Revision Notes - Free at LastQuestions

1) Why did many immigrants move to America? (4)

2) Describe the problems facing European immigrants to the USA in the 1920s. (5)

3) Explain why attitudes changed towards immigrants after 1918. (8)

4) Why was there tension between old immigrants and new immigrants? (5)

5) What problems faced black Americans who moved north in the 1920s? (5)

1) What difficulties did the Jim Crow Laws cause Black Americans? (5)

2) Explain why the Ku Klux Klan was feared in the 1920s and 1930s. (8)

3) Explain why the Ku Klux Klan was so powerful in the South in the 1920s. (8)

4) Why did many black Americans move from the south to the north by the 1930s? (8)

1) Explain why the demand for civil rights continued to grow after 1945. (8)

2) Describe the events of the Montgomery bus boycott. (5)

3) Why were events at Little Rock in 1957 important for the Civil Rights Movement? (5)

4) Why was the protest in Birmingham in 1963 an important event in the civil rights’ campaign in the USA? (5)

5) Why was the march on Washington important for the Civil Rights Movement? (5)

6) Why did Martin Luther King plan a Civil Rights protest in Selma, Alabama in 1965? (5)

7) Why did black Americans feel that progress had been made towards Civil Rights by 1965? (5)

8) Explain why a civil rights movement grew in the USA in the 1950s and 1960s. (8)

9) Explain the importance of Martin Luther King to the Civil Rights’ Movement. (8)

1) What problems remained for black Americans after the 1964 Civil Rights Act?

2) Why did Malcolm X oppose non-violent protest? (5)

3) Explain why black people rioted in many American cities in the 1960s. (8)

4) Why did the Black Panthers gain support from many Black Americans? (5)

ImmigrationMany immigrants moved to America because;

• America was seen as the land of opportunity • immigrants arrived in search of “American Dream” • believed that even the poorest person could become richer if they worked hard • could have a better standard of living than in their own country • escaping poverty in their homeland, e.g. great unemployment/poverty in Ireland • escaping from religious persecution • America seen as a “fresh start” and opportunity for a new life by many

Problems facing immigrants included;

• often arrived with little wealth or possessions• faced discrimination on the grounds of culture/race/religion• faced discrimination in most areas of life and work simply because they were immigrants• did the poorest jobs with lowest pay• poor housing often in unsanitary slums• faced abuse from local politicians/lacked rights and representation• became stereotyped by public and media as a threat e.g. blamed for crime. became stereotyped by public and media as a burden e.g. worsened housing shortages• blamed for political extremism e.g. Red Scare – spreading Communism from Russia.

Attitudes changed towards immigrants after 1918 because;

growing fear of social unrest in aftermath of Russian Revolution fear that Communism may spread to USA worry about increasing numbers of immigrants from southern and eastern Europe concern that immigrants would take jobs concern that immigrants would depress wages concern that immigrants would be used to break strikes concern that immigrants would create pressure on scarce housing feeling that new immigrants were inferior e.g. illiterate feeling that USA could no longer take unrestricted numbers of immigrants feeling that immigrants were involved in organised crime influence of WASPs.

There was tension between old immigrants and new immigrants because;

older immigrants accused new immigrants of not being able to read or write/had no money

• older immigrants worried that they would lose jobs/homes to the new immigrants• old immigrants felt too many new immigrants were coming in • religious differences – older immigrants mainly Protestant, new immigrants

Catholic/Jewish• old immigrants had lived in USA for several generations and many thought they

were better than new immigrants • old immigrants tended to be from northern Europe and new immigrants were

often Eastern European/Hispanic/Asian • language difficulties

Problems facing black Americans who moved north in the 1920s included;

• skin colour identified them as “different” and marked them out for discrimination• Whites felt they were superior to black migrants• seen as uneducated and unskilled and so were able to get only poorly paid jobs

• White unskilled workers saw them as a threat to their jobs• there was competition for jobs with immigrants to USA• there were riots between Blacks and Whites in north e.g. Tulsa• they were separated into ghetto communities in northern cities• housing conditions were very poor.

