Q1.Jenny is doing her homework.

 

(a)     When Jenny writes, the pencil exerts a force of 5N on the paper.

 

not to scale

The area of the pencil in contact with the paper is 0.5 mm2.

Calculate the pressure of the pencil on the paper.Give the unit.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................2 marks

(b)     Jenny puts a book on her desk.She lifts the cover up with her finger, using a force of 0.5 N.The cover is 10 cm wide.

 

Calculate the turning moment on the cover of the book.Give the unit.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................2 marks

(c)     Jenny’s book has an area of 200 cm2.It exerts a pressure of 0.05 N/cm2 on the desk.

What is the weight of the book?Use the space below to show your working.

 

 

 

 

_______ N

2 marksmaximum 6 marks

Q2.David uses a falling mass to split wooden logs.

          The 5 kg mass slides down the rod and hits the metal blade.The force on the blade splits the log.

 

(a)     To lift the mass David uses energy stored in his muscles.

          What energy transfer occurs when David’s muscles lift the mass?

          from ...................................................................... energy in his muscles to

          gravitational potential energy of the mass1 mark

(b)     David lifts the mass. The mass gains 50 J of gravitational potential energy. The falling mass changes this energy into kinetic energy.

(i)      As it falls, what is the maximum amount of energy the mass can change from gravitational potential energy to kinetic energy?

........................ J1 mark

(ii)     Not all the gravitational potential energy is transferred to kinetic energy as the mass falls.Give one reason for this.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................1 mark

(c)     Give two ways David can increase the kinetic energy of the mass just before it hits the blade.

1. ...........................................................................................................1 mark

2. ...........................................................................................................1 mark

(d)     David can use a different blade to split the logs.The diagram below shows two different blades A and B.

 

          The formula for pressure is:       pressure =

          Which blade puts more pressure on the log?Write the letter.

..............

          Explain your answer in terms of area. Use the formula to help you.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................1 mark

maximum 6 marks

Q3.Diagram A represents a gas in a container.The gas can be compressed by moving the piston to the right.

 

(a)     (i)      How can you tell that the substance in the container is a gas?

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................1 mark

(ii)     How can you tell from the diagram that the gas is pure?

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................1 mark

(b)     The piston is moved to the right as shown in diagram B.

 

          How can you tell, from diagram B, that the pressure of the gas has increased?

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................1 mark

(c)     Diagram C shows what happened to the molecules after the gas wascompressed more.

          

(i)      How can you tell that a chemical reaction happened when the gas wascompressed?

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................1 mark

(ii)     The mass of the gas in both diagrams B and C was 0.3 g.

         Why did the mass of the gas not change when it was compressed?

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................1 mark

(iii)     Complete the table below with the correct chemical formula of eachsubstance. Use the key to help you.

 1 mark

(iv)    What is the name of the substance represented by the symbol ?

.................................................1 mark

maximum 7 marks

Q4.The drawing below shows a space buggy on the surface of Mars.

 

(a)     The distance between Earth and Mars is 192 000 000 km.

It took a spacecraft 200 days to take the buggy from Earth to Mars.

Calculate the speed at which the spacecraft travelled.

Give the unit.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................2 marks

(b)     The weight of the buggy was 105 N on Earth and 40 N on Mars.

Why was the weight of the buggy less on Mars than on Earth?

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................1 mark

(c)     The buggy uses solar panels to generate electrical energy.

The solar panels generate less electrical energy on Mars than on Earth.

Give a reason why.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................1 mark

(d)     The weight of the buggy was 40 N on Mars.When the buggy landed on Mars it rested on an area of 0.025 m2.

          Calculate the pressure exerted by the buggy on the surface of Mars.

Give the unit.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................2 marks

maximum 6 marks

Q5.The diagram below shows a container filled with a liquid.

 

          At each end of the container there is a piston.Piston A has a smaller area than piston B.

(a)     (i)      Rebekah pushes on the pedal. This produces a force of 200 N on piston A.

         Calculate the pressure that piston A exerts on the liquid.Give the unit.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................2 marks

(ii)     The liquid in the container exerts the same pressure on piston B.

         Use this pressure to calculate the force on piston B.

...............................................................................................................

............................................................................................................. N1 mark

(b)     Rebekah set up a different experiment as shown below.She measured the volume of the liquid and the air in thecylinders before and after a 200 g load was added to the piston.

