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CHAPTER 13: WWI, WWII and THE COLD WAR HISTORICAL PERIOD 6: 1900-2018!!

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CHAPTER 13: WWI, WWII and THE COLD WAR

HISTORICAL PERIOD 6: 1900-2018!!

The 20 th century was really based on the following six (6) things:

1. WWI (1914-1918)2. WWII (ends in 1945)

3. The Great Depression- 1930’s4. The Cold War between Russia and America (1945-1991)

(The Cold War then gave us Vietnam and the Korean War)5. Russia turns into communist Soviet Union (I leave when I’m 2 years old 😊

6. China becomes communist under Mao Zedong in 1949 PART 1: WORLD WAR ONE (1914-1918)

The Good Guys: France, England, Russia and The good ol’ US of A

The Bad Guys: Germany, Italy, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and the Ottoman Empire

WWI Casualties: 30 MILLION DEAD/30 MILLION WOUNDED (that’s A LOT of people)10,000,000 were civilians.

Spanish Flu of 1918: Infected 500 million and killed 50-100 million!!

WWI and WWII are TOTAL WARS. Why?a. They involved the WHOLE WORLD

b. Also, the WHOLE country got involved; all of OUR resources were usedFor example: Coca Cola actually started making bullets and General Motors started

making tanks.

c. WOMEN took jobs the soldiers couldn’t do at home. We even started a women’s baseball league cuz the Yankees went to war. This is the movie “League of Their Own”

d. Both wars had THE DRAFT!!! (Do U think women should be included in the Draft?)

e. Armies used NUCLEAR and CHEMICAL weapons.

Interesting things about WW1:

A. The 1st industrialized war- We invent the tank- We invent the plane- We invent the flamethrower- We illegally use chemical warfare to burn people’s faces off

B. Started when someone assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Then we get all of the ALLIANCES of WW1:

- Russia is friends with Britain….who is friends with France……who are BFF’s with the United States- Alliance #1

- Germany is friends with Italy who is friends with the Ottoman Empire who are friends with the Austro-Hungarian Empire (of which the Archduke was the…Archduke)

C. The Ottoman Empire was one of the bad guys and when they lost they were destroyed and they turned into Turkey and all of the little countries of Eastern Europe; Romania, Hungary, Albania, Bulgaria PLUS all the little countries of the Middle East; Iran, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon and Israel (Israel is made into a Jewish state by the United Nations in 1948 after the Holocaust)

D. WW1 gave us the WORST TREATY IN THE HISTORY OF WAR:::The Treaty of Versailles. Versailles is a city outside of Paris where the Kings and Queens of France used to hang out. It is also where all the countries of the world signed the treaty that ended WW1.

The problem was that this treaty punished Germany SO MUCH, and the Great Depression was SO BAD, that we got Adolf Hitler and other extremist groups in Italy. We simply left Germany too poor after the war and then we got WW2.

You see, WW1 taught America a very valuable lesson after WW1: DON’T punish the losers too much. If you leave them TOO broke, they will turn to dictatorships or terror.

- This is why we helped Germany after Adolf Hitler killed himself.- This is why we rebuilt Japan after we dropped the two bombs on Hiroshima

and Nagasaki.- This is why we don’t want to leave Afghanistan and Iraq in chaos but

perhaps we have little choice in the matter.

PART 2: THE GREAT DEPRESSION (1930’S)

The GREAT DEPRESSION was one of the main reasons WWII started. - The Great Depression was in the 1930’s after WW1 ended- In America, unemployment was at 25%!!!!!!- When Obama took office in 2008 it was at 10%, now it’s at 5% but for teenagers it’s at

30%

After WWI, England and France were broke, the US had the great Stock Market crash of 1929, and the Treaty of Versailles blamed Germany for all of WWI. As a result, Germany was broke too. This leads directly to WWII and extremist groups like the Nazis and Adolf Hitler.

After the Great Depression, countries started to take a much more ACTIVE ROLE in their economies. The best example of this is Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) in the 1930’s. Unemployment was so high (25%) that he knew he needed to do something. What he did was called the New Deal!!!

FDR was in a wheelchair because he had polio. He was the ONLY Prez ever elected 4 times!!! He beat the Nazis and then died just B4 we dropped the 2 nukes on Japan.