Problems in the South

The Jim Crow Laws led to many problems for black Americans in the south because;

• separate drinking fountains/hospital wards • separate schools/churches • Blacks discriminated against in the workplace • separate entrances – even to go to work • Blacks and Whites couldn’t sit together in canteens etc. • Black barbers could only cut the hair of Blacks • Blacks were discriminated against in quality of housing• Black facilities were poorer than those for whites.

The Ku Klux Klan was feared in the 1920s and 1930s because;

Klan campaigned against immigrant groups such as Jews, Catholics and Black Americans

Klan was a secret terrorist organisation – members wore robes and masks Klan burned large crosses on hillsides to frighten people they kidnapped, whipped, mutilated people if they did not do what the Klan wanted Klan lynched many Black Americans important members of the community such as police, judges and politicians were

members of Klan ability to hold marches in cities such as Washington implied a powerful organisation.

The Klan was powerful in the South in the 1920s because;

• huge organisation estimated to have 3 million members in 1924• it was surrounded in secrecy which made it difficult to oppose• it had effective methods of intimidation e.g. fiery cross• it was a terrorist organisation which supported the use of violence to achieve its aims• they kidnapped, whipped, mutilated people if they did not do what the Klan wanted• the Klan lynched many Black Americans to show their supremacy• important members of the community such as police, judges and politicians were

members of the Klan• the Klan held great marches in cities such as Washington to show their strength• the Klan was deeply rooted in the South, e.g. origins went back to the Civil War• the Klan was supported by many Americans in the South who shared its views.

Black Americans moved from the south to the north by the 1930s because;

• The KKK intimidated and attacked many black Americans in the south.• There was unemployment in the south, and wages were low.• The Jim Crow laws led to segregation and poor facilities for black Americans.• Cities in the north provided higher wages e.g. car manufacturing in Detroit.• There was less organised racism in the north.• Housing could be better in the north.

The Civil Rights Movement

The demand for Civil Rights continued to grow after 1945 because;

• impact of the Second World War e.g. USA fighting against a violent racist regime abroad while violent racism flourished in the southern states• experience of black soldiers from the south who witnessed integration abroad• actions of early campaigners e.g. Phillip Randolph, Core (1942)• the existence of Jim Crow laws in the southern states• effects of segregation – e.g. schools, transport, restaurants• concern at other inequalities faced by Black Americans eg low wages, poor housing• refusal of State governments to desegregate following Brown v Topeka judgement• continuance of lynching

The events of the Montgomery bus boycott were;

• Rosa Parks refused to move seats on the bus • Rosa Parks was arrested and fined • black population refused to use city buses • people walked to work or organised car pools • established Martin Luther King as a civil rights leader • bus company faced bankruptcy• after a year courts decided segregation on buses was unconstitutional

Events at Little Rock in 1957 were important because;

• The President had to intervene by sending soldiers to protect black pupils.

• Soldiers stayed for a year.• Event attracted worldwide media attention for the Civil Rights movement.• Events embarrassed the American government.• Many in the south did not want to integrate their schools.• Black students were met with hatred and violence.• Whites tried to stop black pupils from entering the school.

The protest in Birmingham in 1963 was an important event in the civil rights’ campaign because;

• Birmingham was the most racist city in the USA • civil rights protestors would risk their lives by entering Birmingham • a successful demonstration in Birmingham could spark off changes across the South • over nine hundred children were arrested on the first day • police used massive violence against protestors – use of clubs, dogs, fire hoses • the march gained huge media coverage and shocked American society • President Kennedy announced a new civil rights law within weeks • Connor, the police chief, was a racist.

