CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Wastes can be produced by natural occurrence such as whirlwind, erosion, storm,

volcanoes, flooding, among others and majorly by anthropogenic activities such as

household; business, manufacturing and agricultural system. Among the elements

contributing to wastes production are; high population growth and urbanization,

industrialization, changes in consumption pattern, and the general use of disposable

containers and packages leading to large amounts of waste (Ladu, Lu, & Osman, 2011;

Giusti, 2009; Ngoc and Schnitzer 2009). This was not a major challenge when the human

population was relatively small and nomadic, but became a serious problem with

urbanization and the growth of large conurbations.

UN-HABITAT (2010) reported that Africa is the fastest urbanizing continent in the world

having urban centres such as Cairo, Lagos, Nairobi, among others growing at exponential

pace that make them triple their size by the year 2050 (UN-HABITAT 2010).

Municipalities are a main focus when it comes to the issue of waste management.

Municipal solid waste management is one notable environmental problem that has

bedevilled Nigeria far back 1970s; although municipal solid waste problem affect the

environment in different parts of the world.

In developing countries, improper management of waste is one of cause of environment

pollution and degradation of urban centres. About 20% to 50% of the recurrent budget is

expended on solid waste management, still 30% to 60% of all municipal waste is not

collected and less than 50% of the masses is served (Lade, Agbede, & Ilori, 2012). Waste

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management in Nigeria like every other developing country is typified by ineffectual

collection practices, inadequate coverage of the collection services as well as

inappropriate waste disposal (Joshua 2013). It is estimated that about 87% of Nigerian

population practice unhygienic method of waste disposal with dumpsite site located

within and outskirt urban areas. Commercial activities are considered as one of the factors

contributing to the generation of waste in the market (Adebyo, Bamisaye, Akintan,

&Ogunleye, 2006).

Markets are generally more than economic establishments, they represent social entities.

They attract influx of buyers and sellers including toddlers who are brought to the market

by their mothers (Adekunle 2012). Indiscriminate disposal of waste and unhygienic

market cleaning is identified as an uncontrollable problem in Nigeria which has

contributed to the outbreak of contagious diseases and environmental degradation. The

gathering of people in the markets provides an avenue for spread of communicable

diseases with considerable risk of resulting into epidemic (Abejegah, Abah, Awunor,

Duru, Eluromma, Aigbiremolen, & Okoh, 2013).

It is observed that most of the diseases Nigerians suffer from like fever; tuberculosis and

typhoid are as a result of unhealthy surroundings conditions. A common feature in

Nigerian market is mountainous heaps of waste on open space, roadside, waterways,

drainages and gutter, which provides breeding ground for flies, rodents and reptiles which

are carriers of diseases with bad smell and unsightliness. Illness transmission by

houseflies is highest where there is insufficient waste depository, collection and ejection

as well as inadequate hygiene (Olukanni & Akinyinka, 2012). There are potential dangers

to the vicinity and human well being from improper disposal of solid wastes. Other

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hazards caused by improper disposal of waste aside health hazards include fire hazards,

air pollution, contamination of surface water and ground water, flooding/erosion due to

blockage of drainages and water channel, vegetation damage and poisoning effect (El-

Fadel Findikakis & Leckie 1997; De and Debnath 2016).

A study conducted in Ibadan identify socio-economic factor that influence the choice of

waste disposal method in urban areas to include age, income, education, occupation and

building types (Omole and Alakinde 2013). Other factors militating against effective

waste management includes waste disposal habit of the people, corruption, work attitude,

inadequate plants and equipments among others (Taiwo 2009).

In developed region, hazardous waste sites have been properly investigated and

documented. For instance the United State Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has

evaluated thousands of hazardous sites through the superfund mechanism over the past

decades, evaluating these sites for potential human threats. A case study is the Love canal

community level exposure to toxicants in Nigara falls, New York. Nigeria and many

other Third world countries lack updated records on hazards associated with waste site

unlike developed regions, where every waste site have been properly investigated and

documented (Ericson, Caravanos, Chatham-Stephens, Landrigan, & Fuller 2013).

Therefore it is important to investigate hazards associated with waste and its impact on

population at risk and its immediate environment.

1.2. Statement of the Problem

The current system of waste management has been unable to meet the society needs for

healthy environment including reduction of environmental and health effect of waste.

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There is evidence of persistent heaps of waste in different location of urban areas

including markets. The problem of waste management is as a result of inadequate

physical infrastructure, improper management structure, poor maintenance practice, weak

institutional capacity as well as lack of public enlightenment on the waste hazards and its

effect on human and environmental well-being.

Like every other markets in Nigeria, waste is seen littered everywhere in Minna major

markets such as roadside, drainages, gutter and open space with its inherent problems on

the environment and possible health effect on the traders. Open dump practice in the

market provides Breeding Avenue for pathogenic microorganism and vectors of diseases

such as cholera, typhoid, malaria, dysentery, diarrheal among others, it also causes public

nuisance as a result of unsightliness and offensive odor oozing from the dump site

especially during raining season. It can also pollute ground water and surface water and

cause environmental degradation. This improper waste management practice can further

result into blockage of water ways when waste are blown around by the wind, resulting

into flooding/erosion. Open burning is another improper waste management practice by

the traders, which can cause air pollution, water pollution, breathing problem, eye

irritation, cough and possibly fire hazards.

To promote clean and safe environment that improve human health and environmental

quality, the state government established Niger state Environmental protection Authority

(NISEPA) which is saddle with the responsibility of collection and disposal of waste from

minna and its environs including the markets. However, the traders seem to be unaware

of the adverse effect of unhygienic waste management on their health and environment,

they seem clueless of the complementary relationship between unhealthy environment

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and diseases. The government authority (NISEPA) also suffer weak institutional capacity

in the area of waste trucks, man-power and regular and timely waste collection.

Awareness and Public enlightenment programs on the health risk of improper disposal are

not sufficient enough.

Hazards assessment is a crucial exercise in the field of disaster management. They are the

main aspect of disaster mitigation and preparedness measure, which are carry-out by

nations to lessen disaster risk and boost community resilience. It was on this premise that

the researcher undertakes this study to assess the waste hazards in major markets in minna

Niger State; which health effect can be caused by waste hazards, are traders aware of

hazards caused by waste, which factor influence improper waste disposal

1.3 Aim and Objectives

The aim of the study is to assess hazards associated with waste in major markets in Minna

with a view of determining their potential risk on traders health in the study area.

The major objectives of the study are;

a. To identify waste hazards types and location in the study area

b. To examine the factors responsible for the improper disposal of waste in the study

area

c. To assess the effect of waste hazards on trader’s health

d. To assess trader’s level of awareness of waste hazards in the market

1.4. Research Questions

The research was designed to address the following question regarding the assessment of

waste hazards in major markets, Minna Niger State with the aim of suggesting suitable

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recommendation on how the research outcome can be utilized in an attempt to lessen the

effect of hazards associated with waste in the market.

In line with the aim and objectives of the research, the research questions are the

following.

1. What are the types of waste hazards available in the study area?

2. Which factor influences improper waste disposal in the study area?

3. Which health effect does improper disposal of waste have on traders?

4. Are the traders aware of hazards associated with improper waste disposal on their

health?

1.5 Research Justification

Nigeria like most developing world suffer serious solid waste management problem.

Inadequate market cleanliness is a tough challenge in Nigeria and has augmented the

spread of communicable diseases and environmental disaster (Abejegah et al., 2013).

Improper disposal of solid waste is associated with a lot of problems such as providing

breeding space for vector of diseases, unsightliness, emission of offensive smell, blockage

of water channels, air, land and water pollution, contamination of water use for cooking

in markets food canteen and drinking, contamination of soil, vegetation, surface and

ground water, fire hazards, flooding and health hazards (De, & Debnath, 2016; Taiwo

(2009).

Common diseases associated with improper waste management (Open dump &burning)

includes eyes irritation, skin irritation, malaria, typhoid, diahoel, cholera, dysentery,

throat and breathing problem as well as long term diseases such as nervous system

problem, body paralysis, birth defect and cancer (AkhtarI, 2000; Elliott et al. 2001). Some

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factors are attributed to improper waste disposal they include illiteracy, ignorance,

negligence, laziness among others (Taiwo 2009). Research showed that most people are

cognizant of hazards associated with improper waste disposal, yet indiscriminate disposal

of refuse is rampant (Abejegah et al., 2013).

This research work set out to answer some question in market research in the area of

waste hazards in major markets in Minna Niger State, Nigeria. The research identifies

gaps in knowledge from review of relevant studies. Most research work reviewed

emphasized more on human health and less on the environment forgetting that the

environment equally affects the trader’s health. Fakere 2012 asserted that the well being

of individual cannot be considered in seclusion of the environment in which they live.

Similarly relatively few comprehensive studies have been carried out on hazards

associated with waste in major market in Minna Niger state. Furthermore there is limited

study on other hazards of waste aside health hazards such as Fire and explosion hazards,

Flood &erosion hazards. The result of this research work will provide an experimental

data, on the type, effect, factors and level of awareness of population at risk (traders) in

the study area. It will also provide necessary information for policy design, framework for

solving the problem and mitigation measures to be undertaken in other to promote the

health of the people in the study area. The study will also constitute cogent contribution to

disaster risk management efforts by serving as proactive measure particularly in Niger

State and Nigeria as a whole.

1.6 Scope of the Study

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This research assesses waste hazards in major markets in Minna, it focused on impact of

waste hazards on human health and its environment. It assesses the hazards associated

with waste and its related health risk on the traders, and to assess the trader’s inability to

maintain clean and healthy environment as well as their level of awareness of the hazards

associated with indiscriminate waste disposal.