He started the New Deal to help America:1. He put millions of people to work building roads and bridges. (Obama tried this and

some say Donald Trump should do it too. Others say it’s too expensive)2. They also built Post Offices, skools and parks

AP Lingo: In newly independent states after WWII governments often took on a strong role in guiding the economic life of a country to promote development.

WORLD WAR 2 (1939-1945)THE GOOD GUYS: THE ALLIED POWERS

America, England and Russia

THE BAD GUYS: THE AXIS POWERSGermany (AGAIN), Italy and Japan

Hitler kills himself (so does his wife): April 30th, 1945July, 1945: we drop 2 atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

WWII Casualties: 60 MILLION DEAD/60 MILLION WOUNDED

DON’T 4GET WWII really started when Japan attacked Pearl Harbor (Dec. 7th, 1941) and FDR declared WAR on the Axis Powers. B4 that, of course, Hitler attacked Poland, Austria and France, and was really close to defeating England and Winston Churchill. Hitler made the stupid mistake of attacking Russia in 1942 as well.

WOMEN IN WW2- By 1945, more than 2.2 million women were working in the factories - Also, thousands of women enlisted as nurses serving on the front lines.

JUST THINK OF ROSIE THE RIVETER. SHE JUST DIED ON APRIL, 23RD BY THE WAY. SHE WAS 92 YEARS OLD.

1 out of 4 married women worked outside the home 350,000 women joined the Army in non-combatant roles.

310,000 women workers in the aircraft industry

- And of course, baseball was cancelled in 1942. Players like Lou Gherig and Mickey Mantle had to go to Europe. Female baseball players replaced them. That’s what the movie “A League of Their Own” is all about. It stars Madonna, Rosie O’donnell and Tom Hanks.

Of course, WWII ended with us dropping 2 nuclear bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945.

ALSO, IF U GET AN ESSAY QUESTION ON WW2 DON’T 4GET THE HOLOCAUST!!!!!!

- 6,000,000 Jews killed- My grandmother lost 4 sisters- My grandfather lost one leg- Many were killed in either gas chambers or hot fire furnaces- The Holocaust is the main reason the United Nations created the state of

Israel in 1948.- WW2 was so awful that after 1945 many countries in Africa got their

independence from Europe.

The OTHER thing about World War 2 is that all of the European powers (England, France, Italy) used their colonies in Asia and Africa to fight 4 them. So India fought for the British while Ghana, Rwanda and Togo fought for the German Nazis. After World War 2, each of these colonies was essentially freed.

PART 2: THE COLD WARThe Cold War was a ‘war without guns’ between democratic USA and communist Russia that lasted from 1945-1991. We didn’t want to have a REAL war cuz both of us had nuclear weapons.

Definitions: Governments ideologies

**not every country is a capitalist liberal democracy

1. Nationalism: When you love your country MORE than all other countries.

And ya know, what do countries use to rile up their populations? PROPAGANDA; art, posters, cartoons, movies, songs etc. Here’s great one from America. They were positive and helpful, but u get the idea. Look at the poster on the left. Whaddaya think its message is?

2. Fascism: Racist dictators and authoritarians.The Nazis were fascists, meaning that they were dictators AND racist. The Nazis didn’t just kill Jews, they killed gypsies, gays, African-Americans, the mentally ill, the physically disabled etc.

*Remember, Adolf Hitler and the Nazis thought they were the uber-race, better then everyone else.

3. Communism vs. Capitalism: We’ll learn about this in the pages below

4. Liberalism: Freedom of Speech and Freedom of Religion

5. Socialism: The government owns everything! Kind of like Communism but not exactly.

When WWII ended the world entered a period known as the COLD WAR. It was America (the good guys) vs. the Soviet Union (the bad guys). A battle of the 2 SUPERPOWERS!! Of course the situation was a bit more complex but this is enough for our purposes. Also, if u are interested in either SL or HL History Senior year, this is where the class begins. It will be the COLD WAR that gives us Vietnam and the Korean War.

You see, America was CAPITALIST while the Soviet Union (Russia) was COMMUNIST.

CAPITALISM: Based on having a lot of money and the idea of private property (American and French Revolutions)

COMMUNISM: No one is rich and no one is poor but the state owns everything. Also, there is no Freedom of Speech and no Freedom of the Press.