 

(i)      When the loads were added to the pistons, the volume of the liquid did notchange but the volume of the air decreased.

         Explain why this happened.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................1 mark

(ii)     The diagram on the opposite page represents the way the brake system ofa car works.The brake pedal pushes piston A.Piston B pushes the brakes on.

         If air bubbles get into the liquid, the brakes do not work properly.Explain why.Use the diagrams above to help you.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................1 mark

maximum 5 marks

Q6.Tom tries on four types of footwear in a sports shop.

                                         

ski boot                                                 trainer

                                          

ice skate                                          walking boot

(a)     (i)      When Tom tries on the footwear, which one sinks into the carpet the most?

.............................................................................................................1 mark

(ii)     When Tom tries on the footwear, what is the same for each type of footwear? Tick the correct box.

 

the area of the footwear 

Tom’s weight on the footwear 

the material of the footwear 

the weight of the footwear 

1 mark

(b)     The drawing below shows a snowshoe.

 

          How do snowshoes help people to walk in deep snow?

.....................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................1 mark

(c)     Choose the correct word from the list to complete the sentence below.

          air resistance            friction                gravity              magnetism

When Tom is ice skating the force of ..........................................................

          between the skate and the ice is less than when he is walking on a carpet.1 mark

Maximum 4 marks

Q7.A teacher set up the following apparatus behind a safety screen.She placed 1 g of icing sugar in the end of the rubber tubing inside the tin, as shown below.

 

          The teacher blew through the other end of the rubber tubing.The icing sugar came into contact with the flame.There was a loud explosion and the lid was blown off the tin.

(a)     Complete the following sentence describing the energy changes which took place.

........................................... energy in the icing sugar changed to

............................................. energy and ............................... energy.3 marks

(b)     As a result of the explosion, the lid of the tin was pushed off.Explain what had happened to the gas molecules inside the tin to make this happen.

.....................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................2 marks

(c)     When icing sugar is burned in this experiment, the gas used and the gas produced are the same as when energy is released from sugar in the cells of the body.

(i)      Which gas, in the air, is used when the icing sugar burns?

.................................................1 mark

(ii)     Give the name of the gas produced when the icing sugar burns.

...................................................1 mark

(d)     The table below shows the energy values of four food substances.

 

food substance energy value, inkJ per 100 g

icing sugar 1680

curry powder 979

flour 1450

custard powder 630

 

          The teacher repeated the experiment with 1 g of custard powder.What difference would this make to the experiment?

.....................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................1 mark

Maximum 8 marks

Q8.Karen wants to pump up her car tyre.Her pump has a piston with an area of 7 cm2.

 

Karen pushes the handle down with a force of 175 N.

(a)     What pressure does she exert on the air in the pump?

.....................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................... N/cm2

1 mark

(b)     The air pressure in the tyre is 27 N/cm2.What pressure would be needed in the pump in order to pump more air into the tyre?

.....................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................1 mark

(c)     Another of Karen’s car tyres exerts a pressure of 30 N/cm2 on the road. The area of the tyre in contact with the road is 95 cm2

What is the force exerted by the tyre on the road?

................................................................................................................. N1 mark

Maximum 3 marks

Q9.(a)     James is cutting a piece of wire with a pair of wire cutters.

 

          James exerts a force of 50 N on each of the handles.

(i)      What is the turning moment about the pivot, on each handle?Give the unit.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................2 marks

(ii)     What force is applied, by each blade, on the wire?

.............................................................................................................

......................................................................................................... N1 mark

(b)     Stephanie uses the same pair of wire cutters. The diagram below is an end-on view of the blades as they begin to cut the wire.

 

          Stephanie exerts a force of 200 N on the wire with each blade.The area of contact of each blade on the wire is 0.0005 cm2.

(i)      What is the pressure of each blade on the wire? Give the unit.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................2 marks

(ii)     As the blades sink deeper into the wire, the pressure of the blades on the wire decreases.Explain why the pressure on the wire decreases.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................1 mark

Maximum 6 marks

Q10.(a)     Two syringes are connected together as shown in the diagram below.

 

          A force of 20 N is applied to the piston in syringe A.

(i)      Calculate the pressure that the piston in syringe A exerts on the oil.Give the units.

…………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………1 mark

(ii)     Calculate the force needed to just prevent the piston in syringe B frommoving out. Give the unit.