The geographical scope of the research is late Abdulkadir Kure Ultra modern market,

Chachanga Local government and Gwari market also in chachanga local government. The

choice of these two markets is based on the fact these are the biggest and the most daily

patronized markets in Minna Niger state.

1.7 Study Area

1.7.1 Location of the Study Area

Minna, Niger State capital is located at longitude 6ᶿ 29’ and 6ᶿ 35’ East and latitude 9ᶿ 33’

and 9ᶿ 40’ North, as seen in Figure 1.1. Minna lies within the North Central Zone of the

geopolitical zoning of Nigeria and occupies a total area of 74,344km wide. Figure

1.1 shows the Local Government in Niger State and Figure 1.2 show the study area within

the map of Niger State. The town Minna is nearly a simple settlement with main road

running through it. The major road is like 16km long and other road network find their

origin from it.

Township predominantly occupied by diverse ethnic group of this nation such as Nupe,

Gwari, Hausa, Fulani, Yoruba, Edos, Kanuris, Igbos and other minor groups. The

indigenous way of life of these people have influenced the type and materials used for

construction of houses. The major religions practice by the people is Christianity, Islam,

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few traditional and pagans. The wards in minna include Nassarawa ‘A’, Nassarawa ‘B’,

Nassarawa ‘C’, Tudunwada South Makera, Sabongari, Minna Central, Minna South,

Tudunwada North, Limawa ‘A’, Limawa ‘B’

The Gwari market and Late Engineer A. A Kure’s markets (Central market) are the two

major markets in Minna(see Figure 1.2). The central market is the most significant in

minna. It was constructed in 1991, commissioned and open for public use on the 10 th of

October, 2007 with handful of people patronizing not until the old central market was

shut down in 2010 that late kure’s market began full trading activities. Minna central

market is situated along Western bye-pass in Minna (see figure 1.2). The Minna Central

market was constructed in 1991. The new market was built in conformity with what is

obtains in any civilized cities of the world. Modern open-stalls, locked up shops,

compartmentalized stalls for special sets of traders and park for patrons to park their cars

as well as a fire fighting station, massive water head tank.

The new market has over 2000 stalls and shops of different types, banking halls, Police

and fire service posts, restaurants and a clinic. Other facilities in the Engineer Abdulkadir

Kure Market and Parks include, administrative block, market union office, wider space

for expansion, for vehicular park for traders to off load their wares and for customers to

the market and good road network within and outside it. The market is managed by Urban

Shelter in conjunction with Chanchaga Local Government Area of Niger State. The

Gwari market designed by Niger state Housing Corporation and was built by the then

military administration two years prior to the construction of the old central market. The

market was sited between PZ from the north and bounded by road to the south and

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railway track to the east. The market was designed and constructed majorly for trading of

foodstuffs such as beans, yam, Grains, livestock among others.

There is an accessible road for driving in and out, no parking lot except for illegal

roadside parking; police out post management office, mosque, and place of convenience

were all available in the market. The market is managed by a supervisor representing

Chanchaga Local government to oversee the activities of the market (Niger State

Statistical Year Book 2011).

1.7.2 Topography

The Minna Topography entails of mountains and hills especially towards the western and

eastern part of the city. Due to these huge rocks, city expansion has been constrained

towards those parts. All developments were halted by flat rock outcrop at the extreme

north. The geology of the area is a blend of granites. In predominant part of the areas,

decomposed lateritic soil form the surface, minute streams and erosions, cut deep gullies,

leaving the remnant crops washing away by weathering agent (Niger State Government

2013).

1.7.3 Climate

The climate of Minna is dominantly affected by two air masses. They consist of dry and

dusty tropical continental air masses and the warm moist tropical air masses. There is

change I the climate, which determines the nature of rainfall, the temperature and the

wind in the study area. The total annual rainfall amount differs from place to place. The

active rainfall season is between the month of May and October. Average monthly

rainfall is within 103mm and 250mm. It is to be noted that soil moisture condition are

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more favorable apart from relatively uninterrupted rainfall from July to October (NIMET,

2013).

Figure 1.1: Minna, Niger State showing Local Government AreaSource: Department of Urban and Regional Planning, FUT Minna (2016)

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Figure 1.2: Map of Chanchaga Local Government Area, Minna Niger State Source: Department of Urban and Regional Planning, FUT Minna, (2016)

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1.7.4 Vegetation

The Natural Vegetation in Chanchaga Local Government is that of Guinea Savanna

Vegetation. Tall grasses like elephant grass with scattered trees characterized by

numerous years of continuous cultivation and the effect of urbanization have rendered the

land virtually bare. Instead of tall fresh grasses, what we have now are short grasses with

almost all trees cut down as a result of urbanization and fuel wood demand. Vegetation in

the study area has been greatly affected (C-GIDD, 20012).

1.7.5 Land use

The prevailing land use of the study area includes recreational, business, Industrial,

residential, Agricultural and educational land uses. The mode of land use creates spatial

inequality, as want exist in one place and fulfillment in another. The spatial expansion of

the study area is restraint by mountainous ridges. There are various institutional land uses

in the study area; they include the public and private institution. These are primary

schools, secondary and tertiary institutions. Some of the primary and secondary schools

includes: Bosso primary school, Hill-Top model school, Day Secondary school among

others. Also, among the public institutions are government administrative centers, which

include: Government House Barracks. Health institutions like the General hospital, IBB

Specialist hospital, fire station among others. It also includes different churches, mosque

and so on. The commercial land uses is spread across the town.

The main commercial area of the town is located at the center of the town popularly

known as Mobil area. There, we have the Central Motor garage which serves as a

terminal for most vehicles. Other commercial areas include; Tunga market, Gwari market,

retail stores and super markets. There are also filling stations, they include: Total, African

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Petroleum, Conoil among others. There are also some commercial banks like union,

keystone, GT Bank, Zenith, Diamond, among others.. Minna transportation system relies

on its road network. The road connection is characterized by a typical linear pattern until

lately that the two by- pass are experiencing heavy traffic as development now facing

eastern and western bye-pass (Niger State Government 2013).

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CHAPTER TWO

2.0 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Waste Materials

The United Kingdom Environmental Protection Act 1990, defined waste to include any

substance which constitute a scrap material or an effluent or other unwanted surplus

substance resulting from any application process; and any substance or article which

requires to be disposed of as being broken, worn out, contaminated, or otherwise

spoiled(UK EPA, 1990). Lagos State Environmental Edict 1985, section 32 defined the

term waste in a similar manner to include; waste of all description, any substance, which

constitutes scrap materials or an effluent or other unwanted surplus substances resulting

from application of any process (Taiwo, 2009). Butu & Mshelia (2014) defined waste as

substance and materials which are discarded or needed to be disposed of in accordance to

the provision of national law. Although, particular wastes may eventually become

materials prized to others once they are removed from the dump site, these materials can

be valuable raw materials located at a wrong place. Waste content is also influenced by

external determinants, such as geographical area, the people’s standard of living, source

of energy, and weather (Oyelola & Babatunde, 2008). The term waste could be liquid,

solid or gaseous substances or materials (Taiwo, 2009). Solid waste result from different

operational activities taken place on land and there are three main sources of municipal

solid waste which include;

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1. Domestic or Residential waste: These are household garbage and refuse collected

from residents on a regular basis such waste include organic matter from

preparation and

Consummation of food, unused clothes, nylon and ashes are the bye-product of

various cooking and heating process.

2. Commercial or Business waste: These are waste from trading activity such as

shops, supermarkets, market and others. They include paper, carton, nylon bags,

plastic, wood, glass and so on. According to United Kingdom Environmental

protection Ethic Commercial Waste means waste from premises used wholly or

mainly for the purposes of a trade or business, or the purposes of sport, recreation

or entertainment excluding household waste, industrial waste, waste from any

mine or quarry and waste from premises used for agriculture

3. Industrial waste: This kind of waste could be solid, liquid and sludge as well as

emotive title attached to them like toxic, hazardous and special waste. They are

not limited to metals, scraps, chips and grits from machine, shops, sawdust, paper

and glass (Omole & Alakinde, 2009; Butu, 2014).

2.2 Indiscriminate Solid Waste Disposal and Associated Waste Hazards in

Metropolis

In developing countries, solid waste management is one of the greatest problems facing

the Environmental Protection Agencies. Solid waste management is characterized by

inefficient collection method, insufficient coverage of the collection system and improper

disposal. The common challenge faced by the environmental agencies include lack of

institutional capacity, limited funds, non-availability of trained manpower, absence of

bye-laws and standards, inappropriate technology among others (Laner, Fellner, &

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Brunner, 2009). Municipal solid waste management is the responsibility of both the state

and the local government environmental protection agencies. Zurbrugg (2003) stressed

that 2/3 of the solid waste generated in developing countries is not collected as a result of

irregular waste collection. Solid waste generation exceeds collection capacity.

Improper land planning is another factor responsible for improper waste disposal, this

problem affect the positioning of public waste container in a populated area for the use of

the masses. As a result of this, urban dwellers have to trek a distance before getting access

to this facility. Majority have to indiscriminately dispose their waste in close by open

spaces, drains and streams and vacant land. Other factors responsible for indiscriminate

waste disposal include population growth, Government failure, and insufficient

knowledge of urban dwellers, high rate illiteracy / religious/inclination, commercial

activities and the ideology of common ownership of space

( Butu and Mshelia, 2013).

