Notes

LNB – Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, called nappy in Palmer study guides GB – Great Britain

Outline

Louis Napoleon Bonaparteo Elected president in 1848o Chief of State then Emperor in 1852

Crushed people who fought for liberal institutions and a parliament Napoleon III

Political institutiono Fear of radicalismo Dissimilar to Napoleon

Not professional soldier or great organizero Adventurer and conspirer

More sympathy for the working classes Uses public opinion as an advantage

Journalists and intellectuals generally distrusted him Placated Catholic interests Allowed people to vote

o Illusion of participationo Prosperity and pageantry

A single leader has more pull on people than an assemblyo Instability after June Days

Needed order Modern Order

o Strong new leader in a brave new world Sovereignty of the people

Solution to mob ruleo Great Britain

universal suffrage incompatible with intelligent gov’t and economic prosperity

o elected parliamentary bodies drove people apart

class divisions not representing the “people”

o Bourbon and July Monarchy Conflicts of interest

o Republic of 1848 Violent and archaic

Fell into power of a distrustful assemblyo Robbed the common man of his vote

o Empire Only way to accurately and fairly represent everybody Stable and modern

LNB stood above classes Govern everybody equally

Forms of govt less important than economic and social issues

o Authoritarian Modeled after the Consulate

Council of Stateo Experts that drafted legislation and advised the Emperor

Senate and legislationo Appointed by universal male suffrage

Managed electionso No power to do anything

Illusion of a parliament Physical structure

Court of Tuilerieso Glorify Napoleon nameo Married Eugenie

Young Spanish noblewoman Love match

o Polarizing royalty Embellishment of Paris

o Baron Haussmann Roomy railway station

Broad approaches Broad boulevards and open public squares

Easier military operations against riotso Masses unable to use barricades as well

Congested streets Fine buildings

Place de l’opera Modernized sewer and water systems

Stimulated economy and business Economics

o LNB - “great social engineer”o Supported by former Saint-Simons

“socialist emperor” Wanted to be realistic Invention of investment banking

Hoped for economic growth through concentration of financial resources Credit Moblier

o Raised funds by selling stocks to the people Funds invested in start ups

o New age of economic development Expansion

o Discovery of gold in California- 1849o Discovery of Australia

o Newly organized credit facilities Significant increase in European money supply

Mild inflation Steady rise of prices and wages

Company promotion Investments

Rail miles increased dramatically Railway networks rationalized

o Small lines consolidated into 6 big companies Iron steamboats

Suez Canalo Built by a French company held onto it 1859-1869

Later primarily owned by British stockholders Demand for railway components was steady

Railso Law of limited liability – 1863

Stockholder could not lose more than par value of the stock No matter how in debt the company was

Encouraged stockholders of little means More risks could be made

Wealth and saving more effectively mobilized (distributed?) Stocks numerous and diversified

o Stock exchange boomed Financier acceptance of a capitalistic world

Many people became rich( with legal means) Socialistic initiative

o Work for the working class within govt boundarieso Temporary depression in 1857

Otherwise lots of good paying jobso LNB + SS

Organize workers to help cultivate the unused fields Didn’t happen

o Humanitarian reforms More hospitals and asylums created Free medicine Vague outlines of a social welfare state Workers built up unions

Gatherings of workers was prohibited since the French Revolution 1864 – organized workers allowed to go on strike

o Large labor unions and large business/corporations allowedo Not very much for the working class but enough theory to be called a socialist

Authoritarian regimeso Typically focused on economic development

Highly protectionist Open competition with the rest of the world LNB- freedom of international trade

o Tariff union with Belgium, Some Belgians pleased Well industrialized Had coal France needed

Strong trade agreement Blocked by private interests

Strongly opposed by GB and G Zollvereino LNB turned to reduction of import duties

Abolition of the Corn laws France and Britain enjoyed successful free trade relations

Concluded free trade with GB - 1860 Much unusual(ignored) opposition in the parliament

Allocated 40 mil francs for the French to be able to meet British competition Never used fully

o French industries generally able to compete with more mechanized British industry

o Europe might be able to achieve freedom of trade Internal strife 1860-

o Few years to overcome depressiono Opposition to free trade policyo Catholics objected to intervention in Italy

Anti-Austrian military campaign-1859o 1860s – Decade of the liberal Empire

Emperor granted more power to Legislative brancho Empire fell to war in 1870

Lasted 18 years Longest lasting regime since the French Revolution

LNB omen of the future War

o “empire means peace”o War supreme form of pageantry

Show France’s strong nation and leadero Crimean War

Against Russia LNB didn’t instigate alone

Fighting in Italy by 1859 1862-1867 in Mexico 1870 in France

Easily avoidable war against Prussia State of the world

o GB and Franceo Spain different storyo Portugal, Switzerland, the Netherlands and Scandinavian countries