…………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………1 mark

(b)     The diagram below shows the brake pedal used to operate the brakes in a car.The foot applies a force of 50 N.

 

(i)      Calculate the force applied to the piston P. Give the unit.

…………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………1 mark

(ii)     The brake fluid pushes another piston, Q, which is attached to the car’s brakes.Piston Q has an area which is eight times larger than piston P.

         Calculate the force on the car’s brakes. Give the unit.

…………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………1 mark

Maximum 4 marks

Q11.The drawing shows a boy with a bow and arrow. He is holding the arrow and pulling it back.

 

(a)     Two horizontal forces act on the arrow. These are the force exerted by the boy’s hand and the force exerted by the string. The arrow is not moving.

          The boy pulls the arrow with a force of 150 N. What is the size of the force exerted by the string on the arrow?

...................... N1 mark

(b)     When the boy lets go of the arrow, it starts to move forward.

          Explain why it starts to move.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................1 mark

(c)     The arrow flies across a field and hits a target.

          Two forces act on the arrow while it is in the air. Air resistance acts in the opposite direction to the movement, and gravity acts downwards. These two forces cannot balance each other, even when they are the same size. Why is this?

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................1 mark

(d)     The arrow has a sharp pointed end. When the arrow hits the target, the sharp point exerts a very large pressure on the target.

          Why does a sharp pointed end exert a larger pressure than a blunt end?

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................1 mark

Maximum 4 marks

Q12.The diagram shows a simple tool for punching holes in a leather belt.

     not to scale

          When the handle is pressed down, the steel peg presses down on the pieceof leather. If the force is large enough, the peg punches through the leather,making a hole.

          The diagram below shows the force applied to the handle.

     not to scale

(a)     Calculate the moment (turning effect) of the 50 N force applied to thehandle. Give the units.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................2 marks

(b)     This moment makes the steel peg press down on the leather. Calculate the force with which the steel peg presses down on the leather.

......................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................... N1 mark

(c)     The next time the punch is used, the steel peg presses down on the leatherwith a force of 150 N.

(i)      The area of the end of the steel peg is 0.1 cm2.What is the pressure of the steel peg on the leather?Give the units.

............................................................................................................

............................................................................................................2 marks

(ii)     The pressure is too small, and the punch does not go through theleather. How could you change the design of the punch to make itwork using the same force on the handle?

............................................................................................................

............................................................................................................1 mark

Maximum 6 marks

Q13.A pen cap floats in a plastic lemonade bottle three-quarters full of water.If you squeeze the bottle the pen cap sinks to the bottom.If you then let go of the bottle, the pen cap floats to the surface.

 

(a)     When the bottle is squeezed what, if anything, happens to:

(i)      the distance between the air molecules inside the bottle?

............................................................................................................1 mark

(ii)     the distance between the water molecules inside the bottle?

............................................................................................................1 mark

(iii)     the pressure of the air trapped inside the pen cap?

............................................................................................................1 mark

(iv)    the volume of the air trapped inside the pen cap?

............................................................................................................1 mark

(b)     Explain why the pen cap sinks when you squeeze the bottle.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................2 marks

Maximum 6 marks

Q14.Sue pumps up a bicycle tyre. As she does so, she notices that the pump becomes hot.

(a)     Where, and how, was the energy stored before it was transferred in pumping up the tyre?

......................................................................................................................1 mark

(b)     Explain how the gas molecules inside the tyre exert pressure on the walls of the tyre.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................1 mark

(c)     The air going into the tyre was warmed up by the pumping. What effect will this have on the motion of gas molecules in the air in the tyre?

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................1 mark

(d)     When the air in the tyre becomes hotter, the pressure rises. Give one reason, in terms of the motion of gas molecules in air, why the pressure rises.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................1 mark

(e)     The pressure in the tyre increases as Sue forces more air into the tyre. Explain why a larger number of gas molecules increases the pressure in the tyre.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................1 mark

Maximum 5 marks

Q15.The diagram shows a lever. A weight is near the end of the lever. A force, F, pushes up on the pad and balances the lever.

 

(a)     The 50 N weight is pulling the lever anticlockwise around the pivot.Calculate the moment (turning effect) of the 50 N weight about the pivot.Give the units.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................2 marks

(b)     The force F is just big enough to keep the lever balanced.