The March on Washington in 1963 was important because;

• large numbers involved: 30 trains, 2000 buses • march in the capital of the USA • about 20 per cent were Whites showing support • march was peaceful and orderly.• millions watched march on TV across USA • march covered by TV crews from across the world • Martin Luther King delivered his “I have a dream” speech.

Martin Luther King planned a Civil Rights protest in Selma, Alabama in 1965 because;

• King wanted to put pressure on President Johnson to support new Civil Rights legislation• Sheriff Clark of Selma was a crude, violent racist• King thought he could stir up feeling against Clark in the same way as he had against

Bull Connor• there was a march as part of the protest to Governor Wallace about police brutality and

racism.• King wanted to win support for a new voting rights act• Black Americans were being prevented from registering to vote in Selma• very few Black Americans had succeeded in registering to vote in Selma• local Civil Rights campaigners had already begun organising protests in Selma• protests in Selma had been met with extreme violence from police/TV coverage.

Black Americans felt that progress towards civil rights had been made by 1965 because;

• NAACP were the moving force behind Supreme Court decisions• the Supreme Court declared segregated schools unconstitutional• black pressure forced Eisenhower to propose a Civil Rights Act• Civil Rights Movement was gaining heroes such as Rosa Parks• mass action such as Montgomery Bus Boycott was successful• protest at Little Rock saw black students admitted to a white school• details of Brown v Topeka Board of Education decision• rise of new civil rights’ leaders such as Martin Luther King and SCLC.

A civil rights movement grew in the USA during the 1950s and 1960s because;

• existence of Jim Crow laws in southern states • existence of segregation – examples such as schools, waiting rooms • concern at inequalities of black Americans e.g. extreme poverty, poor housing • refusal of southern states to desegregate e.g. Brown v Topeka • success of the bus boycott in Montgomery• leadership of Martin Luther King e.g. “I have a dream” speech • the belief that a non-violent campaign would succeed • reaction of groups like the Ku Klux Klan • growing support from Whites e.g. students and groups like CORE

Martin Luther King was important to the civil rights movement because;

• his ideas of non-violence very important, e.g. peaceful demonstrations, bus boycotts, sit-ins

• speeches very influential, especially “I have a dream” speech • March on Washington very significant – Martin Luther King key figure in this • one of the most important Civil Rights’ leaders – gave people a dream to live for • martyr who died for his beliefs • brought race relations to forefront of news • Martin Luther King became a worldwide figure – racism being fought everywhere • possible discussion/comparison with Malcolm X and his achievements

Black Radicalism

The problems that remained for black Americans after the 1964 Civil Rights Act were;

• did not solve discrimination in housing.• Act was poorly enforced.• Act was ignored by some states.• Act did not end racism and discrimination.• Blacks still suffered from poor employment prospects, bad schools and low wages.• Many blacks still did not have voting rights.

Malcolm X opposed non-violent protest because;

• He had been mistreated in his youth (his father had been killed by the KKK)• He was influenced by Elijah Mohammed who preached hatred of white people.• He believed the threat of violence would frighten white authorities into taking action.• He believed non-violence deprived blacks of their right to self-defence.• He didn’t believe that non-violent campaigns solved black problems in northern cities.• He believed that non-violence was a form of mental slavery to whites.

Black people rioted in many northern cities because;

• poverty – 40% of black Americans still lived in poverty• nothing had been done about slum housing with overcrowding and high rents• blacks were in low paid jobs or had no jobs• they had poor quality schools and facilities• blacks had poor health and little access to health care• ghettos were places of crime, gangs and drugs• feeling that Civil Rights Act had not solved problems in northern cities• assassination of Martin Luther King• riots broke out during summer heatwaves• disillusionment with the draft/Vietnam War• influence of Radical leaders encouraged action• heavy-handed policing/brutality caused anger among blacks.