Capitalism is based on the writings of Adam Smith and John Stuart Mill

-Money is good Competition is good Greed is good-Freedom of Speech Freedom of Religion

The FREE MARKET: The idea that government should leave businesses alone (economic liberalization) and let them do whatever they want.

PROBLEM: we will have too many poor people, no minimum wage, and children working in factories.

CAPITALISM VS. COMMUNISM

Should education be free?Should Health care be free?Should there be a Minimum Wage?Should men and women be treated equally?How much should we pay in taxes?

We learned in Chapter 11: The Industrial Revolution that unfettered capitalism gave us Child Labor, poverty, disease etc. That’s why America got the 40 hr. work week, the Minimum Wage and then some other stuff.

Communism was a response to the economic inequality of Capitalism. The problem was that all throughout history you had a few really rich people…AND A LOT OF VERY POOR PEOPLE. So there were a lot of countries that felt that capitalism as we knew it wouldn’t solve the RICH/POOR problem: 1% were rich/99% were poor.

This was basically kind of why the French Revolution started also. I mean, the King and Queen had everything while the regular people had nothing.

AP LINGO by the end of the Cold War, many countries were moving towards a capitalist approach to business (AKA a free-market system based on economic liberalization). That is, government kind of “got out of the way” and let businesses do what they want.

Sometimes this is good and sometimes this is bad . I mean, there are many companies that will choose greed over people. Here are a few examples:1. General Motors polluting the Hudson River in NY2. Flint, Michigan lead poisoning in the water because politicians were either too

greedy or too stupid to stop it.3. Cigarette Companies4. Companies that DENY Global Warming just to get more money

UNFORTUNATE FACT #1: The richest 8 men in the world have more money than the bottom 3.5 billion people.UNFORTUNATE FACT #2: The Middle Class in America fell below 50% for the fisrt time since Vietnam in early 2016. (It was only on the news for one hr. before being replaced by the Golden Globes information)UNFORTUNATE FACT #3: In America, 15% of us live below the POVERTY LINE. That’s 45,000,000 people……..

Communism was based on the writings of Karl Marx who said:Communism would solve everything by making MONEY and PRIVATE PROPERTY illegal. Theoretically everything would be owned by the state. That way there would be NO RICH AND BE NO POOR. The world would be a PERFECT UTOPIA (perfect world), like my classroom

COMMUNIST COUNTRIES

1. RUSSIA TURNS INTO THE SOVIET UNION2. CHINA

3. VIETNAM4. CUBA

5. NORTH KOREA6. Some in Africa

7. Some in Latin America8. My classroom where I am the dictator

There is a PROBLEM with this, however: Not everyone WANTS $$$$$ to be illegal, so in countries like Russia, China, North Korea and Cuba, the leaders became dictators who took away people’s freedom of speech and freedom of the press and freedom to travel.

***The ONLY reason my family was allowed to leave the Soviet Union in 1979 when I was 2 years old is because my mom is Jewish and communists hate religion.

So the Cold War lasted from 1945 (end of WWII) to 1991 when the Soviet Union collapsed. I will give you a little history on Russia at the end of the packet.

The Cold War gave us 2 other wars: 1) the Vietnam War and the Korean War

** World History does NOT go deeply into Vietnam, the Cuban Missile Crisis or Afghanistan. If you are interested in these subjects, however, then you should take my senior IB class: IB Contemporary History

PART 3:RUSSIA TURNS INTO THE COMMUNIST

SOVIET UNION IN 1917Y did Russia and Chine become communist in the 20 th century?

Because they were BOTH plagued by what I like to call the 1%/99% phenomenon. Both Russia and China have always been a peasant culture with the royalty, the Czars of Russia or the Emperors of China, holding all the power, while a majority of the population starved and froze to death in winter.

RUSSIA**DON’T 4GET that Russia is 3X BIGGER than the United States

1. If you remember correctly, Russia was taken over by the Mongols in the 1200’s.

- The Mongols were BRUTAL, destroying livestock, enslaving men, and raping women. This is also the time that Moscow became the capital.