Too small and fringeo Lots of small states comprising of fragments of larger nationso Large disunified empires

Conglomeration of different peoples Distantly ruled

Romanov, Habsburg, Ottomano Rest was small – large non-national states-empires

Nation-stateso Bring people together in large units and break the into small units

Disintegrating Ottoman Empire Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria and Romania independent

o Arab national movemento Nationalism

Secular faith “winning: national unity Creation of independent nation-state

Higher truths Collective and personal hopes of a better life

o State with supreme political authority in the will and feeling of subjects People feel something in common

Belong to a community Common social and cultural life “their” govt Outsiders are usually people who speak a different language

o Nation mostly same speech Common descent and racial origin (usually exclusionary)

o Common history Common religion Common geographical location Common goal/threat

Collective destiny on Earth Govt

o Could not effective developed full power of state without national identity/support from its subjects

Union of smaller states New ties between people and government Integration of new populations

New of existing liberal and representative institutionso Parliaments set up in new(Italy, Germany, Japan, Canada)

Russia was getting thereo Ideas of revolutionaries from 1848

Achieved through wars Needed to throw off influence of the Austrian

govt weaken the Russian overthrow/intimidate German and Italian govts

who refused to surrender sovereignty Pres Lincoln suppresses Southern independence

Crimean War

o Significantly weakened Russia and Austria Preserving peace settlement of 1815

Preventing national progress/change First war covered by newspapers Women served as army nurses

Florence Nightingaleo Russian-Turkey war every generation

1828-1829 Tsar Nicholas protected independence of Greece

o Annexed left bank of the Danube 1853

Invaded Wallachia and Moldaviao Stress on the crumbling Ottoman empire

Protection of Christians in the Ottoman Empireo Foreign Christians in Palestine and Jerusalem

French protective jurisdiction Principal Western people in the Middle East

o advisers to sultano important trading partnerso staffed and financed Christian missionso building the Suez Canal

LNB Own ideas for the Mediterranean Encouraged Turkish govt to resist Russian claims to protect Christians

o War broke out in 1853 France and GB joined forced with Turks

GB wanted to uphold Turk and ME against the Russians Joined by Sardinia

Italian mainland territory Seat in Italian govt as Piedmont Entered war to influence public opinion

British fleet blockaded Russia’s Baltic and Black sea French and British armies invaded Russia

Via Crimean peninsula Austria

Didn’t want Russian to conquer the Balkans or Constantinopleo Let Britain and French to master the situation

Still not recovered from 1848-1849 conflicts Sent their forces into Wallachia and Moldavia

o Russia evacuated under threat of attack Tsar Nicholas died in 1855

Successor Alexander II wanted peace Peace of 1856

o Congress of all major powers -1856 Maintain the integrity of the Ottoman Empire

o Russia receded back into the left bank of the mouth of the Danube to Moldavia

Gave up claim of protection of Christians in Turkeyo Moldavia and Wallachia joined together to make Romania – 1858

Serbia Recognized as sovereign principalities

o Under European protectiono problems

LNB needed glory Italians wanted unity Prussians wanted to stay out of it

Feared their status as a major power was slipping All wanted change

Meant tearing up Treaty of Vienna – 1848o Forces for change very weako Russian and Austrians wanted things to stay the same

Impossible to uphold any longer Italy

o Made up of a conglomeration of large and small states Some dissolved in French revolution and various other Italian conflicts

Reorganized by Napoleon and Congress of Vienna o Governments enjoyed separate statuses

Not much connection between govt and people Widespread disgust with govt Desire for liberal national state

o Representative of all of Italy Italian grandeur of the Renaissance

o Stirred up by Napoleon and Mazzini Moral campaign

o 1848 – papacy rejected radical romantic republicanism No longer supported Italian nationalism

Could not avoid what happen in Austria without interventiono Prime minister of piedmont

Constitutional monarchy 1848- King Victor Emmanuel 1852 Camillo di Cavour

o One of the shrewdest political mindso Western liberal

Model of progress, efficiency and fail government Constitutional and parliamentary practices Building railroads and docks