Many people supported the Black Panthers because;

• Black Panthers argued it was time to defend Black Americans from white aggression • Black Panthers organised self-help programmes • Black Panthers had a ten point programme demanding freedom and release of black

prisoners.• Black Panthers condoned use of violence • had programmes to give free breakfasts to children and free health clinics • Black Panthers attracted support from sportsmen eg Olympic salute.

Immigrants and Exiles

Potential Questions

Why did many Irish come to Scotland in the nineteenth century? / Describe the conditions of people living in Ireland which led to them emigrating to Scotland.

Describe the conditions in Scotland which attracted Irish immigrants. / Why were Irish workers attracted to many different parts of Scotland?

Describe the experience of Irish immigrants in the west of Scotland. / Describe the ways in which Irish immigrants had settled into Scottish life by the 1930s.

Why were living conditions unpleasant for Irish immigrants in Scottish cities?

Why did many Scots dislike Irish immigrants in Scotland? / Describe the attitude of many Scots towards the Irish.

Why was the Catholic Church important to Irish immigrants in Scotland?

Explain why people emigrated from the Highlands of Scotland between 1830 and 1900.

Explain why many Scots left to go overseas between the 1830s and 1930s.

In what ways were Scots encouraged to emigrate between the 1830s and 1930s? / Why were many poor Scots able to emigrate during the nineteenth century?

What difficulties faced Scots in countries to which they emigrated?

Explain why many emigrants from Scotland were highly valued in their new homelands.

In what ways did Scottish immigrants help develop countries where they settled?

Notes

Why did many Irish come to Scotland in the nineteenth century?

Push Pull1)The Irish Potato FamineThe potato crop failed in 1846. This led to up to a million deaths and forced many people to leave Ireland.

2) OvercrowdingThe Irish population had increased greatly during the 19th century. This put pressure on the land and on jobs, forcing many to leave. Many farmers

TravelScotland was very close to Ireland and travel by boat was quick and affordable.

Industrial JobsThere was a huge demand for workers in Scotland’s industries, such as coal mining and cotton manufacturing. Workers were also

had been forced to sub-divide their land amongst their sons, leading to smaller, less productive farms being created.

3) Lack of jobsIreland had few big cities and factories. Its small businesses could not compete with big factories, leading to unemployment.

Poor landlordsMany landlords evicted tenants as they wanted to create larger farms for cattle. Many landlords also lived far away from their estates and made no effort to improve conditions for the inhabitants.

Poor conditionsLiving conditions were poor for many Irish. Housing was often very basic and lacking in hygiene.

needed to build Scotland’s canals and railways.

Agricultural jobsScotland’s farms needed labourers. This was especially true at harvest time. Irish labourers could move for the season and return home afterwards.

WagesWages in Scotland tended to be higher than those in Ireland. In addition, employment was more regular so there was more chance of being in constant work.

ConnectionsOnce many Irish had settled in Scotland, it became easier for others to come. They had contacts and also knew what to expect, making the journey less daunting.

Why were Irish workers attracted to many different parts of Scotland?

Irish workers were attracted to many different parts of Scotland by the huge variety of employment opportunities. Glasgow and Edinburgh offered jobs in factories. Dundee needed workers for its jute mills. Mining communities such as Coatbridge also offered jobs to Irish workers. Working on building the railways took Irish navvies all over the country. Rural areas, such as Ayrshire, needed Irish farm labourers at harvest time.

Describe the ways in which Irish immigrants had settled into Scottish life by the 1930s.

Irish immigrants had settled into Scottish life in two different ways. Firstly, they had made secure communities for themselves. They had the security of the Roman Catholic Church as well as their own catholic schools. They also often lived in areas where other Irish people lived.

Secondly, Irish people began to adjust to Scottish society. They married into Scots families. Others learned English if they had not spoken it before. They joined Trade Unions with Scottish workers. Many fought with Scottish soldiers in the First World War. Finally, they formed football clubs, such as Celtic and Hibernian.

Why were living conditions unpleasant for Irish immigrants in Scottish cities?