2. Then the Byzantine Empire kind of moved in and helped create the Russian language.

3. They also made Russian Eastern Orthodox Christian and that’s why my Grandmother has their cross on her grave

RUSSIAN: Первокурсников (Sophomores) только для одной вещи , что делает шуткиENGLISH TRANSLATION: I’ll never tell!

7. Then in the 1600’s-1800’s Russia started to industrialize. The only country to do it not through Capitalism but through the State.

Peter the Great- 1600’s Started the first Russian navy Created the beautiful city of St. Petersburg near Finland (I was there in the summer

during ‘White Nights’ when the sun never sets so it was like dawn at 3:00 a.m.) Made all the nobles learn French (That’s why my dad made me take French in college

even though I already spoke Russian)

Catherine the Great: The 1700’s- Really ugly Queen of Russia (Kings are called czars and Queens are called czarinas). This

comes from the Latin word ‘Ceasar’.

Other czars: Alexander II, Nicholas I, Shtrakhman the Superlord!

Unfortunately, Russia remained a backwards nation where 99% of the population have nothing and 1%, the King and Queens have, have everything. The people were poor, illiterate and hungry. This is where COMMUNISM comes in and Russia becomes known as…THE SOVIET UNION!! Again, we have the 1%/99% phenomenon.

Fast forward to THE YEAR 1917:Russia is in the middle of WWI and losing MILLIONS of people to war, poverty and famine. A man named Vladimir Lenin starts a Communist Revolution and turns Russia into THE SOVIET UNION (1917-1991)

And then in comes Josef Stalin. Stalin is SO BAD that America and Russia will be in the Cold War

Stalin is a maniac who kills 7,000,000 in a famine Executes 1000 per day with a bullet to the head Sends 10,000,000 to the freezing prisons of Siberia Drinks hot chocolate every single day!

Lenin and Stalin also take over the following countries of Eastern Europe:1. Romania 4. Hungary 7.Ukraine (my birthplace)2. Yugoslavia 5. Czechoslovakia 8. Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania3. Poland 6. East Germany

This was known as the IRON CURTAIN where ½ pf Europe was controlled by free democracy and ½ was controlled by Josef Stalin

The only potentially positive aspects of communism area) They treat women and men THE SAMEb) They view ALL religions the SAME (there is no preference)—although they

HATE all of them

The Cold War will bring us VERY CLOSE to WWIII because both America and the Soviet Union will have about 10,000 NUCLEAR WEAPONS EACH!!!

There are only 9 countries in the world with nukes. See if you can name them:1. 6.2. 7.3.India 8.4.Pakistan 9. (Unofficially)

Luckily the Cold War ends in 1990 when the Soviet Union collapses. Today it is once again known as Russia. Unfortunately it seems like Vladimir Putin, the new leader of Russia, is trying to start a new Cold War. He invaded the Ukraine in 2015 and just poisoned 2 British citizens accused of being spies.

THE VIETNAM WAR

AP LANG: The Cold War also produced new military alliances, including NATO and the Warsaw Pact, and promoted proxy wars in Latin America, Africa, and Asia.

A. Proxy wars: The Korean War, the Vietnam War- The Vietnam War was a “PROXY WAR”. That means it was an “IN

BETWEEN OR SUBSTITUTE WAR” between the US and Russia. This is because BOTH America and Russia had NUCLEAR WEAPONS and nobody wanted to start WWIII

VIETNAM…………We learned in the last chapter that some colonies achieved their independence through non-violence (Mahatma Gandhi in India). Now we will learn about one that achieved it through ARMED STRUGGLE; Vietnam.

Vietnam was a very poor country that had been taken over by either China or Europe for 2000 years. Finally, after WW2 when everybody else was getting their independence the wanted it too. Except this time they wanted to become communist. Since so many of them were peasants and just so poor they didn’t think that capitalism could solve their problems. Instead they chose communism and this the US WOULD NOT HAVE!!! This is why it was a proxy war between the US and the Soviet Union. The US invaded in about 1965 and didn’t leave until 1976!!!

We instituted the Draft and sent 568,000 US teenagers to Vietnam all the way……….across the world. And I’m talking the jungle here (cobras, tigers, jaguars etc.)