(i)      What is the moment of force F about the pivot?

.............................................................................................................1 mark

(ii)     What is the size of force F?

.............................................................................................................

......................................................................................................... N1 mark

(c)     (i)      The force F becomes smaller. How should the 50 N weight be moved to keep the lever arm horizontal?

.............................................................................................................1 mark

(ii)     The size of force F on the pad is 100 N. The area of the pad is 2 cm2.Calculate the pressure of this force on the pad. Give the units.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................2 marks

Maximum 7 marks

Q16.Alison has a car. The part of each tyre in contact with the road is flattened.This is shown in the diagram.

 

(a)     When Alison gets into the car, the force on each tyre increases.What happens to the area of tyre in contact with the road?

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................1 mark

(b)     There is a leak of air from one of the tyres, and the air pressure in the tyre falls. What happens to the area of the tyre in contact with the road?

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................1 mark

(c)     The weight of the car is 8400 N. Each tyre supports a weight of 2100 N. The pressure exerted by each tyre on the road is 20 N/cm2. Calculate the area of each tyre in contact with the road.

.....................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................cm2

1 mark

          Alison goes for a drive on three different days.

(d)     Write the missing values in the table.

 3 marks

(e)     Explain why the calculated car speeds are averages.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................1 mark

Maximum 7 marks

Q17.Some students fill an empty plastic bottle with water.The weight of the water in the bottle is 24 N and the cross-sectional area of the bottom of the bottle is 0.008 m2.

(a)     Calculate the pressure of the water on the bottom of the bottle and give the unit.

Use the correct equation from Section A of the Physics Equations Sheet.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

Pressure = ........................................(3)

(b)     The students made four holes in the bottle along a vertical line.They put the bottle in a sink. They used water from a tap to keep the bottle filled to the top.

 

 

The students measured and recorded the vertical heights of the holes above the sink.They also measured the horizontal distances the water landed away from the bottle.A pair of measurements for one of the holes is shown in the diagram.

The complete data from the experiment is shown in the table. 

HoleVertical heightin cm

Horizontal distance

in cm

J 24 15

K 18 20

L 12 30

M  6 40

 

(i)      Which hole is shown in the diagram?

Draw a ring around the correct answer. 

J K L

(1)

(ii)     On the diagram, draw the path of the water coming out of hole M.

Use the information in the table to help you.(2)

(c)     Suggest one problem that might arise from trying to collect data from a fifth hole with a vertical height of 1 cm above the sink.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................(1)

(Total 7 marks)

Q18.The diagram below shows an empty cargo ship. It is not moving.

 

(a)     The water exerts a force on the ship. In which direction does this force act?

___________________________________________________________________(1)

(b)     The diagram below shows the same cargo ship. This time it has a full load of cargo.

 

(i)      How does the force exerted by the water on the ship change as the ship is loaded?

______________________________________________________________(1)

(ii)     Why has the force exerted by the water changed?

______________________________________________________________(1)

(Total 3 marks)

Q19.Four of the forces that act on this container ship are shown in the diagram as A, B, C and D.

 

Complete each sentence by choosing the correct letters, A, B, C or D.

The first one has been done for you.

At the start, the ship is not moving because forces B and D are balanced.

The ship begins to move forward when forces ............... and ............... are unbalanced.

When the ship is moving at a steady speed, forces ............... and ............... are balanced.

The ship stops at a port. All of the containers are taken off and this changes

force ............. .(Total 3 marks)

Q20.

 

In a science lesson, some children float an apple on some water.

One of the children says:

“The apple is not moving. That means that there cannot be any forces acting on it.”

Do you agree?Explain your answer as fully as you can.

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________(Total 3 marks)

Mark schemes

Q1.          (a)     •    10

accept ‘ ’ if the answer is not evaluated1 (L7)

•    N/mm2

accept, for two marks, ‘107 Pa’‘107’ is insufficientaccept ‘Nmm-2’do not accept ‘n’ for ‘N’

1 (L7)

(b)     •    5accept ‘10 × 0.5’ if the answer is not evaluated

1 (L7)

•    N cmaccept ‘cm N’do not accept ‘n’ for ‘N’accept, for two marks, ‘0.05 Nm’‘0.05’ is insufficient

1 (L7)