Living conditions were unpleasant for Irish immigrants in Scottish cities for several reasons. The large number of immigrants placed pressure on housing and led to overcrowding, which helped to spread disease. Furthermore, sanitation was poor, with

open sewers and a lack of proper toilets leading to outbreaks of cholera. Houses were poorly lit and poorly ventilated, causing breathing problems. In addition, the tenements were often situated next to factories which could belch out a great deal of pollution. Finally, there was a lack of hygiene as few homes had running water, and soap was expensive.

Describe the attitude of many Scots towards the Irish.

Positive NegativeScots tended to interact well with Protestant Irish immigrants. They shared the same religion and viewed them as hard-working.

Many Scottish factory owners and farmers valued the labour of the Irish immigrants. They thought of them as hard-working.

As more Irish began to join Trade Unions, Scottish workers valued their support and loyalty.

Many Scots felt that Irish immigrants were taking their jobs. They believed that Irish workers were working for lower wages and hated them when they acted as strike-breakers.

As more immigrants arrived, there was more competition for housing. This caused many Scots to be resentful of Irish immigrants.

Most Irish immigrants were Catholic. Scots did not trust them and viewed them with suspicion. This was increased as many Irish immigrants created separate communities with separate schools.

Other Scots blamed the Irish for being inferior and troublemakers, especially the navvies. They were often accused of being drunken and violent.

Why was the Catholic Church important to Irish immigrants in Scotland?

The Catholic Church was important for a number of reasons. It allowed immigrants to worship in the same way as they had done in Ireland. The church also operated Catholic schools, providing an education for the children of Irish immigrants. The Church also acted as a centre where new immigrants could meet people and find out about jobs. Finally, the Church helped to found football clubs for the Irish community, such as Celtic.

Explain why many Scots left to go overseas between the 1830s and 1930s.

Highlands Lowlands

The Highland Clearances removed many crofters from the land in the 19th century. Landlords could make more money from sheep farming and so evicted tenants to make room for sheep.

The Highland famine forced many to move. The potato crop was affected by blight in the 1840s, compelling many crofters to move or face starvation.

The kelp industry declined in the Highlands.

The new system of farming meant that fewer farm labourers were needed. Large farms were created, reducing the need for as many workers as lots of smaller farms.

The development of new technology on farms, such as the steam thresher, reduced the need for labourers.

Conditions on farms were poor. Wages were low, holidays short and hours long. Workers could get higher wages abroad.

Kelp was used in the manufacture of soap, but new chemical soaps destroyed the demand.

Conditions were poor for many people in the Highlands. Houses were often basic, lacking running water, fitted windows and stone floors.

The quality of farmland was poor in many areas. Fields produced low yields and it was hard for many crofters to make a living.

The fishing industry declined in Scotland in the 20th century. Russia, Scotland’s biggest market, stopped buying Scottish fish.

As other countries began to industrialise, Scotland’s industries faced greater competition. Some industries could not compete, leaving Scottish workers unemployed.

In what ways were Scots encouraged to emigrate between the 1830s and 1930s? / Why were many poor Scots able to emigrate during the nineteenth century?

Scots received a helping hand in emigrating. Many Highland landlords paid the cost of the emigrants’ journey, so that they could get them off their land. They also forgave rent arrears and bought any livestock from them, so that emigrants would have a little money behind them. In addition, groups like the Highland and Islands Emigration Society subsidised the journey of some emigrants. Charities like Barnardo’s helped to re-settle orphans and young widows in the Empire.

Scots were encouraged to emigrate in several ways. They received visits from emigration agents, who would tell them about fantastic opportunities in Canada and Australia. Posters and adverts in newspapers also encouraged Scots to move by offering them promises of free land and high wages. Some were also encouraged by the letters of friends and family who had already moved and were enjoying success. What difficulties faced Scots in countries to which they emigrated?