Improvement in agricultural policies Freedom of trade Anticlerical policy

o Cut down on religious holidayso Abolished church courtso Church bodies only owned real estateo No negotiation with the Vatican

o Liberal and constitutional monarchies and wealthy landowner No sympathy for revolutionary, romantic and republican

nationalism – Mazzini Realistic Willing to work with them

o Used war to unify Italy under the House of Savoy Piedmont into the Crimean War

Hoped to status to be at the Congress of Paris 1856

o Raise Italian question Needed to get Austria out of Italy

o Only achievable with French troops Pitted them against each other

Camillo’s master plano Ensured French military support

LNB traveled to Italy and participated in insurrections France considered Italy a part of its ancestral country Doctrine of nationalities`

o LNB wanted to be moderno Consolidation of nations for progress

Fight reactionary Austria for Italian freedom Very liberal

Orsini tried to assassinate LNB -1858 Italian republican Thought emperor was making decisions too slowly

o 1859 LNB and Camillo signed a secret agreement French troops poured over the Alps

o Battle of Magenta and Solerino Both won by the French and Piedmonese

Revolutionary agitation in Italyo Overthrew/denounced existing govtso Wanted annexation of Piedmonto French Catholics berated Emperor for the unnecessary war

Feared pope would lose temporal power Some of the French army was stationed in Rome

1849 to protect pope against revolutionaries LNB’s plan

o Franco –Austrian agreemento

Gave Lombardy to Piedmont Venetia still in the Austrian Empire

Federal union in Italy headed by the pope Nobody in Italy/Piedmont wanted

Revolution continued in the northern stateso Tuscany, Modena, Parma, Romagna

Drove out their old rulers

Annexed to piedmonto Popular vote

o Pope excommunicated organizers of new Italyo Representative from all of north Italy except Venetia met in Turin in 1860

First parliament of the new kingdom GB supported France acknowledged

Nice and Savoy given to Franceo Popular vote

Italian unityo State of affairs 1860

New north Italian kingdom Papal states Kingdom of the 2 sicileis

Ruled by a Bourbon king in Napleso Revolutionary agitation

o Garibaldi Hero of 2 worlds

Fought for independence in Uruguay Lived in US Triumvirs in the Roman Republic 1849

1,150 personal followers – Red Shirts Secretly supported by Cavour Expedition to the south

o Landed in Sicily and crossed into the mainlando Supported by revolutionaries

Govt of 2 sicily’s unpopular Backwards and corrupt Little loyalty of its people

o Collapsed with relative ease Pushed into Rome

o Encounter the French armyo International scandal

Cavour thought this would be too extreme Use Garibaldi’s success to his advantage

o Followers willing to monarchy t unify Italy

o Chief of red coats rode with Victor Emmanuel through Naples

o Popular vote in both Sicilies to join piedmont Sameen the rest of the papal states except Rome

o Parliament of all Italy without Rome or Venetia – 1861 Kingdom of Italy proclaimed

King Victor Emmanuel Venetia added in 1866

Reward from the Prussians for helping in the Austrian war

Rome annexed in 1870 French troops redirected in the Franco-Prussian war – 1870

o Italy finally made Cultural nationalism – Mazzini Audacity – Garibaldi Cold policy – Cavour Insurrections, violence and endorsements of popular vote

Problems after unificationo Territories still not completely unified

Places trentino, Trieste, some Dalmatian islands, Nice and savoy Predominantly Italian pop

Italia irredenta “unredeemed Italy” Irrentism

o Vociferous demand for annexation of regions beyond ones current jurisdiction

o Church v state Pope deprived of territory he classically held

Condemnation of Italy Lifelong seclusion of Vatican

o Followers followed until 1929 Italian patriots – Anticlerical Good Catholics – distaste for Italy

o North and South North thought south woefully backwards

Land of priests, landlords and impoverished peasantso Not democratic

First vote only given to ~600,000 / 20 mil Only 1913 extended significantly

Parliament Removed from the people Corrupt

German Empireo Policy of Russia and France

Pit different states of Germany against each othero Germans dissatisfied with status quo

Nationalism Inspired by Napoleonic wars German different from the West

o Particular German way of life and political systemo German superior to Slavs

o German philosophy Hegel

Criticize modern individualism Glorify group loyalties nation and state Progressive evolution of history

o Impersonal force independent of worldly matters Hegel, Marx

o History could explain everything Bad events were a phase and would lead to a more

promising future Things historically necessary

o Inevitable Germany 1848-

o Frankfurt failed because no power and not revolutionary enough People began to think in terms of power

Admiration of die macht Could not follow what Italy did

o Old govts/organizations restored – 1850 Social and economic benefits

1870 German coal and iron exports *6o Less to more than France

Economic unity Modernized – brought them to the level of industrial northwest Europe

o German states grew More and more capitalists and industrial workers More connections through telegraph and railroad

o Didn’t actively try to actually unite Prussia

o Smallest and the more unsteady of the great powerso Army allowed Prussia to expand