(c)     •    (weight = 200 × 0.05 =) 10accept ‘(force = area × pressure =) 10’accept, for one mark, ‘0.05 × 200’ if not evaluated or evaluated incorrectlyaward two marks for the correct numericalanswer, whether or not correct working has been shownif the answer is incorrect, award one mark for a rearranged equation showing explicitly how to calculate weight or force e.g. ‘force or weight = area × pressure’

2 (L7)[6]

Q2.(a)     chemical

accept ‘potential’accept ‘kinetic or movement’

1 (L6)

(b)     (i)      50 J1 (L7)

(ii)     any one fromaccept ‘some energy or heat or sound is wasted’‘heat or sound or friction’ are insufficient

•    energy is transferred as heat‘some of the energy is lost’ is insufficient

•    energy is transferred as sound

•    friction or air resistance slows it downaccept ‘as it is still falling, some is still gravitational’

1 (L7)

(c)     any two from

•    lift it to a greater heightaccept ‘make the rod longer’‘change the height or mass’ is insufficient

•    make the mass more streamlined or aerodynamic‘make the rod bigger’ is insufficient‘drop it faster’ is insufficient

•    push the mass downaccept ‘push it’‘push the rod down’ is insufficient

•    put grease or oil on the rod (to decrease friction)accept ‘make the rod smoother’‘use more force’ is insufficient‘make the rod thinner’ is insufficientaccept ‘increase the mass’

2 (L7)

(d)     Aboth blade A, and the correct explanationare required for the mark

          if you divide the force by a smaller area, the pressure will be largeraccept ‘it has a smaller area (at that point)’‘it is more pointed’ or ‘is it sharper’ are insufficient‘force is more concentrated’ is insufficientaccept ‘the force is more concentrated on a smaller area’do not accept ‘there will be more force’do not accept responses that refer to ‘concentrated pressure’

1 (L7)[6]

Q3.(a)     (i)      •    (molecules) are far apart or not touching each other

accept ‘only gases can be compressed’‘the gas can be compressed’ is insufficientas it is given in the questionaccept ‘they are randomly arranged’

1 (L7)

(ii)     •    there is only one type of molecule     or compound or substance

accept ‘there is one type of particle’do not accept ‘there is only one type of atom or element’

1 (L7)

(b)     any one from

•    the space or distance between the molecules or particles is smalleraccept ‘the volume is less’accept ‘atoms’ for ‘particles’

•    the particles or they are closer together

•    more particles are touching the sidesaccept ‘particles hit the sides more often’‘the particles are hitting the sides’ is insufficient‘if the gas is compressed the pressure rises’ is insufficient

1 (L7)

(c)     (i)      any one from

•    new or different compounds have formedaccept ‘they are now joined in threes’accept ‘new combinations of particles or atoms’

•    there is more than one compoundaccept ‘the compounds are different’accept ‘there is no longer a pure substance’

1 (L7)

(ii)     any one from

•    the same number of atoms are presentaccept ‘mass is conserved’‘the mass stays the same’ is insufficient

•    nothing has been added to or lost‘the same atoms are present’ is insufficient‘nothing changed’ is insufficient‘the amount of gas stays the same’ is insufficient

1 (L7)

(iii)     •

  NO accept ‘ON’

  N2O accept ‘ON2’

  NO2 accept ‘O2N’

all three answers are required for the mark1 (L7)

(iv)    •    nitrogen oxideaccept ‘nitrogen monoxide’accept ‘nitric oxide’

1 (L7)[7]

Q4.(a)     •    960.000

accept 1 (L7)

•    km/day or kilometres per day or km day–1

accept ’40.000 km/hr’ for two marksaccept ’11.1 km/s’ for two marksaccept ’11.111 m/s’ for two marksaccept ‘d’ for ‘day’ and ‘h’ for ‘hour’do not accept ‘km pday’

1

(b)     •    gravity on Mars is lessaccept ‘gravity is greater on Earth’

1 (L6)

(c)     any one from

•    Mars is further from the Sunaccept ‘the Sun is closer to the earth’

•    less light reaches Marsaccept ‘the light rays have spread out more’‘Mars is further away’ is insufficientdo not accept ‘less heat reaches Mars’

1 (L7)

(d)     •      1600accept ‘40/0.025’

1 (L7)

•    N/m2 or Pa or Nm–2

accept ‘pascals’do not accept lower case ‘n’