Scots faced a host of difficulties on arriving abroad. They were entering a strange land in many cases, with few fellow Scots inhabitants. Some arrived to find that the land they had been promised was unsuitable for farming and covered in forests. Others faced problems with native peoples who resisted the loss of their land. Wild animals also proved a problem for some. Poorer Scots found life difficult as they had no money to help to establish themselves. Finally, some Highland Scots did not speak English well, making it harder for them to settle in.

Explain why many emigrants from Scotland were highly valued in their new homelands.

In what ways did Scottish immigrants help develop countries where they settled?

Scots were valued in their new lands for a number of reasons. They brought with them a great number of skills which were useful. Many worked as stonemasons, sheep farmers, engineers, carpenters and builders. These were skills they had gained in Scotland as a result of the tremendous education system in place in Scotland. Scots could therefore help in projects such as building the Sydney Harbour Bridge and the Canadian Pacific Railroad. Scots also had a reputation as hard workers. In addition, many Scots were able to bring money with them when they emigrated and could therefore invest in their new countries.

Individual Scots helped to develop their new homes too. Andrew Carnegie made a fortune in the steel industry in the US, helping to develop the economy. He also invested huge sums in building libraries across America. In the field of politics, Sir John Alexander Macdonald was Canada’s first Prime Minister. Scots helped to create educational opportunities too. Queen’s University in Ontario, Canada was set up by a Scot, George

Munro. Agriculture was also shaped by Scots, especially in Australia where John Macarthur introduced the successful Merino sheep.

Wallace and Bruce Revision NotesDeath of Alexander III

Explain why there was a succession problem in Scotland between 1286 and 1292.

1. Alexander III’s sons had all died before him 2. Alexander’s heir was an infant girl (the Maid of Norway) 3. some did not think a female could rule 4. the Maid of Norway died on her way to Scotland 5. many men thought that they should be the next ruler of Scotland, eg thirteen competitors 6. Bruce and Balliol thought they had a better claim to the throne than the others 7. there was a danger of a civil war in Scotland.

Explain why some Scots were reluctant to accept the Maid of Norway as their ruler.

1. she was a child – others would have to rule on her behalf and there could be disputes 2. she was a child and could possibly die – an adult ruler would be better 3. she was a girl – some people did not believe that a female could rule/give noblemen orders 4. she was a girl – some people did not think that a girl could lead an army into battle

5. she was in Norway – would she understand Scotland and be able to rule it? 6. she needed a husband – a Scottish husband could cause jealousy 7. a foreign husband could lead to Scotland being taken over 8. other nobles – Balliol and Bruce – had ambitions to rule 9. potential for civil war to break out 10. concern that Edward I might exploit the situation.

Describe the events between 1286 and 1292 that led to Edward I becoming overlord of Scotland.

1. death of Alexander III without sons 2. death of the Maid 3. rivalry between Bruce and Balliol/fear of a civil war in Scotland 4. Guardians asked Edward to decide who would be king 5. Edward asked the Guardians to agree he was overlord 6. Edward demanded that the (thirteen) Competitors recognise him as overlord 7. Competitors accepted Edward’s demands 8. the Award of Berwick – Edward picked Balliol as king.9. Edward had an army with him 10. John Balliol did homage to King Edward.

The Reign of John Balliol

Explain why John Balliol lost his position as King of Scots in 1296.

1. John Balliol had accepted Edward I as his overlord 2. John Balliol had been bullied by King Edward (e.g. orders, legal decisions overturned) 3. John Balliol refused King Edward’s order to join him in a war against France 4. John Balliol withdrew his homage to King Edward 5. John Balliol had made an alliance with the King of France against Edward i.e. treason 6. King Edward defeated John Balliol at Dunbar 7. King Edward forced John Balliol to surrender to him 8. King Edward had stripped John Balliol of his crown and title 9. Robert Bruce had been plotting against John Balliol 10. not all the Scots supported Balliol in his campaign against King Edward

Describe what happened when Edward I attacked Berwick in 1296.

