htm" \t "_blank"

HYPERLINK "http://baike.baidu.com/view/21610.htm" \t "_blank"

Buteo buteo35

Macaca thibetana

Pucrasia macrolopha12264316

Chrysolophus pctus

Strix aluco

Moschus berezovskii704773000

Macaca thibetana5163203250

Selenarctos thibetanus4cm5

Naemorhedus goral1210

Elaphodus cephalophus153085-100

4.2.3

201411

2

1

5 2813365-13083.33% 616.67%

2

5 4

3

4

4-19

1

2

3

4

5

Chlorophyta

Ulotrichaceae

1. Ulothrix Ktz.

1 Ulothrix zona(Web.etMohr) Ktz

+

+

+

2 UlothriximplexaKtz

+

++

+

Zygnemataceae

2. ZygnemaAg

3 Zygnemainsigne Hass.Ktz

+

3. MougeotiaAg

4 MougeotiaparvulaHass

+

+

4. SpirogyraLink

5 Spirogyracommunis HassKtz.

+

+

+

+

Cyanophyta

Osicillatoriaceae

5. Oscillatoria

6 OscillatoriaprincepsVauch

+

++

+

+

++

++ +

5

1

2284-20

4-20

1

2

3

4

5

Arthropoda

Insecta

Ephemerida

1 Ecdyrus

+++

++

++

++

++

2 Caenis

++

+

+

++

3 Cloeondipterum

+

+

+

+

Phryganeidae

Hydropsychidae

4 Hydropsyche

+

+

+

Polycentropodidae

5 Neureclipsis

+

+

+

Coleoptera

Dytiscidae

6 Cybister

+

Plecoptera

Nemouridae

7 Nemourasp

+

+

Annelida

Hirudinea

Herpobdellida

Herpobdellidae

8 Babronia

+

+

+++ ++ +

2

554-21

4-21

1

23

2

35

3

42

4+

39

5

47

6

1

523412212004-2005

4-22

Oncorhynchus mykiss

riplophysa polyfaciata

Schizothorax prenanti

Gymnocypris potanini

Euchiloglanis davidi

Wuchiloglanis kishinouyei

2

52

240%

360%

3

III

4

4

6 53

2

2

5

51- 3 60% 240%

612444-23

4-23

%

kg

%

101

81.45

0.80

25.62

7

5.64

0.23

7.30

1

0.81

0.02

0.57

15

12.10

2.09

66.51

124

100.00

3.14

100.00

6U2850m40653-

2004

100

5

I 400-500

16

4.2.4

1

1668hm2105572.99hm214

()23002800m

24003800

3

2

1

AcView GISDo26.83%Lp31.04%Rf22.24%Do20.49%Lp24.59%Rf16.81%

4-24

(hm2)

Rd

Rf

Lp

Do

1

17.11

0.0108

0.0490

0.0615

0.0457

2

9.74

0.0449

0.1033

0.1460

0.1101

3

1.76

0.0269

0.0263

0.0158

0.0212

4

4.61

0.1598

0.1681

0.2459

0.2049

5

4.05

0.2298

0.2224

0.3104

0.2683

6

0.91

0.2747

0.1559

0.0836

0.1494

7

0.25

0.0736

0.0595

0.0062

0.0364

8

2.89

0.1113

0.0893

0.1073

0.1038

9

0.58

0.0628

0.0736

0.0122

0.0402

10

6.11

0.0054

0.0525

0.0110

0.0200

11

2.99

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

2

33

1.72km3.5km

3

4-24

3

H.lieth

Pt3000/(1+ e1.3150.119t)

Pp=3000(1e0.000664p)