1[6]

Q5.(a)     (i)      •    100

accept ‘200 ÷ 2.0’1 (L7)

•    N/cm2

accept ‘106 N/m2’ or ‘106 Pa’ for two marks1 (L7)

(ii)     800accept ‘100 × 8’accept the numerical answer to a i × 8the unit is not required for the mark

1 (L7)

(b)     (i)      any one from

•    air or gas can be compressed

accept ‘gases are easier to compress’‘air or gas provides less resistance’ is insufficient

•    water or liquids cannot be compressed

•    gaps between particles ofaccept ‘atoms can be compressed together’air or gas can be reduced

1 (L6)

(ii)     any one from

•    less force would be transmitted to the brakesaccept ‘the brakes have less effect’‘the brakes are spongy’ is insufficient

•    less pressure at Baccept ‘less pressure could be produced’accept ‘less or no resistance to the brakes’

•    piston B would not moveaccept ‘the air bubbles could be compressed’

1 (L7)[5]

Q6.(a)     (i)      ice skate

accept ‘skate’1 (L3)

(ii)     Tom’s weight on the footwear if more than one box is ticked, award no mark

1 (L3)

(b)     any one from

•    they do not sink in

•    they have a big surfaceaccept ‘they are wide’ or ‘they are big’accept ‘they spread out your weight’do not accept ‘you won’t get your feet stuck in the snow’accept ‘they reduce the pressure’do not accept ‘they spread out your pressure’

1 (L3)

(c)     friction1 (L4)

[4]

Q7.(a)     chemical

accept ‘potential’ or ‘stored’1 (L6)

          any two from

•    sound

•    thermalaccept ‘heat’

•    kineticaccept ‘movement’

•    light2 (L6)

(b)     any two from

•    they gained energyaccept ‘they move more quickly’

•    they hit the lid with greater forceaccept ‘they hit the lid harder’

•    they hit the lid more oftenaccept ‘the pressure inside the tin increased’accept ‘the molecules are closer together’accept ‘more molecules are present’

2 (L6)

(c)     (i)      oxygenaccept ‘O2’

1 (L6)

(ii)     any one from

•    carbon dioxideaccept ‘CO2’

•    water vapouraccept ‘H2O’accept ‘carbon monoxide’

1 (L6)

(d)     any one from

•    it was quieter

•    the lid didn’t move as highaccept ‘the lid was not pushed off’

•    less energy releasedaccept ‘it does not work’

1 (L5)[8]

Q8.(a)     25

accept ‘175 ÷ 7’1 (L7)

(b)     any one from

•    greater than 27 N/cm2

the unit is required for the markdo not accept ‘27 N/cm2’

•    greater than the pressure in the tyreaccept any answer greater than 27 N/cm2

1 (L7)

(c)     28501 (L7)

[3]

Q9.(a)     (i)      450

1

Ncmaccept ‘cmN’accept ‘4.5 N m’ for both marks

1

(ii)     300the unit is not required for the markconsequential marking appliesaccept the numerical answer to (a) (i) ÷ 1.5 cm

1

(b)     (i)      400 000accept ‘40 N/m2’ or ‘40 Pa’ for both marks

1

N/cm2

1

(ii)     because the area of contact will increase1

[6]

Q10.(a)     (i)      40 N/cm2

the unit is required for the markaccept ‘400 000 Pa’

1

(ii)     200 Nthe unit of force is required for the markconsequential marking appliesaccept numerical answer to (a)(i) × 5 cm2

1

(b)     (i)      200 Nthe unit is required for the mark

1

(ii)     1600 Nthe unit of force is required for the mark

consequential marking appliesaccept numerical answer to (b) (i) × 8

1[4]

Q11.(a)     150

1

(b)     there is nothing to balance the force of the stringaccept ‘it is pushed by the string’ accept ‘there is a forwardforce acting on it’ accept ‘potential energy is converted to kineticenergy’ or ‘energy from the bow is transferred to the arrow’

1

(c)     any one from

•    because they are not in opposite directionsaccept ‘because they are in different directions’or ‘because they are at an angle to each other’or ‘because they are not both horizontal’do not accept ‘because they are at an angle’

•    because they do not act along the same lineaccept ‘gravity pulls down and friction pushes across’

1

(d)     any one from

•    because the force is concentrated in a much smaller areaaccept ‘because the area in contact is smaller’or ‘because there is a smaller area’