1. Balliol built a new fence round Berwick 2. Balliol moved men from Fife into Berwick to reinforce it 3. Edward surrounded the town by land and sea

4. Edward demanded a surrender within three days 5. the people of Berwick mocked King Edward 6. Edward’s ships sailed into the harbour to be attacked and burned 7. Edward’s men stormed over the walls 8. everyone in Berwick was killed.

Why was Balliol a failure as King of Scots?

1. King Edward had stripped him of his title publicly 2. the Bruces had never supported him 3. the Scottish nobles felt the need to appoint twelve men to help Balliol 4. Balliol was unable to stop Edward interfering in the government of Scotland. 5. King Edward was determined to act as overlord of Scotland/Balliol had already accepted Edward as his overlord 6. King Edward heard legal appeals from Scotland 7. Balliol had been defeated at the Battle of Dunbar 8. King Edward took Balliol away as a prisoner.

William Wallace

Why was the leadership of William Wallace important during the Wars of Independence?

1. he united people under his leadership as Guardian 2. he organised the army of Scotland 3. he sent Lamberton to Rome and Paris to plead Scotland’s case there 4. he obtained iron from Germany for his army. 5. he defeated the English at Stirling Bridge 6. he developed the idea of fighting in schiltrons 7. he made sure that Edward did not select the new Bishop of St. Andrews 8. he continued to resist Edward till he was executed.

Describe what happened at the Battle of Stirling Bridge.

1. the Scots and English were on different sides of the bridge 2. the Scots were formed up on the high ground (Abbey Craig) 3. the English were slow in getting organised (slept in and/or a knighting ceremony) 4. the English debated whether to use Stirling Bridge or a slightly distant ford 5. the English crossed the bridge (which was narrow) slowly 6. Wallace ordered the Scots to attack the English when enough had crossed to defeat them 7. the Scots cut off the end of the bridge and isolated the English/many were drowned 8. the English were defeated/Cressingham was killed

Explain why the Scots won the Battle of Stirling Bridge

1. the English were over-confident and were not careful about what they did 2. the English were led by the Earl of Surrey who had relinquished command to Cressingham who was not an experienced

military commander 3. the English did not have their best men who were fighting in France 4. the English re-called men who had crossed the bridge several times and so gave away their plan 5. the English argued about using the bridge or a nearby ford and wasted more time 6. Cressingham rejected good advice in his haste to win the battle 7. the bridge was narrow and created a bottleneck

8. the ground on the Scottish side of the bridge did not suit the English way of fighting 9. the Scots (Wallace and Murray) timed their attack perfectly 10. the Scots drove the English into wet ground where they could be massacred 11. the English archers could not fire arrows in case they killed their own men.

Describe what happened at the Battle of Falkirk.

1. Wallace placed his men behind a loch 2. Scottish schiltrons resisted the attack 3. Scottish cavalry fled. 4. Scottish bowmen were defeated 5. English archers broke the formation of the schiltrons 6. English soldiers broke into the schiltrons and massacred the Scots 7. Scots lost – Wallace escaped.

Explain why Wallace resigned as Guardian after Falkirk.

1. Wallace’s victory at Stirling Bridge was the only reason he made it to the top/was made Guardian 2. nobles resented him for stealing their traditional position of leadership 3. Wallace had chosen a bad location to fight Edward 4. jealousy/snobbery led them to withdraw from Falkirk 5. it was rare for a low-born person to rise up the ranks 6. Wallace was a younger son of an obscure knight 7. without the nobles (cavalry), Wallace was easier to defeat at Falkirk 8. Wallace’s use of schiltrons contributed to his defeat 9. Wallace was thoroughly defeated at Falkirk and could not justify his position as Guardian

Robert the Bruce

Describe the events that led to the death of John Comyn at Dumfries in 1306.