In Nigeria like most developing countries, open waste dump is the common waste

management practice. Dumps are located along or by-roadsides, most cities in Nigeria are

littered with refuse spreading into residential areas, markets, villages and towns. Little

quantity of waste are disposed in sanitary landfills, majority are disposed in open dumps,

vacant land and water bodies and burn in open space thereby polluting the air. They serve

as breeding ground for rodents, flies, mosquitoes and other vector diseases organisms

(AkhtarI, 2000). This type of waste disposal adopted is an environmental hazard which

can threaten human health and wellbeing and cannot be considered as a long-term

environmental method of disposal.

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The associated risk with open dump practice are many ; health hazards, pollution to

ground and surface water, spread of contagious diseases, unsightliness, contamination of

soil, fire hazards and physical hazards, highly poisonous smoke from burning, offensive

smell from decomposing refuse among others. Indiscriminate disposal of waste affect all

component of the environment and human health negatively (De and Debnath, 2016; Ali,

Pervaiz, Afzal, Hamid, & Yasmin, 2014; Akhtarl, 2000).

There are immediate and long-term health effects from hazardous wastes, the immediate

health effect ranges from offensive smell, eye and skin irritation, headache, throat and

breathing problems to serious health effects that affect the nervous system and could

cause paralysis of functional body parts, some have teratogenic and carcinogenic effect,

congenital anomalies, among others (Akhtarl, 2000 ; Vrijheid, 2000; Dolka et al; 1998;

Rushton, 2003)

2.3. Problems of Indiscriminate Waste Disposal in Nigerian Markets

Improper management of solid waste in market is a noticeable problem in Nigeria and has

contributed to the spread of contagious diseases and environmental degradation as a result

of contamination by vermin (Lade, Agbede & Ilori, 2012)). The problem faced in

markets and abattoirs includes improper waste disposal, inadequate water supply, and

absence of sanitary facilities which result into open defecation and urination, including

overcrowding and exposure of food stuff and other items to flies and other pollutants.

Most of these problems faced in the markets are attributed to improper planning of the

market; rising up of illegal sales point; lack of adequate amenities like pipe borne-hole

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water, inadequate road networks, institutional regulations, and inefficiency of market

supervisors (Abejegah et al., 2013).

Adekunle (2012) carried out a study in Oje market in Ibadan, expressed that open waste

dump is the adopted waste management method in the study area. It further revealed that

the physical environment is littered with solid waste as a result of insufficient waste bin in

the market. The study also noted the habit of open dumping into drains, water bodies

which contributed to the pollution of the market physical environment

Taiwo (2009) stressed that open dumps remain part of the surroundings of sellers for a

long time, decomposing with offensive smell, blocking roads and hindering free

movement in and out of the market. The heaps of waste further prevent the flow of water

into the well thus discourage the digging of additional well and making available water

unsafe for consumption. The result showed that the health of women and their children

are at risk by pollution of urban market. The researcher identified women particularly to

be at the receiving end of the environmental problems for reason they cannot control.

Improper dumping of waste is not only unhygienic for individual but creates a very filthy

scenario for dwelling and trading activities especially food items. For example a study

carried out in Bodija market showed that about three restaurants where traders buy food

and drinks were located in close proximity to waste sites (Taiwo, 2009). It may also pose

fire hazards aside from being nuisance and source of offensive smell. It is believed that

majority of ailment that affects Nigerians like malaria; tuberculosis and diarrhea are as a

result of unhealthy environmental condition (Abejegah et al., 2013). Urban market, which

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is the major employment opportunity for teeming urban poor, suffers from the problem of

environmental pollution which results from indiscriminate waste dump with its enormous

health effects.

2.4 Environmental Pollution

Environmental challenges have attracted people’s attention across the globe. The world is

becoming more conscious of variety of issues such as global warming, air, water and land

pollution (Desa et al., 2011). Pollutants are discharged from waste sites in gaseous, liquid

and solid form into the environment. One of the effect of waste in the environment

include air pollution which include foul smell smoke, noise, dust, and so on. Waste

Pollution from dump site result to flooding due to drainage blockage and land degradation

(Taiwo, 2009). Many areas have heaps of municipal solid waste unattended to; and many

of the objects that are thrown away contain toxic substances which leach into soil and

water as well affecting the health of plants, animal and humans (Ali, Pervaiz, Afzal,

Hamid, & Yasmin, 2014).

The high rate of municipal solid waste has tremendously contributed to land, water and

air pollutions in the city. The huge mountain of refuse dumps that are commonly seen on

open spaces and shoulders of the major streets in metropolis are washed by rainstorm

scattering all over most of the environment (Butu& Mshelia, 2014). Indiscriminate

disposal of waste according to Fakare et al., (2012) is a severe threat to the immediate

environment because it leaves the environment filthy and polluted therefore posing

danger to the health of the people and contributes to the degradation of the environment.

Some of the substance responsible for pollution of land, water and air are heavy metals,

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green house gases (carbon dioxide, sulphur,), pesticides, asbestos, organic chemical, lead

Microorganism, vermin, and pharmaceuticals, inorganic compounds, fire and explosion,

among others(Pheby et al., 2002).

1. Water Pollution

Water is significant to human health and wellbeing. Water pollution especially from

industrial effluents is a global challenge and its potential to influence human health is

huge. Polluted water consist industrial discharge effluents, sewage water, rain water

pollution and industrial pollution (Vivien et al., 2012). The most common way of

discharging liquid effluent from sewage treatment plants is by disposing into water

bides such as sea and rivers. Therefore the quality of water is unavoidably affected by

the amount of sewage treatment. For instance, most companies in south west Europe

are investing in programs like treatment improvement for the purpose of ensuring

compliance with the minimum standard of sewage treatment as laid down by EU

legislation. The hazards involve is the faecal pathogens which could threaten human

health particularly users of surface water, consumers of shellfish and supplies as

drinking water (Pheby et al., 2002). The pollution of water affects the human health

and quality of soil and vegetation.

Vivien et al., (2012) examined the public health effects of effluent discharge of

Kaduna refinery on River Romi. The finding showed that the parameter measured

were above the permissible limit of World Health Organization, the study identified

potential health effects of the presence of these parameters in the water. It further

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stressed that it is evident that excessive levels of pollution are causing alot damage to

human and animal health. About 80% of all diseases and above one-third of deaths in

developing nations are caused by the consumption of contaminated water and on

average as much as one-tenth of each person’s productive time is sacrificed to water

related illness (Vivien et al., 2012).

A study carried out on effects of polluted water irrigation on environment and health

of people in Pakistan showed that the use of polluted water not only degraded the

ground water quality but also have serious health hazards on the resident in the area.

The health hazards of regular consumption of polluted water include heart and

kidneys problem, poor blood circulation, skin infection, vomiting and damage of

nervous system and in some cases the effects of water pollution might cause death for

human worldwide (bin Hamad & Al-Mekhlafi, 2009).

2. Land pollution

One of the major causes of environment pollution is improper disposal of waste. Land

pollution is one of the major forms of environmental problems facing the world today.

Open urination and defecation are widely common which contribute to environment

contamination and degradation (Abejegah et al., 2013)

3. Air Pollution

The air we breathe is one of the important ingredients of human wellbeing and healthy

life. Unfortunately, air pollution is prevalent across the globe. The major pollutants

found in the air we breathe include carbon monoxide, surphur, metal, nitrogen dioxide

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among others. Air pollution in urban centers reduces the lifespan of urban dwellers

(Khan& Ghouri, 2011). Afroz et al., (2003) posits that air pollution majorly comes

from land transportation, industrial emissions, and open burning practice. The

decomposition of biodegradable waste in urban waste centers may cause emission of

unpleasant smell, therefore affecting the quality of air in the environment (Aatamila et

al., 2010). Solid wastes evolved in many combustion processes, heavy source of

particulate is the burning of coal. Incineration of solid waste creates solid particles

which enters the air. It is believed that pathogenic soil fungi, multiplying through the

nutritive effect on soil of some of the waste constituents, can release spores.

2.5 Health Hazards

Health risks are related with every step of the waste disposal management both directly

(which is through recycling and recovery activities or occupations in waste management

industry, by exposure to toxic residue in the waste site or by emission from incinerator

and landfill sites, parasitic insect, bad smell and noise) or indirectly through ingestion and

uptake of polluted water, food and soil. Risk to human health caused by exposure to toxic

discharged at waste management plant can be (1)critical in event of a serious accident

causing short term exposure to increase levels of potentially hazardous substance and gas

and(2) persistent, when it involves long term exposure to low dosage of these substances

or heat. (pheby et al., 2002).

The five major waste management methods adopted across the world have some level of

adverse effect on human health especially waste workers and residents living near waste

site. The following are waste management method and their health impacts.

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2.5.1 Open Dump/Open Burning

It was observed that the people living close to open dump site have poor health like

allergy, asthma, skin irritation and other gastro intestinal diseases (De &Debnath, 2016).

Fakare (2012) identified malaria fever, typhoid, measles, diarrhea, cholera, dysentery and

some communicable diseases as the most prevalent diseases and ecology problem. The

identified causative factors include filthy environment, inadequate sanitary services, and

poor drainages among others.

Waste problems have great effects on the quality of the environment as well as human

life. This can lead to human diseases such as cholera, malaria, and typhoid fever. Health

effect of indiscriminate waste disposal include the presence of flies which carry germs

and bacteria, breeding of mosquitoes in blocked gutter causing malaria and fever,

presence of rats which spread diseases such as typlius, salmonella and other related

diseases, parasite infection, infected cut among other hazards on dump sites (Taiwo,

2009). Environmental sanitation is of great concern to governments and policy makers in

a bid to prevent disease occurrence (Addo, 2013).