The only ways to get out of the Draft:- Say that ur gay

- Shoot yourself in the knee- Lower your IQ to that of a High-School Senior

- Pretend like ur nuts and start dancing around like Bandel at a Pink Floyd concert - Escape to Canada

- Or…..u go to JAIL for 5 years

Muhammad Ali (born Cassius Clay) refuses to go to Vietnam because he has become a

Muslim.

- The Vietnam War was the most controversial war in American History. It lasted from 1954-1975 and cost 50,000 American boys their lives. It also cost millions of Vietnamese their loved ones.

CASUALTIES: American troops:- 50,000 dead

- 150,000 wounded- 5000 Missing in Action

- Average age of American soldier killed : 23.1 years old- 25,000: severely disabled (A great movie about this is “Born on the 4th of July” with

Tom Cruise)- 5,300 lost a limb-------1,081 lost 2 or more limbs!- 2/3 of all the soldiers who served in Vietnam now need psychological counseling- 25% of ALL homeless people are veterans, mostly Vietnam Vets!

It also gave us the HIPPIE MOVEMENT and other anti-war protests like the Woodstock concert in 1969.

400,000 people three days on a dairy farm in New York state from August, 1969 5” of rain in 3 hours (mud everywhere) America wouldn’t let John Lennon out of Canada to perform Bob Dylan never made it (He also refuses to attend his Nobel Prize

ceremony)

PERFORMERS

Richie Havens Santana

Grateful Dead Janis Joplin

Sthrakhman and the Starlights Credence Clearwater band

**The most important thing to remember about Vietnam is that some colonies achieved their independence through non-violence (Mahatma Gandhi in India) while some NATIONALIST LEADERS in Africa or Asia achieved it through ARMED STRUGGLE; Vietnam. And that it was a proxy war.

B. NATO Stands for the “North Atlantic Treaty Organization”It includes all the countries on the north Atlantic: USA, Canada, England, Scandinavia, France etc. (It was our geographic buffer against Russia)

C. THE WARSAW PACT : Russia’s response to NATO. It included all of the countries of Eastern Europe Russia took over. It was kind of like a FORCED NATO

D. NON-ALIGNED NATIONS Some countries never took sides in the Cold war and remained non-aligned.

CHINA BECOMES COMMUNIST IN 1949

OK, if u remember correctly, China was the strongest country in the world for like 2000 years. They gave us silk, the Silk Road, gunpowder, Confucianism, Taoism, the Great Wall, wooden printing blocks, great art, calligraphy, the first University, a very sophisticated vocabulary etc. China was THE MAN!!!

Then, in the 1800’s Europe and America started to take advantage of her. Especially England with the Opium Wars and America with Catholicism and Christianity.

ALSO DON’T 4GET that China was essentially yet another country plagued by 1000’s of years of inequality, poverty, emperors, patriarchy and pain. For 4000 years they had DYNASTY AFTER DYNASTY and EMPEROR AFTER EMPEROR. They were the PERFECT EXAMPLE of the 1%/99% phenomenon.

And lets’ not even get into foot binding:

Finally, in 1949 all that comes to an end and they became Communist.- No more Emperors- No more dynasties- No more patriarchy (communism treats women the same)- No more religion (communism HATES religion)

The MOST important person in Chinese history AFTER 1949 is Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-Tung)

MAO IS IMPORTANT FOR TWO MAIN REASONS (BESIDES HAVING A HUGE WART ON HIS FACE)

MAO did 2 realllyyyyyyyyyy BAD THINGS

1. The Great Leap Forward : A disastrous farm policy that that led to a FAMINE that killed 40 million people!!!!

2. The Cultural Revolution : A social cleansing that killed 5 million lawyers, teachers, writers, artists, students, and whoever else was labelled a Capitalist pig. Led by Communist teenagers….like U!)

If u remember correctly, communism hates the idea of PRIVATE PROPERTY, so Mao made all the farmers give all their land and all their animals to the Communist party. As a result, China had a famine in the 1950’s that killed 40,000,000 people!!! (The Great Leap Forward)

You see, In China peasants never really owned the land: it all belonged either to the Emperor or the local warlords. So one of the things COMMUNISTS want to do is re-distribute the land. This happened in ALL communist nations: Cuba, Vietnam, Latin America, Asia, Africa etc. Either we all owned it, or no one owned it.