1. Bruce arranged to meet with Comyn at Greyfriars in Dumfries or

2. Bruce tricked Comyn to meet him at Greyfriars in Dumfries 3. Bruce accused Comyn of betraying him to King Edward

or 4. the two men began to argue about Comyn telling King Edward about Bruce 5. Bruce stabbed Comyn

or 6. Bruce hit Comyn with a sword 7. Bruce ran out of Greyfriars and told his companions what he had done 8. the monks carried Comyn to the altar 9. Comyn said that he would survive the wound 10. Bruce ordered his men to kill Comyn

or 11. some of Bruce‟s men killed Comyn 12. Comyn‟s blood spilled over the high altar

Describe how Robert Bruce made all the Scots accept him as king.

1. he murdered Comyn 2. he ruined the Comyns by destroying their lands 3. he destroyed the power of the Comyns’ friends/allies/connections e.g. the MacDougalls 4. he captured the castles of his rivals 5. he captured the castles of the English so rivals found themselves without English support 6. he defeated Edward II at Bannockburn removing any hope of further English support 7. he forced nobles to accept him formally as king e.g. in the Declaration of Arbroath 8. he forced nobles to become either Scottish or English (Treaty of Edinburgh/ Northampton).

Explain why the Scots won the battle at Bannockburn

1. Robert Bruce’s leadership was a key factor 2. Robert Bruce had trained his men to fight as mobile schiltrons 3. Robert Bruce fought the battle on ground which suited his men/tactics 4. the English did not expect Bruce to attack them (they expected to attack) 5. the English had moved onto ground which was too marshy for them to manoeuvre 6. the English were trapped in an area which was too small for their army to manoeuvre 7. the English were arguing with each other before the battle 8. the English did not have confidence in King Edward II 9. the English were disheartened after the death of de Bohun 10. English bowmen were defeated by the Scottish cavalry 11. the English panicked when the “small folk” charged towards the battle.

Why did the Scots send the Declaration of Arbroath to the Pope in 1320?

1. the Scots wanted Bruce recognised internationally as king 2. the raids on northern England had not been successful 3. the invasion of Ireland had failed to put pressure on Edward II 4. they wanted the Pope to recognise Bruce as King5. Edward II would not agree that Bruce was King of Scots 6. the Pope was a person of international authority 7. the Pope could put pressure on Edward II to change his policy 8. the Church had excommunicated Bruce and would not accept him as king.

Why did it take so long for Robert Bruce to be accepted as King of Scots?

1. he had to force many Scots to abandon King John Balliol 2. he had to force Scots to reject Edward II as overlord 3. Bruce was unable to force Edward II to change his mind 4. Bruce’s efforts to spread the war to other parts of Britain were not successful. 5. it took a long time to drive the English out of their castles in Scotland 6. Bruce has been excommunicated so some people could not accept him as King 7. the Comyns were long-standing rivals and the most powerful family in Scotland 8. Bruce took several years to defeat the Comyns and their allies e.g. the MacDougalls

9. Bruce’s wars in Ireland had ended in failure at Dundalk 10. Bruce’s invasion of northern England had not forced Edward to accept him.

Describe what Robert Bruce did to make Edward II accept him as King of Scots.

he raided the north of England

he forced the English to pay money to the Scots.

he sent the Declaration of Arbroath to the Pope

Edward Bruce started a new war in Ireland.

The Atlantic Slave TradeWhat were the different stages of the Triangular Trade?

How did slave factories operate?

What were conditions like on the Middle Passage?

How were slaves prepared and sold in the Caribbean?

How did slaves resist on the plantations?

How were slaves controlled on the plantations?

Why was resistance hard for slaves on the plantations?

Why was the slave trade important to British cities?

Why did many people in Britain continue to defend the slave trade?

How did the abolitionists try to win support for their cause?

Why was Wilberforce an important figure in abolishing slavery?

What did Thomas Clarkson do to help to abolish the slave trade?

Why was the slave trade abolished in 1807?