Open burning as one of the waste management method has many adverse effects on both

human health and environment. This unmanaged burning of refuse emits a lot of

pollutants in the air which threaten human health, affect reproduction, development,

disrupt the hormonal system and cause cancer (Addo 2013). ). Health problem related

with waste disposal are mounting in continent such as Asia among others. (Pheby et al.,

2002).

24

2.5.2 Landfills Method

Numerous review suggested linkages between proximity to Landfill site and poor health.

For instance Elliott et al.,(2001); Porta et al.,(2009) and Rushton, (2013) highlighted risk

of neutral tube defects, abdominal wall defects, surgical correction of gastro schisis and

examphalos, low birth weight, congenital anomalies and cancers. But the scientific

record of adverse health effect from landfill was described as limited/ insufficient.

Ericson et al., (2013) included that contaminant at landfill sites have a wide range of

human effects, including decrements in IQs, respiratory and cardiovascular morbidity and

mortality and carcinogens which affect vulnerable group disproportionately such as

children and pregnant women.

However, the study of Jarup et al., (2007) found no excessive risk of Down syndrome in

population living close to landfill in England out of 4640 cases of Down syndrome within

2km of landfill site.

2.5.3 Compost Method

Bioaerosol Pollution occurs as inhalable combination of air and microorganisms. The

contaminant present at composite may expose different population to health hazards from

composting plant workers to the consumers of farm produce planted in soil treated with

compost. The potential health hazards of inhalable air and microorganism released during

composting include inflammatory responses of the upper airways such as congested nose,

sore throat and dry cough, Toxicoses- Toxic pneumonitis due to endotoxins, respiratory

and skin infection, allergies such as asthma, extrinsic allergic alveolities (Herr et al.,2003;

25

Domingo & Nadal, 2009) . In a survey conducted by Bunger et al., (2007), findings

showed that the exposure to organic dust at workplace and composting sites have adverse

acute and chronic respiratory health effect, throat and eye irritation. The disadvantage of

compost industrial scale is not limited to compost workers but also a direct applicability

on Agriculture (Damingo & Nadal, 2009).

2.5.4 Incinerator method

The main problem about incinerators is the emission of toxicants. Guisti (2009) expressed

that these toxic substances are resistant to biodegradation, and they accumulate in food

and are considered to be toxic. The health related hazards to municipal solid waste

incinerators are cancer, allergy disorders, respiratory and skin infection, fatigue,

headache, diarrhea, birth and developmental defect (Franchin et al., 2013; poulsen et al.,

1995).

2.6 Routes of Exposure to Hazardous Waste

Part of the purpose of the WHO meeting was to recommend method of assessing

exposure to hazard released by waste site (WHO European Centre for Environment and

Health 2000). Review of epidemiology both in developed nations and developing world

shows that exposure to emission from waste site threaten the quality of life of residence

near waste site and waste workers. Exposure to waste has been linked to the following;

Fire hazards and Flooding, environmental degradation, health hazards such as respiratory

illness, malaria, skin disease , typhoid, diarrhea, dysentery, birth defect& reproductive

disorder, low birth weight, stillbirth, and abortion, Morbidity, mortality, carcinogenesis,

26

Organic dust toxic syndrome, pulmonary disease, Hepatitis, tetanus infection among

others(De & Debnath, 2016;Ladu et al., 2011; Aderogba& afelumo, 2012; poulson et al.,

1995; Franchini et al., 2003; Fakare et al., 2012; Vrijheid 2000;, pheby et al., 2002;,

Rushton 2003;, Bunger et al.,)

The crucial nexus between a health hazard and a health outcome is exposure. The risk to

health depends not only on how much is present but also on whether there is a route by

which people may be exposed. A complete exposure pathway is a pathway which starts at

the source of contamination and travels through environmental media to the point of

exposure and by some route of exposure to an exposed population (pheby et al., 2002).

Exposure to toxicants from different waste management practices could find their way

into the human body through(Selin, 2013).

Uptake

Pollutants may be released from the waste site and may remain toxic after passing

through various environmental media but will only pose a risk to health if they are taken

up by people in sufficient quantities and over a sufficient length of time. Exposure may

be through food chain by consumption of product planted on contaminated soil

(Domingo& Nadal2009). Potentially exposed populations are waste site workers,

construction workers involved in development of operational or closed site, on-site

trespassers, neighbouring residents and those using the site and surrounding area for

recreation

Inhalation

Contaminants released into the air from incinerators, composting facilities, and landfill

sites may be inhaled by people living in the vicinity or working at the sites which may

27

contain microorganisms and toxicants. Many particles from incinerator smoke and fly ash

are of respirable quantity and can be directly inhaled. Volatile organic chemicals may

evaporate into the atmosphere from landfill sites and be inhaled (Pheby et al.,2002;

Domingo& Nadal, 2009).

Ingestion

The usual disease pathways include placing contaminated hands in the mouth or eating

food, ingestion of soil treated with compost especially children, through vector insects

such as cockroaches or mosquitoes, or by directly inhaling air borne particles

contaminated with pollutants.(Butu& Mshelia 2014). Potential health risk can be

assessed through sources of drinking water especially well and stream, through food such

as local vegetables and animal products, surface water and sediments(WHO meeting).

Geschwind et al., (1992) identified air, ground water, surface water and soil as the main

environmental exposure routes.

2.7 Waste Disposal Management Methods and Their Impact

Solid waste management refers to source separation, storage, collection, transportation

and final disposal of waste in an environmentally sustainable manner. Solid waste

management is an important environmental health service, and an integral part of basic

urban services (Puopiel 2010).

Waste management is a wider than mere disposal of waste. It involves the generation,

collection, processing and transport of waste including the minimization of the production

of waste and the re-conceptualizing of waste as a resource. The health of the people is

influenced by the overall waste management strategy adopted locally, regionally and

28

nationally. The waste management choice made by decision makers could have negative

impact on health both directly and indirectly. The collection, transfer and disposal of

waste have been generally assumed to be the function of city authorities both in Advance

and developing nations. Despite the fact that urban authority allocated 20%-40% of urban

revenue to the management of waste, they are unable to step up with the scope of the

problem (Addo, 2013). Yongsi et al., (2008) examined environmental sanitation and

health risk in Tropical urban setting in Yaounde Cameroon. The study shows that the

presence of waste and proximity to residents has been linked to numerous cases of

diagnosed diarrheas. They concluded their findings by associating diarrheal prevalence in

the study area to mismanagement of household refuse. Pheby et al., (202) examined

Waste management practices and their impact on human health. Findings show incidence

of a wide range of possible illness on employees of waste facilities and on resident

population in all waste management methods.

2.7.1 Composting Waste

Composting is an aerobic, biological process of degradation of biodegradable organic

matter which can be used as to improve chemical properties of soil (Rushton 2003; Pheby

2002). Bünger, et al.,(2000) carried out research on work related health complaints and

diseases of compost workers taking sample from waste workers and control subjects.

Findings show that waste workers had significantly more symptoms of diseases of the

airways and skin than the control subject. It was concluded that high exposure of waste

workers is significantly associated with higher frequency of health complaints and

diseases. However, the work of Goldman et al., (1985) on Health and safety in the solid

waste industry shows no evidence of increased amount of chronic pulmonary diseases in

29

waste workers when compared to other occupation. Damingo &Nadal, (2009) posit that

pollutants from compost plant may expose different population to health hazards ranging

from waste workers to consumers of vegetables planted in soil treated with compost.

2.7.2 Landfills

Landfill implies a localized site, which include placement or burial of waste in the waste

site. It also includes sites with both controlled and uncontrolled placement, underground

storage and injection (World Health Organization 2001). According to De& Debnath

(2016), landfilling is cheapest and simplest waste disposal practice. He further revealed

that land fillings are breeding ground for microorganism and vectors of disease,

unpleasant smell and unsightliness. It also cause pollution of water bodies, fire hazards,

physical hazards and have toxic effect. Elliot et al., (2001) asserted that above 80% of

British population practice landfill waste disposal.

In Developed country, diverse studies have been carried out on hazards caused by waste.

Vrijheid, (2000) took a study on health effects of residence close to hazardous waste

landfills sites. The study reviewed diverse publication and the findings shows that there

is increased risk of negative health effect such as low birth weight, birth defects, and

certain types of cancers among individuals residing close to landfills. It also show a high

number of consistent self reported health effect like drowsiness, headache, tiredness

among dwellers in hazardous waste sites.

Elliott et al.,(2001) contributed to this in their research on the risk of adverse birth

outcomes in population residing near landfill sites compared with those living afar off in

united Kingdom. The study examined data for special waste sites as a proxy for potential

30

hazards. People living more than 2km from all known landfill sites during the study

period comprised the reference population. Findings shows small excess risk of neutral

tube defects, abdominal wall defects, surgical correction of gastro schisis and exomphalos

and low and very low birth weight in population living near landfill sites.

Another study carried out on landfill is Dolka et al., (1998) study on risk of congenitial

anomalies associated with residence near hazardous waste in Europe. A zone of 3km

radius of each site was defined as the proximate zone of most likely exposure to

teratogens. It was discovered that residence within 3km of a landfill have increased risk

of congenital anomaly in babies whose mother live close to landfill site. However, in

contrast to the above works is Jarup, et al.,(2008) research on Down syndrome in births

near landfills sites. People living at 2km zone were classifies and exposed and people

living beyond 2km comprised the reference. Findings from the study shows no excessive

risk of Down syndrome related to landfill sites.