In some countries the communist leader would take ALL the land and give each peasant a LITTLE. This was also known as land re-distribution. This was true for communism or socialism which are essentially the same thing: group or state ownership of everything.

The problem is this doesn’t always work because the individual farmers want to keep their own stuff and their own animals. So sometimes we get a massive famine: there was also a famine in Russia in the 1930’s that killed 7,000,000

And we kind of have this here in the United States too. See if u can find any examples.

The communists also felt that anyone with an education (not 1st, 2nd or 5th hour) was a threat to communism cuz they could read. They killed 5,000,000 writers, businessmen, artists, teachers, doctors, lawyers etc. Business people were especially hated because communism is the opposite of capitalism. This was the CULTURAL REVOLUTION

Eventually Mao dies of Parkinson’s Disease in 1976. This is when China becomes the capitalist powerhouse it is today. Of course, there is still no freedom of speech, freedom of the press, or actual elections. You cannot look up the following terms on the Chinese internet:1. Democracy2. Human Rights3. Justine Bieber

*It’s true, communism treated women WAY BETTER than China, Japan, Europe or any other historically patriarchal society.**They also hated religion and felt that ALL OF THEM fooled people: CHRISTIANITY, BUDDHISM, CONFUCIANISM, TAOISM, ISLAM, JUDAISM ETC.

In Chapter 14: the 21 st Century, we move into the new mathematical, environmental and scientific inventions of the last 50 years. Yay!

HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENTS:A. Both WWI and WWII were ‘Total Wars’? How so? In addition to ur other pieces of

evidence use the activities as women as proof.

B. WWI ended with the Treaty of Versailles. How was this a mistake?

C. What was the Great Depression and when did it happen?

D. How did WW2 start? How did it end? What was the Holocaust?E. How do you think the Great Depression helped create WW2?

F. What was the Cold War? When did it occur?

G. Why didn’t the ‘COLD’ War turn into a ‘HOT’ War?

H. What’s the DIFFERENCE between CAPITALISM/COMMUNISM?

I. Are there any problem with communism or is it really the paradise so many envisioned?

J. What is this 1%/99% phenomenon and how does it apply to BOTH China and Russia?

K. GREAT QUESTION: What was so theoretically appealing about communism?

L. HOW WAS THE VIETNAM WAR ACTUALLY A REVERSAL OF THE THINGS AMERICA STANDS FOR?

M. What would U have done if u got drafted?

N. Do you think that religious objections should be allowed to get you out of the Army like Muhammad Ali.

O. LONG RESPONSE QUESTION #1: DO YOU THINK EVERYONE IN AMERICA SHOULD HAVE HEALTH CARE EVEN IF THEY CAN’T AFFORD IT ?________________________________________________________

P. What do u think the Minimum Wage should be and why?

Q. LONG RESPONSE QUESTION #2: WAS IT RIGHT TO DROP THE ATOMIC BOMB ON JAPAN EVEN THOUGH WE KILLED 100,000 CIVILIANS?

R. Which 2 things was Mao Zedong famous for?

S. FINAL QUESTION: If u were creating interesting philosophical questions for this chapter what might they look like? Please come up with three (3):

1.

2.

3.PART 2: MAP ASSIGNMENT

Grab a blank map of Europe and fill in/ color in the following countries and their capitals. Use the purple textbooks as before.

EUROPE:

1. ENGLAND: LONDON2. FRANCE: PARIS3. ITALY: ROME

4. GREECE: ATHENS5. BELGIUM: BRUSSELS

6. HOLLAND: AMSTERDAM7. NORWAY: OSLO

8. SWEDEN: STOCKHOLM9. FINLAND: HELSINKI

10.DENMARK: COPENHAGEN11.SPAIN: MADRID

12.PORTUGAL: LISBON13.GERMANY: BERLIN14.AUSTRIA: VIENNA

15.SWITZERLAND: BERN16.POLAND-WARSAW

17. ROMANIA-BUCHAREST (PRONOUNCED BUHA-REST)18. HUNGARY BUDAPEST (PRONOUNCED BUDA-PESHT)

PART 3: EXTRA CREDITUse the Russian alphabet below to write out each of the countries of the USSR on a separate piece of large construction paper. Include the acronym for USSR as well.