•    because pressure is force divided by area1

[4]

Q12.(a)     500

1N cm

accept ‘5 N m’ for both marks1

(b)     125consequential marking appliesaccept answer to(a) ÷ 4 cm

1

(c)     (i)      15001

N/cm2

accept ‘15 000 000 N/m2’ for both marks1

(ii)     any one from

•    increase handle length

•    decrease distance from pivot to peg

•    reduce the area of the pegaccept ‘sharpen it’ or ‘make it a cylinder or hollow’

1[6]

Q13.(a)     (i)      they get closer or it gets less

1

(ii)     nothing or same distance1

(iii)     it increases1

(iv)    it decreases1

(b)     water flows into the capaccept ‘water flows or is pushed or got into the cap’or ‘the air in the cap takes up less space’accept ‘the air in the cap is under pressure’

1

          any one from

•    increasing the density

•    less upthrust

•    pen cap now less buoyantaccept ‘increasing the weight’do not accept ‘the pen cap gets heavier’

1[6]

Q14.(a)     as chemical energy in Sue or her muscles

both parts are required for the markaccept ‘as chemical energy in glucoseor named chemicals’

1 (L6)

(b)     the molecules collide with the walls of the tyreaccept ‘they hit the walls or the tyre’or ‘they bounce off the walls’

1 (L7)

(c)     they speed up or get faster1 (L7)

(d)     any one from

•    they will hit the tyre wall more frequently

•    they hit the tyre wall harder or fasteraccept ‘more collisions with the tyre’do not accept ‘more collisions’do not accept ‘the molecules move faster’

1 (L7)

(e)     there will be more frequent collisions with the tyre wallaccept ‘more collisions with the tyre’do not accept ‘more collisions’accept ‘the force applied by the molecules increases’do not accept ‘less space for the molecules’do not accept ‘there are more air molecules to hit the tyre wall’

1 (L7)[5]

Q15.(a)     the first mark is for the value and the second mark is for the

appropriate unit

•    10001 (L7)

•    N cmaccept ‘cm N’accept ‘10 N m’ for both marks

1 (L7)

(b)     the answer must either be the same value as the answer to (a) or itmust show that the moment is force F × 5 cm

(i)      1000 or the same or 5 Fconsequential marking applies accept the valuegiven in part (a) the unit is not required for the mark

1 (L7)

(ii)     200consequential marking appliesaccept the answer to part (a) ÷ 5 cmor the answer to part (b) (i) ÷ 5cm

1 (L7)

(c)     (i)      move it to the right or towards the pivot1 (L7)

(ii)     501 (L7)

         N/cm2

accept ‘500 000 N/m2

or ‘500 kPa’ for both marks1 (L7)

[7]

Q16.(a)     increases

accept ‘more gets flattened’1

(b)     increasesor ‘gets bigger or larger’

1

(c)     1051

(d)     401

          0.5accept ‘30 minutes’

1

          1401

(e)     the speed of the car probably variesaccept ‘it stops and starts’or ‘it goes faster and slower’

1[7]

Q17.(a)     3000

correct substitution of 24 / 0.008 gains 1 mark provided no subsequent steps are shown

2

N / m2 or Pa1

(b)     (i)      Kaccept ringed K intable

1

(ii)     water exiting bottle one-third of vertical height of Kallow less than half vertical height of spout shown, judged by eye

1

water landing twice the distance of the spout shown in the diagramaccept at least one and a half times further out than spout shown, judged by eyedo not accept water hitting the side of the sinkignore trajectory

1

(c)     water will land on the (vertical) side of the sinkaccept sink not long / wide / big enough

or

water will dribble down very close to the bottle

or

that part of the bottle is curveddo not accept goes out of the sink

1[7]

Q18.(a)     up

for 1 mark1

(b)     (i)      increasedfor 1 mark

1

(ii)     more water displaced; ship heaviereither for 1 mark

1[3]

Q19.B and D (either order)

1

B and D (either order)accept A and C

1

          A or C1

[3]

Q20.          ideas thatgravity/weight (downwards)upwards/opposite  force of water  or  upthrustforces are balanced

any three for 1 mark each

          (N.B. All these ideas may be included in a short response)

          (If no marks gained but candidate makes reference to forces, award 1 mark)[3]