Furthermore, Pheby et al., (2002) studied waste management and public health. The

study reviewed epidemiology on two sites. The first landfill site was Nant-y-

Gwwydddon, a wales which revealed congenital abnormalities such as congenital

malfunctions, spontaneous abortions and stillbirths among residence within 3km of waste

sites. Majority of this resident complained of stress, fatigue, headaches, eye infections,

cough, stuffy nose, respiratory diseases and asthma, dry throat and nausea while the

second landfill site on love canal, United State revealed cases of fire and explosion as

hazards caused by combustible materials like rubbers, plastic, oil, coal and household

waste may ignite in landfill (Fire Hazards). Cases of low birth weight, prematurity and

birth defects in children living near the hazardous waste site were also reported.

31

Related to the above works is Goldman et al., (1985) study on low birth weight,

prematurity and birth defect in children living near the hazardous waste site. Findings

shows no significant difference in prematurity but the prevalence of low birth weight

babies was increased in exposed compared to control children. In another study by El-

Fadel et al., (1997) Environmental impacts of solid waste landfilling. The study identified

fire and explosion hazards, vegetation damage, unpleasant odors, underground water

pollution, Air pollution and global warming as environmental impact of landfill site.

At the regional level particularly in developing world, is the work of Ericson et al., (2013)

assessment of environmental exposures posed at hazardous refuse sites in developing

nations. The study investigated 2095 polluted site within 47 countries (which include

Asia, Africa, China, South America, Eastern Europe and Central Asia, Central America

and The Caribbean). The research shows that the contaminants have a wide range of

human effects, including decrements in IQs, respiratory and cardiovascular morbidity and

mortality and carcinogenesis which affect vulnerable group disproportionately such

children and pregnant women. They concluded that quite a number of hazardous waste

sites in the developing nation pose significant hazards to the health of the majority of the

populace. Majority of the reviews asserted that there exist a relation between proximity

and ill health (Guisti 2009)

2.7.3 Incineration

Incineration is defined as the controlled combustion process for burning combustible

waste to gases and minimizing it to residue of non-combustible substance. It is the most

common thermal treatment process and known to emit numerous hazardous chemicals

into the environment and to produce such as carbon dioxide, water vapour, ash and other

32

solid waste residues. The people residing close to incinerator are liken to those dwelling

close to landfill site this is because they are at risk of chemical exposure by way of

inhalation of polluted air, consumption of polluted foods, water, skin contact with

contaminated soil (Addo 2013; Franchin et al., 2003).

Rushton,(2003) &. Franchini, et al., (2003) studies on health hazards and exposure to

incinerator. The reviewed work shows that little evidence of congenital anomalies on

residence living in close proximity to waste site including increased prevalence of

respiratory illness, there was no evidence of an increasing risk of lung or laryngeal cancer

with close proximity to incinerators. One of the study reviewed shows statistically

increasing risk with increasing proximity for all cancers and for colorectal, lung, liver and

stomach cancers. Porta et al., (2009) conducted a study on health effects associated with

waste management. Findings show insufficient evidence to establish a relation between

specific waste process and health effect as a result of limited evidence of casual

relationship between waste site and public health.

Poulsen, et al., (1995) carried out a review of occupational health problems and their

possible causes. The study revealed that waste workers experience more or less frequent

symptoms of organic dust toxic syndrome(Cough, chest-tightness, fever, muscle ache,

joint pain, fatigue and headache) gastrointestinal problems such as nausea and diarrhea,

irritation of the skin eye and mucous membrane problem, pulmonary diseases(Asthma,

alveolitis, bronchitis) have been reported.

33

2.7.4 Open dump/burning

Open burning is the burning of unwanted materials in a manner that causes smoke and

other emissions to be released directly into the air without passing through a chimney or

stack. Open burning has been practiced by a number of urban centers because it reduces

the volume of refuse received at the dump and therefore extends the life of their dumpsite

(Addo 2013). A study conducted in Ado-Akiti in Nigeria by Momoh and Oladebeye

(2010) showed that, improper disposal of waste included dumping of waste in streets,

drains, waterways which has resulted into flooding, by roadside, unauthorized dumping

sites and the spread of foul odor and diseases. Report confirmed that open dump waste

disposal has been in existence as far back 1950s.

Ladu et al., (2011) conducted a research on Solid waste management and its

Environmental impacts on human health in Juba town - South Sudan. The result shows

that sources of waste were mainly from the markets, abattoir, homes and public building,

that the common method of solid waste management in the study area was open dump

and burn in open area. Common environmental diseases reported include Respiratory

illness, infection, puncture wounds leading to tetanus, hepatitis and HIV infection,

headache and nausea from anoxic condition. It further reveals observable environmental

disease vector like flies, rats, mosquitoes, cockroaches, scorpions and others. They

concluded in their study that the more waste an area produces and the more insanitary that

area was, the more prevalent the disease and disease vectors were and consequently the

higher the incidence of environmental diseases. In Asia, De, & Debnath, (2016)

conducted research on prevalence of health hazards associated with solid waste disposal –

A case study of Lolkata, India. The study indicated that majority of the people lack

34

knowledge of the harmful effects of waste heaps including that they are breeding grounds

for fillies, cockroaches and mosquitoes, rodents and so on which are responsible for

transmission of germs and zonotics infections to the people living nearby.

Aderogba & Afelumo, (2012) examined the health status of households living around the

olubosun and Oke- Afa dumpsites in Lagos Nigeria. Findings show evidence of self

reported illness, which is linked with pollution from the dumpsites around where they

reside. It was concluded that distance between dumpsite and residential apartment varies

inversely with frequency and type of illness reported.

Ezeoha & Ugwuishiwu, (2011) reviewed literature to investigate the potential of abattoir

wastes to befoul the environment, or cause hazards to human health and harm to living

resources and ecological systems. The result shows that abattoir wastes have the potential

to pollute surface waters, underground waters, abattoir/ market environment and

consumables around the abattoir, especially when abattoir wastes are not properly treated

and dispose off. Fakere et al., (2012) research on Domestic waste management and urban

residential environment. The study identified most prevalent diseases and ecological

problem in the area to include malaria fever, typhoid fever, measles, diarrhea, cholera,

dysentery and some communicable diseases prevalent in the tropics. Butu & Mshelia,

(2014) studied Municipal solid waste disposal and environmental issues in Kano

metropolis, Nigeria. The study shows that improper disposal and poor management of

waste sometimes block drainages channels during rainstorm causing flooding (Hazards)

in the metropolis. Furthermore, heaps of solid waste serves as hideout for reptiles, rodents

and other dangerous insects.

35

2.7.5 Waste Recycling

Recycling has been considered as a useful means of reducing the quantity of residential

waste that enter the waste sites. It also supplies industries with the needed raw materials

and was considered as the most efficient and effective method of solid waste management

method (Momoh and Oladebeye, 2010). Addo (2013) defined recycling as the sorting of

materials from the waste site to be used as raw materials in the production of new items.

Therefore the word recycling involves three stages. Firstly, the waste is sorted;

recyclables are removed and used to form raw materials which are then used in

manufacturing of new items.

Chen et al., (2011) conducted a study on Developmental Neurotoxicants in E-Waste in

developing nations. The result gathered from epidemiology shows prevalent of toxins at

high concentration and that pregnant women and young children residing near informal e-

waste recycling sites are at risk of possible perturbations of fetus and neurodevelopment.

2.8 Environmental Health Challenges

Nexus between human activities and health including the state of the environment are

considered vital to the evaluation of general environmental health (carins et al., 1993).

Fakere et al., (2012) in a study conducted in Akure explain that when people dump waste

near their environment as in case of some dwellers in study area, the organism that

naturally accompanies such waste can act as agent of degradation and can negatively

affect the residential environment and also act as agents of disease outbreak. Therefore

the essence of environment as a place where people live and maintain healthy lifestyle is

crushed when the unpleasant smell from close-by dump sites is a constant threat. Waste

disposal practice adopted across the globe posed a level of threat on our environment. The

36

following are some of the waste management practice and their impact on the

environment where human live.(Addo 2013, Pheby et al., 2002; Rushton 2003; Poulsen et

al., 1995).

1. Open Burning: The negative effect of this type of waste disposal method on the

environment includes emission of carbon and nitrogen dioxide which contribute to

acid rain, Ozone depletion, unsightliness, smog, reduction of air quality and

contribution to global warming.

2. Landfills: The environmental impact of this type of waste disposal practice

include soil degradation, air pollution, contamination of ground water and serve as

breeding ground for flies and other harmful animal.

3. Roadside/ drainage; The negative impact of this practice on the environment

includes blockage of drainage channels, flooding, breeding ground for reptiles and

other harmful animals, air pollution and also contribute to disease outbreak such

as cholera, dysentery and so on.

4. Composting: The negative effect of this practice include release of organic dust

containing bacteria or fungal spores, emission of volatile organic substance

5. Incineration: The effect includes unpleasant smell, unsightliness, hazardous solid

waste, discharge of contaminated waste water, emission of toxic air pollution,

release of green house gases, emission from transport of waste to and from into

the environment, release of heavy metals, and combustible materials

6. Landfills: The negative impact of this practice to the environment includes water

pollution from leachate, erosion, air pollution, release of known and unknown

carcinogens, offensive smell, and dust and road traffic problems.