Pttg/m2aPppmmg/m2a

1875m2600m11.34-221162.2g/m2a1003.7g/m2a

4-25

g/m2a

mm

g/m2a

7.2

1162.2

613.4

1003.7

ShelfordLiebig

4.3

4.3.1

43946872619.9%2102947.5%1395031.7%354805.8

550026202366254

4.3.2

114313.415km2439469.82hm24-23

4-26

km2

%

hm2/

4313.415

100

9.815

1

32.064

0.74

0.073

9.047

0.21

0.021

23.017

0.53

0.053

>25

1.000

0.02

0.002

2

1231.823

28.56

2.803

624.804

14.49

1.422

312.885

7.25

0.712

311.919

7.24

0.710

6.277

0.15

0.014

1.650

0.04

0.004

4.627

0.11

0.011

569.262

13.2

1.295

31.481

0.72

0.071

3

398.198

9.23

0.906

4

1670.972

38.74

3.806

5

36.713

0.85

0.083

6

7.195

0.17

0.015

7

936.450

21.71

2.131

4-260.021hm2/2.803hm2/0.906hm2/3.806hm2/2.229hm2/

15

4.3.3

4318.00km22007439023532180.0%385261.087670t500kg16782.8107594386

512200727601.05377t288/31115373t1t4.3t7.2t3221199

4-27

4-27

/

/

/

550

550

259

12

218

1145

1.0

462

530

217

14.4

312

1166

1.15

224

255

105

9.6

428

1134

1.13

900

844

423

25

278

1052

0.94

484

582

227

14.4

298

1140

1.2

2620

2760

1231

75.4

288

1199

1.05

4.3.4

200311[2003]898

4.3.5

4.3.6

7[2003]32

10[2003]72

4.3.7

148.4km90768.2km80%

4.4

4.4.1

1

1

2

2003GB3838-2002

2016041620160422910

4-28

200m

1#

200m

2#

180m

3#

0420

0421

0422

0420

0421

0422

0420

0421

0422

pH

7.42

7.41

7.44

7.37

7.39

7.36

7.46

7.48

7.45

69

5.1

4.9

4.8

5.0

5.1

4.8

5.3

5.2

5.2

7.47

7.44

7.48

7.36

7.39

7.38

7.40

7.43

7.41

6

mg/L

15

mg/L

1.23

1.24

1.27

1.31

1.27

1.26

1.29

1.31

1.25

3

mg/L

0.231

0.230

0.226

0.226

0.228

0.219

0.302

0.291

0.299

0.5

mg/L

0.05

0.06

0.05

0.06

0.06

0.06

0.05

0.06

0.06

0.1

mg/L

0.34

0.36

0.36

0.39

0.37

0.38

0.36

0.38

0.36

0.5

mg/L

0.02

0.01

0.02

0.02

0.01

0.01

0.02

0.01

0.02

0.05

mg/L

220

130

170

170

130

80

130

130

170

2000

/L

4#

5#

50m6#

0420

0421

0422

0420

0421

0422

0420

0421

0422

pH

7.37

7.40

7.39

7.42

7.43

7.35

7.41

7.43

7.44

69

5.3

5.1

4.9

5.3

5.1

5.4

5.1

5.3

5.4

7.45

7.46

7.49

7.38

7.41

7.43

7.40

7.42

7.39

6

mg/L

15

mg/L

1.23

1.26

1.21

1.28

1.25

1.21

1.25

1.32

1.24

3

mg/L

0.252

0.261

0.258

0.282

0.280

0.285

0.291

0.290

0.288

0.5

mg/L

0.06

0.05

0.05

0.06

0.06

0.08

0.07

0.05

0.05

0.1

mg/L

0.41

0.40

0.38

0.42

0.39

0.40

0.43

0.42

0.42

0.5

mg/L

0.03

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.03

0.01

0.01

0.02

0.02

0.05

mg/L

170

130

80

130

80

220

80

170

20

2000

/L

7#

8#

9#

0420

0421

0422

0420

0421

0422

0420

0421

0422

pH

7.58

7.61

7.59

7.64

7.66

7.63

7.72

7.71

7.68

69

9.1

9.3

9.2

9.2

9.4

9.2

9.2

9.3

9.4

7.16

7.22

7.18

7.24

7.26

7.21

6.65

6.72

6.68

6

mg/L

15

mg/L

1.36

1.34

1.27

1.21

1.28

1.22

1.67

1.61

1.57

3

mg/L

0.192

0.200

0.194

0.243

0.237

0.245

0.319

0.324

0.320

0.5

mg/L

0.07

0.08

0.08

0.08

0.07

0.08

0.12

0.11

0.10

0.1

mg/L

0.39

0.42

0.41

0.39

0.42

0.40

0.48

0.49

0.48

0.5

mg/L

0.01

0.02

0.02

0.01

0.01

0.02

0.01

0.03

0.03

0.05

mg/L

50

130

130

110

340

50

80

170

2000

/L

pHmg/LHJ20160524

3

GB3838-2002

4-28

2

201604162016042234.2.410

4-29II

4-29

1#

2#

3#

0420

0421

0422

0420

0421

0422

0420

0421

0422

pH

7.33

7.36

7.34

7.38

7.36

7.35

7.31

7.32

7.36

6.58.5

0.204

0.200

0.214

0.229

0.217

0.240

0.209

0.216

0.218

0.02

mg/L

0.07

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.07

0.08

0.06

0.07

0.07

5.0

mg/L

0.01

mg/L

0.05

mg/L

41.5

42.6

42.4

48.4

47.6

47.9

49.4

49.2

49.5

300

mg/L

45

49

48

52

57

54

58

54

56

500

mg/L

0.01

mg/L

11

52

92

52

52

92

52

40

52

3.0

/L

pHmg/LHJ20160524

4.4.2

20160416201604227510

4-30 mg/m3

200m1#

200m2#

3#

4#

5#

0416

0.073

0.073

0.084

0.081

0.089

0417

0.078

0.077

0.082

0.085

0.092

0418

0.082

0.071

0.085

0.086

0.094

0419

0.076

0.072

0.078

0.080

0.093

0420

0.074

0.077

0.083

0.083

0.095

0421

0.077

0.070

0.081

0.087

0.088

0422

0.072

0.074

0.084

0.082

0.092

GB3095-2012

4.4.3

2016042004212A5104-31

4-31 dBA

Leq

200m1#

20160420

49.3

48.8

44.1

42.7

20160421

47.7

48.9

44.0

43.2

200m2#

20160420

49.1

48.6

42.7

43.0

20160421

48.6

48.8

42.9

42.1

3#

20160420

52.5

51.8

43.5

44.3

20160421

52.6

52.6

44.4

44.8

4#

20160420

47.1

48.7

43.3

42.5

20160421

47.6

47.8

42.2

42.8

5#

20160420

52.9

52.1

46.0

45.5

20160421

52.9

52.3

46.2

45.3

GB3096-2008260dBA50dBA5GB3096-20082

4.5

4.4.1

4.4.2