37

2.9 Public Perception &Education and Sensitization

Majority of Nigerians consider waste as merely a nuisance and nothing else. They do not

consider the negative effect of waste on human and environment (Taiwo, 2009). A study

carried out by De & Debnath, (2016) in India showed that majority of the people in the

study area are not aware of negative impact of waste dump including that they serve as

breeding space for flies, cockroaches, rats and mosquitoes which are known to be

transmitter of bacteria and germs to the people.

Public awareness and behaviors to waste can affect the people’s willingness to cooperate

and participate in proper waste management methods. Abejegah et al., (2013) also

conducted a research in oregbeni market in Benin City, Nigeria, the study showed that the

people are aware of the health hazards associated with waste but the practice of improper

waste disposal is prevalent in the study area.

General environmental awareness and education on health risks as a result to deficient

solid waste management are important factors which need to be continuously

communicated to all sectors of the population (Desa et al., 2011)

38

CHAPTER THREE

3.1RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter is on the methodology employed in carrying out this research. It described the type

of data used the procedure for the collection, compilation, analysis and integration. It also show

research design which is the summary of the entire research and also described the procedure for

the research activities.

3.2 Research Design

This is based on the various processes in which data was collected for the research, the sample

size, sampling techniques, instrumentation, techniques for analysis and method of data

presentation. The research covered the two major markets in Chanchaga local government, Minna

Niger State.

3.3 Type and Source of Data

The set of data used in this research was divided into two, namely primary and secondary data.

3.3.1 Primary Data- This comprises of first-hand information collected from the field by the

researcher and it is regarded as direct contact with the element of the project.

i. Physical Observation: This comprises of information derived from personal

observation of the study area in terms of identification of waste hazards and factors

responsible for indiscriminate waste disposal.

ii. Administration of Questionnaire: Structured questionnaire was used to gather

information on socio-economic characteristics of the respondents, level of awareness

39

of waste hazards and factors responsible for indiscriminate waste disposal in the

study area.

iii. Oral Interview: Oral interview was conducted involving markets officials, market

clinic staff, Environmental Agency, Local government officials as well as traders

on issues related to indiscriminate waste disposal, waste facilities, sanitation and

other necessary information.

iv. Electronic and photographic equipment: Electronic camera was used to capture waste

disposal sites in and out of the market including open burning and indiscriminate

disposal within the study area and waste facility available in the market.

3.3.2 Secondary Data-This consists of information derived from existing literature; which

include published and unpublished materials (such as textbooks, journals, newspapers computer

software’s or electronic library source, internet materials, student project, undergraduate,

postgraduate dissertation of term and health records from the market clinic.

3.4 Procedure for Data Collection

The following instruments were used for gathering data:

Questionnaire Administration- Questionnaire was administered to respondents within the study

area to acquire relevant information.

Physical observation- This includes visit to the study area to identify some of the hazards

associated with waste in the market.

Oral interview: Direct interview was used to get information’s on face to face bases concerning

the hazards faced by the respondents and indiscriminate waste disposal.

Photographs of some features: pictures showing the existing hazard condition and waste facility

of the study area were taken.

40

Table 3.1 Method of data collection

S/N Objectives Methodology of data collection

1 Socio-Economic

characteristics of the

respondents

Questionnaire administration

2. Identification of waste hazards

in the study area

- Physical Observation

- Questionnaire

- Photography

3. Examine the factors

responsible for the improper

disposal of waste in the study

area

- Questionnaire

- Oral Interview

4. Assessing the effect of waste

hazards on human health

- Questionnaire

- Secondary data from

market clinic

5. Assessment of level of

awareness of waste hazards in

the study area

- Questionnaire

- Secondary data from

primary health care

Source: Author’s work

41

3.5 Method of Data Analysis

Data collected were analysed with Statistical Package for Social Sciences V19, Microsoft excel

package was used to produce graphs and charts. Analyses of data included waste socio- economic

characteristics, hazards identification, factors responsible for improper waste disposal, effect of

waste hazards on human health and level of awareness of waste hazards. Descriptive statistical

method was employed for research finding presentation. This involves the use of simple tables

and charts for data presentation. Data analyzed in tables give precise information and facilitate

understanding and easy assessment of data

Table 3.2 Data Analysis Method

S/N Objectives Methodology of Data

Analysis

1 Socio-Economic characteristics

of the respondents

Description Statistics from

SPSS Statistics Data Editor,

pie chart and Bar chart from

Microsoft Excel 2017 version

with Analyse-it add-in

2. Identification of waste hazards

in the study area

Descriptive statistics from

SPSS statistics Data Editor, pie

chart and Bar chart from

Microsoft Excel 2017 version

with Analyse-it add-in

42

3. Examine the factors

responsible for the improper

disposal of waste in the study

area

Descriptive statistics from

SPSS statistics Data Editor, pie

chart and Bar chart from

Microsoft Excel 2007 version

4. Assessing the effect of waste

hazards on human health

Descriptive statistics from

SPSS statistics Data Editor, pie

chart and Bar chart from

Microsoft Excel 2017 version

5. Assessment of level of

awareness of waste hazards in

the study area

Descriptive statistics from

SPSS statistics Data Editor, pie

chart and Bar chart from

Microsoft Excel 2017 version

3.6 Population study

The study population included sellers in Kure Ultra Modern and Gwari market, men and women

and people who sell frequently in the market. Due to time and resources constraints, it is not

possible to cover all elements in the study area.

3.7 Sampling Technique

The sample technique adopted in this research work was quota sampling. In quota sampling, the

population is divided into different subpopulations just as in stratified random sampling, except

that probability sampling is not used to choose individuals in the subpopulation for the sample.

43

Choice of units in the sample is entirely at the discretion of the interviewer, so that a sample of

convenience is chosen within each subpopulation. In quota sampling, specified numbers (quotas)

of particular types of population units are required in the final sample.

The quota used was based on the grouping of shops according to the market areas, market size,

shop sizes and easy accessibility. The instrument in the research study is therefore designed

towards a close-ended questionnaire to gather necessary information.

According to Godden (2004), when population estimate is known, the representative number of

respondents of a finite population can be obtain using:

s = ____X 2 NP (1 – P) ………………..Equation 1

d2(N-1) + X2P (1-P)

Where s = Required sample size,

N = Population size

X = Z value (e.g. 1.96 for 95% confidence level)

P = population proportion i.e. 10%

d = Margin of error at 5% (0.05)

However, there is no need of using sample size determination formular for known population

since the Krejcie and Morgan (1970) table has all the provisions one requires to arrive at the

required sample size, Godden (2004).

Table 3.4 shows that the required sample size for the population is equal to 338.

Table 3.4: Table for determining sample size from a given population

44

Source: Krejcie and Morgan (1970)

Table 3.5 Sampling Size and Number of Questionnaire Administered

S/N Major Market Number of Stores Population proportion (%) Sample size

1 Kure 2000 72 243

2 Gwari 750 28 95

Total 2750 100 338

Reference: Godden, B (2004), Sample size formulars: Journal of statistics 3, 66.

45

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Socio-Economic Characteristics of the Respondents

The socio-economic data of the respondents comprises of gender, age group, educational

background, marital status, and years of stay in the market were assessed so as to project

the socio-economic background of people associated with waste.

4.1.1 Gender composition of the population in the study Area

Table 4.1 shows the gender composition in the study area. 51.1% of the populations

sampled were male while 48.9% were female. The male gender formed the highest

proportion of traders in both the Kure and Gwari markets due to the cultural practice of

making woman housewife in the Northern part of the Nigeria.

Table 4.1 Gender composition of the respondents

Gender Frequency Percentage

Male 179 51.1

Female 171 48.9

Total 350 100

Source: Author’s Field Survey, 2017

4.1.2 Age group of the respondents

Table 4.2 Highlight the age bracket of the Respondents. About 50% are between ages of

21-45, 35% are between the ages of 46- 65, 12% are below twenty while 3% are above 65

years. This shows that majority of the respondents are adult.

46

Table 4.2 Age group of the respondents

S/N Respondents Age Percentage

1 Less than 20 years 12

2 21 – 45 years 50

3 46 – 65 years 35

4 66 years and above 3

Total 100

Source: Author’s Field Survey, 2017

4.1.3 Education background of the respondents

Figure 4.1.; highlight the educational qualification of respondents. It shows that 35% had

secondary school education, 34% had Basic education, 19% had Arabic education and

12% had tertiary. This depicts the level of literacy in the study area with more than

proportion attained only basic education level and this would affect their attitude towards

waste disposal.

19%

34%

35%

12%

Arabic education Basic education Secondary Tertairy

Figure 4.1: Educational Status of Respondents

47

4.1.4 Marital status of the respondents

Table 4.3 shows the marital status of the respondents. More than halves proportion of the

respondents were married while only 39.7% were single, 3.4 were separated and 3.4 were

widow.

Table 4.3 Respondents marital status

S/N Marital Status Frequency Percentage

1 Single 139 39.7

2 Married 187 53.4

3 Separated 12 3.4

4 Widow 12 3.4

Total 350 100

Source: Author’s Field Survey, 2017

4.1.5 Respondents years of stay in the market

Figure 4.2 highlight the numbers of years the respondents have been carrying out their

business activities in the market. Study revealed that about 38% of the total respondents

have been in the business between 2 – 4 years, 31% have been operating between 5 – 6

years, 20% and 11% started less than 2 years and above 6 years respectively. The

implication of this is that, the traders have gained ample experience in relation to the solid

waste management in the market to be able to share experience.

48

19%

38%

31%

11%

Less than 2 years2-4 years5-6 years6 and above

Figure 4.2: Years of stay in the market

4.2 Identification of Waste Hazards within the Markets

Waste hazards in the two markets were identified independently due to the different

design nature of the market. Waste hazard identification were based on the following

indicators; location of waste collection points, distance of stall from waste collection

points, and time interval waste were evacuated from waste collection points.

4.2.1. Location of waste disposal points in Kure and Gwari market

The location of waste points contributes to waste hazards which have greater influence on

the susceptibility of the traders to waste hazard in term of health implication. Table 4.4

shows that 16.6% of the respondents dispose their waste by the roadside, 25.1% vacant

land Local Government drum 24.6%, water bodies 4.1% in Kure market while drainage

has the highest proportion 29.6% in Kure market while in Gwari market 8.1% dispose

their waste on vacant land, 18.2% dispose by the road-side, 20.0% dispose in water

bodies, 31.4% dispose in drainages. Although there is no local government drum or any

legal collection point in Gwari market as it is in Kure market. Despite the waste facility

49

provided by the Local Government in Kure market majority of the respondents adopted

indiscriminate waste disposal. The result shows that most of the respondents in both

markets are of the habit of disposing waste into drainages, which can result to blockage of

drainage thereby preventing easy flow of water there making the study area prone to

Erosion and flooding. Other susceptible hazards include unsightliness and offensive

smell, the reasons for the incessant waste dump was as a result of inadequate sites, as at

the time of this research only six waste dump site were left in Kure market, see Figure

4.3.

Figure 4.3 Locations of Waste dump sites

50

Table 4.4: Location of waste disposal points in Kure and Gwari market

S/N Waste disposal points Frequency Percentage

1 Road side 56 16.6

2 Vacant Land 85 25.1

3 Close to water source 14 4.1

4 Drainages 100 29.6

5 LG drum 115 24.6

Total 338 100

Source: Field Work (2017)

51

PLATE I: Dumping of refuse on vacant land in Kure Market

52

PLATE III: Main Dumpsite in Gwari Market

PLATE IV: Dumping of refuse burning of in drainage in Gwari market

4.2.2 Distance of stall from waste collection points in Kure and Gwari market

Table 4.5 shows the proximity of various disposal points in meters (m). About 22.2% and

2.1% of the respondents in Kure and Gwari market said waste points is located at 20m

and below distance from their stall. Also at 21m-40metres, Kure 22% and Gwari 5.3%,

then at 41-60meters Kure 19.8% and Gwari 7.4%, while at 61-80meters 19.8% for Kure

and 26.3% for Gwari market and lastly at 81 and above 16% and 9% respectively for

Kure and Gwari market. This trend shows the proximity of waste dump to traders’ stall.

At distance 81meter and above the dumpsite pose less health hazard to traders while

dumpsite below 20 and40 meters b to stall or sale stand threaten the health of the traders

as the dumpsite serve as breeding ground for flies, rodents and other disease causing

organism. Finding shows that respondents usually dispose waste at 40meter and below in

both markets from their stall as seen in Table 4.5. Therefore, the higher the number of

stalls’ in close proximity to waste dump points in the study area, the higher the

susceptibility of the traders to health hazards such as Typhoid fever, malaria fever,

cholera, dysentery and offensive smell. This is as a result of diseases vectors found in

such environment.

Plate V and VI shows traders’ stand beside waste dump site. The distance of the waste

point to consumable goods such as seen in plates can result into contamination of food

and drinks display in the environment which ultimately can result into health hazards.

53

Table 4.5: Distance of stall from waste collection points in Kure and Gwari market

S/N Stall/shop distance from waste

collection points

Frequency Percentage (%)

1 20m and below 54 22.2

2 21m – 40m 56 23.0

3 41m – 60m 48 19.8

4 61m - 80m 45 18.0

5 81m and above 40 16.0

Total 243 100

Source: Field work (2017)

54

PLATE V: Refuse dump in close proximity to traders’ stall

PLATE VI: Refuse dump in close proximity to

fruits and drink stand

4.2.3: Evacuation of dump sites

Time interval for waste evacuation from dump sites has a tendency of breeding of

pathogenic vectors and spread of diseases. As presented in table 4.6, about 45% of the

respondents in Kure market affirmed that the dump site is evacuated after some time.

Most of these respondents are those that dispose their generated waste in the provided

waste drums by the local government. It was observed that the waste drum station in Kure

market are evacuated on daily basis within the period 7am- 9am before the market get

busy. While over 50% of the respondents said the other waste dump sites were not

evacuated at regular interval.

From the assessment evacuation of waste dump, it is obvious that illegal dump site were

the site not frequently evacuated as often as the waste drum provided by the local

government. This might be a strategy to by the environmental agency to dissuade traders

from practicing indiscriminate waste disposal.

In Gwari market evacuation is irregular, about 70% of the respondents ticked others and

when asked to specify the respondents they simply stated they cannot remember the last

time the waste dump site was evacuated.

55

Table 4.6: Provision and Location of dump site in the locations

Waste Point Kure Market Gwari MarketNumber of Waste Points

Period of Evacuation

Number of Waste Point

Period of Evacuation

Local Government Drums 3 Daily Nil NilMain Dump Site 1 Nil 1 NilWater Body 0 Nil 1 NillOpen Drainage 2 At Will 1 At Will

Source: Field work (2017)

Table 4.7: Time interval of evacuation of dump site

S/N Evacuation after time interval Frequency Percentage (%)

1 Daily 110 45.3

2 weekly 45 18.5

3 monthly 53 21.8

4 quarterly 20 8.2

5 Others 15 4.4

Total 243 100.0

Source: Field work (2017)

Plate VII:

56

4.3 Factors Responsible for Indiscriminate Disposal of Waste

Indiscriminate waste disposal is a common practice in the study area, Table 4.3.1 and Figure 4.3.1

shows some factors responsible for this unhygienic practice. The dominant factor identified in

Gwari market by the respondents was insufficient waste facilities. It was observed that Gwari

market lack waste facility as there is no single waste drum provided by government in the market.

The next factor identified to be responsible for indiscriminate waste was lawlessness, while

distance, attitude of environmental agencies, norms and poverty were identified as the least factor

responsible for such improper practice.

While In kure market the dominant factor identified was lawlessness. Over 45% of the

respondents observed that lawlessness is a major factor responsible for indiscriminate disposal of

refuse, l27.6% of the respondent identified insufficient waste facilities considering the population

of the market users and the quantity of waste generated on daily basis. 17.7% of the respondents

identified norms as the factor responsible for indiscriminate disposal, while distance, attitude of

environmental agencies and poverty were the least factors identified by respondents in Kure

market. Table 4.8 shows the responses of traders in an oral interview with both the traders and

local government officials on factors responsible for indiscriminate disposal. Their responses

collaborated with those gotten from the administered questionnaires. The respondents identified

factors responsible for indiscriminate waste disposal to include insufficient facilities, norms,

lawlessness, low education, negligence and laziness.

Table 4.7: Factors Responsible for Indiscriminate Disposal of Waste in Kure and

Gwari

57

Factors Identified Kure Market Gwari Market

Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage

Insufficient facilities 67 27.6 43 45.3

Lawlessness 120 49.4 36 37.9

Distance 7 2.8 7 2.9

Norms 43 17.7 7 2.9

Poverty 2 0.8 0 0

Attitude of environmental agencies

4 1.6 2 2.1

Total 243 100 95 100

Source: Field work, 2017

Insufficient fa

cilities

Lawles

sness

Distance

Norms

Poverty

Attitude of E

nvironmen

tal Agen

cies

020406080

100120140160

GWARI MARKETKURE MARKETAxis Title

Figure 4.3: Factors responsible for indiscriminate waste disposal in Kure and Gwari market

58

Table 4.8: Responses of Local Governemnt Officials and the Traders on some issues on

causes of indiscriminate waste disposal in Kure and Gwari Market.

Issues raised Traders response Local government officers

Insufficient

facility

Insufficient facilities in Gwari

market is one of the major

reasons for indiscriminate

dumping

Gwari market is an old market and that there

plans to renovate the market so as to

accommodate modern facilities available in

modern market such as Kure market.

lawlessness There is no law prohibiting

traders from indiscriminate

dumping of waste in Gwari

and Kure market.

There is a bill local government in respect of

indiscriminate dumping in the market. When

it becomes law there will be sanction and

fines.

Norms

Low level of

education

Laziness

Negligence

Indiscriminate dumping of

waste is a normal thing in all

markets, therefore Kure and

Gwari market are not

exempted from the Practice

This is one of the major challenges faced in

kure and Gwari market by our officials

because there is no law against

indiscriminate dumping of waste.

Majority of the traders are not

educated and expose this affect

their attitude towards waste

disposal. They feel comfortable

with indiscriminate waste disposal

Indiscriminate disposal of refuse

is caused by laziness, most times

traders are too lazy to dispose

their refuse in the provided drums

instead some prefer to dispose it

in nearby drainage or empty land.

Most traders are less concern

about the well-being of the market

environment. Negligence is the

This is a big problem in both markets

because majority of the traders are not well

educated and are carefree with their

immediate environment.

Most of the traders in Kure market are very

lazy; they find it difficult to walk to the

nearest waste collection point to dispose

their refuse.

Some traders in Gwari market are so lazy,

to walk down to the main dumpsite to

dispose their waste in a task for them. They

rather dispose their refuse in available

space be it drainage, water bodies or road

side.

Negligence is a major factor responsible for

indiscriminate refuse disposal. Traders are

59

major cause of indiscriminate

waste disposal.

not conscious of the market vicinity, they

even display goods in a dirty environment,

eat and drink in same environment.

Source: Field survey 2017

4.4 Effect of Waste Hazard on Human Health

4.4.1 Health Hazards associated with indiscriminate

Table 4.8 showed the health records of Gwari market traders obtained from the market

clinic for the period of one year ranging from August 2016 to July 2017. The health

records in table 4.4.1 and 4.4.2 shows malaria fever as the most prevalence diseases

among the traders in study area, followed by typhoid fever, cholera, dysentery, cough,

and vomiting. The markets clinics were provided by the chachanga local government,

which ensure the running of the clinics for the well-being of the traders.. The clinics open

from 9am-6pm from Monday to Saturday. Records of accidents victims and physical

injury were not collected as they are not relevant to this study.

Table 4.9: Health Records of Gwari market Clinic for August 2016 to July 2017

Month TYPHOID

FEVER

MALARIA

FEVER

DYSENTERY CHOLERA VOMITING COUGH

August 1 4 1 0 2 1

September 3 5 0 2 1 0

October 2 6 0 1 4 2

November 2 5 2 0 3 2

December 3 6 1 0 2 2

January 3 6 0 1 2 4

February 2 5 1 2 4 2

March 3 5 0 2 2 1

APRIL 2 7 2 1 2 0

60

MAY 2 8 1 3 2 1

JUNE 4 7 2 3 1 0

JULY 1 6 4 3 2 0

Source: Gwari Market health clinic, for August 2016 to July 2017

Table 4.10: Health Records of Gwari market Clinic for August 2016 to July 2017

Month TYPHOID

FEVER

MALARIA

FEVER

DYSENTERY CHOLERA VOMITING COUGH

AUGUST 11 14 1 0 3 4

September 13 24 0 7 2 6

October 7 19 3 2 4 2

November 9 15 2 0 5 6

December 8 14 2 2 3 4

January 10 20 5 1 2 4

February 9 16 1 2 4 2

MARCH 6 15 2 3 1 8

APRIL 11 17 6 3 0 7

MAY 13 24 9 3 0 5

JUNE 14 17 2 3 1 0

JULY 11 26 4 3 2 0

Source: Gwari Market health clinic, for August 2016 to July 2017

4.4.2 Type of disease Experienced by the traders as prevalent in the study area

Table 4.9 shows the type of diseases as prevalent in both Kure and Gwari Market.

As observed in table 4.9, 28.6% of the respondents revealed that malaria is more

prevalent in both Gwari and Kure market, 22.7% and 21.7% of the respondents said

typhoid and cholera respectively, while cough, vomiting and dysentery were the least

prevalent diseases accounting for 10.4%, 8.5% and 8.1% .

61

Furthermore, the analyzed result shows that the most prevalent diseases as identified by

respondents in both market are malaria fever, typhoid fever and cholera. This result

buttresses the diseases that were observed from the health records of traders as provided

by the clinics. Therefore, the most prominent effect of waste hazards on traders’ health in

Kure and Gwari were Malaria fever, Typhoid fever and Cholera while cough, vomiting

and dysentery were the least the effect of waste hazards on traders’ health.

typhoid malaria Dysentery cholera Vomiting cough0

20

40

60

80

100

120

kureGwari

Figure 4.4: Types of diseases prevalent in Kure and Gwari market

4.4.1. Noticeable disease vectors associated with waste dump site in the study area

Figure 4.5 shows the noticeable disease vector as identified by the respondents in both

market. 43.6% of the respondents identified mosquitoes as the most noticeable disease

vector in the study area, 40% identified flies, 12.3% Rodents, while 8% and 2% were

germs and others respectively. While in Gwari market 40% of the respondents identified

Mosquitoes, 42.1% identified flies, followed by Rodents, Germs and others. The most

noticeable disease vector in indiscriminate waste point in Kure market is mosquitoes

while Flies is identified as the most noticeable disease vector at indiscriminate dumpsite

62

in the study area. The respondents are in a better position to identified the diseases

causing organism present at indiscriminate waste points because they have the first hand

experience of the happenings in the markets. The identified disease vectors are the

organism causing health hazards such as Malaria Fever, Tyhoid fever, cholera, dysentery,

vomiting and cough among traders in the study area.

Table 4.12 Noticeable disease vectors associated with waste dump site in the study

area

Disease Vector

Kure Market Gwari Market Cumulative FrequencyFrequency Percentage Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage

MosquitoeFliesRodentsGermsOthersTotal

106973082243

43.640.012.33.30.8100

3840124195

4042.112.64.21.1100

14613742123338

41.841.012.53.71100

Source: Field work, 2017

4.5 Level of Awareness of Waste Hazards

4.5.1 Perception of the traders on the awareness level of health hazards

As shown in Figure 6, over 60% of the respondents are aware that indiscriminate waste

point can affect their health and that it can cause health hazards such as malaria fever,

typhoid fever, cholera, dysentery, cough and vomiting. While 34.6% of the respondent

are not aware that health hazards is associated is associated with improper refuse disposal.

This might be due to negligence, norms and attitude. Although the proportion respondents

who affirmed to be aware of health hazards associated with indiscriminate waste still

practice the unhygienic practice, this might be due to lawlessness, distance and

insufficient facility available in the study area.

Are you aware that indiscriminate waste disposal can cause diseases such as

63

Malaria, Typhoid, cholera, dysentery, cough and vomitting

  Frequency PercentValid

Percent Cumulative PercentYes 221 65.4 34.6 34.6No 117 34.6 65.4 100.0Total 338 100.0 100.0  

4.5.2 Perception of the traders on the awareness level of Fire hazards

From figure 7 shows that majority of the respondents seem not to be aware that

indiscriminate waste disposal can result into fire and explosion. Fire and explosion only

require three elements which are combustible material, heat and oxygen. These three

elements are available at improper waste disposal point. For instance in Kure market,

local government waste drums are majorly concreted at the market car park, Fuel linkage

from a vehicle parked in car park with fire from a road side food vendor and waste as

paper, carton and nylon can all trigger a fire.

Are you aware that indiscriminate waste disposal can cause fire hazards ?since fire only require combustible material, heat and oxygen

  Frequency PercentValid Yes 145 42.9

No 193 57.1

Total 350 100.0

4.5.3 Perception of the traders on the awareness level of environmental hazards

Figure 8 shows that 58.2% of the respondents are aware that improper waste disposal can

result into flooding, erosion and contamination of surface water while 41.8 of the

respondents are aware of the negative impact that indiscriminate waste disposal cause

64

have on the environment as well as water source. Finding shows that respondents are

aware the environment implication of improper disposal of waste can caused to the

environment. When water-way or drainage is blocked with refuse, this can prevent free

movement of water there resulting to flooding of the immediate environment

Are you aware that indiscriminate waste disposal can result into environmental hazards such as Erosion, Flooding and pollution of surface water

  Frequency PercentValid Yes 197 58.2

No 141 41.8

Total 338 100.0

Summary of the findings

The following are the summary of the findings as deduced from the research.

1. Hazards identified based on location of waste point, proximity of waste point to

stall and frequency of waste evacuation are unsightliness, offensive smell

breeding ground for diseases causing vectors.

2 Most respondents (45%) in Kure market identified lawlessness as the major factor

responsible for indiscriminate waste disposal while most respondents Gwari

market identified insufficient waste facility as the prominent factor responsible for

improper waste disposal.

3 Most prevailing health effect of indiscriminate waste disposal as identified by

respondents are Malaria, Typhoid and cholera with flies and mosquitoes as the

most noticeable disease vectors.

65

4 Majority of the respondents (50%) are aware that health hazards and

environmental hazards as hazards associated with indiscriminate waste disposal

while majority of the respondents are not aware of fire hazards as a hazard

associated with waste.

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusion

The rapid growth of Minna and it periphery has shown both positive and negative impact

on the study area. The negative part created amongst others socioeconomic as well as

environmental problems especially pollution. These problems now threaten the livability

and manageability of users of both markets. The initial design of both markets provided

dump areas in the study areas but as population grows the dump areas vanishes in the

quest for expansion of market and competition on the available spaces. This work has

critically looked into those factors responsible for improper dumping of refuse and it

impact on the users health. The recommended solution proffered if thoroughly adhered to

will go a long way to reduce to the hazards to the bearest minimum.

5.2 Recommendations

66

Based on the findings of this research, it becomes necessary to make the following

recommendations, which hopefully, will be useful for policy makers in environmental

and health issues:

I. Management of the markets should endeavour to provide waste facility such as waste

bins and waste handlers in Gwari market and increase the waste facility provided in Kure

market so as to curb indiscriminate and Strategic positioning of the waste bin so as to

ensure effective use of the provided facility.

II. There is need for local government to embark on environmental and health

education as well as general enlightenment of traders and general public. Traders in the

study area should be sensitize on the effect of improper disposal of refuse through jingles

on radio and television, awareness campaigns in different dialect of the people.

III. Government should ensure that bodies saddled with the responsibility of proper

waste management are effective. There is need for government to mandate waste handlers

to carry-out day-to-day sweeping of the market environment like street sweepers and also

ensure evacuation of blocked drainages to prevent the danger of flooding and epidemic

and also enable free flow of water.

IV. Government and Non-governmental organisation should embark on project aimed

at improving the environment and health of traders and such project should be funded and

implemented. The people should be made to see public properties as belonging to them

and not to the government. And as such protect it from damage.

V. Government should ensure that bills and regulations guiding environmental

sanitation be reviewed and enforced with stiffer actions in order to make them more

effective and to ensure compliance.

67