Force or negotiation Pop grew from 11mil-18mil

Army the same size Enforcing conscription would double the existing army

o Increased financial and government supporto Expansion

Having acquired Silesia, Poland and the Rhinelando Shaken by revolution 1850

Unstable Spectators for the Crimean war and the congress of Paris

Waning power of Prussiao Prussian govt

1850- parliament Dominated by wealthy Prussians

o Industrialists from the Rhineland Liberals

Didn’t want parliament to have control of govt policies

Didn’t like Prussian army or the Junkerso Officer corps recruited from

Make them main enemy under the state

Parliament refused army reformso 1862 King appointed new chief minister Otto von Bismarck

Bismarcko Junkero Gruff manner of honest country squireo More intelligent than the other Junkers

Held many Junker ideas Protestant piety Acknowledged public opinion but followed his own

o Not a nationalist Germany not his fatherland

Prussian all the wayo Contact

Junkers from the East Baltic provinces and Russia

o Didn’t trust western Europe Majority of Germany

Revolutionary, freethinking materialistico Parliaments were ignorant and could not hold onto the

responsibilities of the stateo Distaste for liberalism, socialism and democracy

o Liked stress duty, serve, order and fear of Godo Germany union only as a means to strengthen Prussiao Realpolitik

Not bound my ideologies/principles Made wars ten peace Enmities and alliances as he pleased Practical and opportunistic

Did things when an advantage emergedo 1862 Bismarck in charge of thwarting the liberals

Parliament refused to approve taxes Government collected them anyway

o Taxpayers paid without protest Collectors still public authority

Prussian liberalism limited Govt policy blatantly unconstitutional

o Bismarck ignored them Constitution never mean to undermine the state

o Govt undermining itself Rest of Germany find Prussia the model of political

freedom Bismarck – power not liberalism

o Prussian boundaries set in 1815 unsound Bismarck wanted further growth

“Questions of the day determined by blood and iron”

Population docile and obedient Great respect for authority

King and ministers wiser than elected officials Army enlarged, reorganized and improved

Bismarck’s warso Danes

Process of national consolidation Wanted to make Duchy of Schleswig- integral part of Denmark

o Part Dane part German Germans didn’t want Germans going to Denmark

All German war against Danes Bismarck didn’t want to support the German confederation

Wanted Prussian waro Illusion of alliance with Austria against Denmark

1864 Defeated them easily Wanted to annex Schleswig and the duchy of Holstein

o Arranged occupation of Schleswig – Prussia and Holstein- Austria

Internal strife/ discourse Rites of passage, order, occupying forces v

nativeso Front of trying to suppress

Actually fostered them Discredit and isolate Austria

Britso nonintervention with the continent

Russia o divided internally from reform programso Hostile towards Austria

Crimean waro Favorably upon Bismarck and Prussia

Helped with an uprising of the poles – 1863 Won over Italy

o Venetia France

o LNB occupied with domestic discourse Won over by Bismarck

Agreed needed modernization of the map of Europe

o Army occupied in Mexico Bismarck acted like a democrat

o Advocated universal male suffrageo Germans not attached to either the capitalist liberals and

government or the Habsburg house

Austria raised Prussia question at the German federal dieto Wanted to maintain peace within its constituents

Prussia diet had no authority accused Austria of being aggressive

o Order invasion of Holstein Austria order an all-German

forces against Prussia Seven weeks war

o 1866 Prussia v basically all other German forces Superior Prussian army

Unprecedented precision New needle gun Use of railroads Good commanders

o Spectacular in its brevity Bismarck tried to draw up terms of peace before anybody else noticed

Annexed the whole kingdom of Hanover, duchies of Nassau and hese-Cassel and Frankfurt

o Where Schleswig and Holstein were govt undero Previous disappeared before the “red reactionary”

German federal union disappeared North German confederation

o Prussia and 21 other countries Outweighed them combined Excluded countries east of the main

Austria, Bavaria, Baden, Wurttemberg and Hesse-Darmstadto Italy annexed Venetiao Produced a new constitution

King of Prussia the heredity leader Ministers respond directly to him

Parliament First chamber

o Represented all states Not equal

Lower chambero Reichstago Represented people

Universal male suffrage “flirting with democracy”

France the other large scale compromiseo Liberals nor conservatives

Brito Voting only extended to less than half the male pop

Bismarck wanted support of the masses against private interestso Negotiated with the socialists

Followers of Ferdinand Lassalle

Possible to improve working-class conditions through govt action

o Marx and England Democratic suffrage for tolerance of North German

Confederationo Won popular approval

Franco Prussian waro South German states disorientated – no unified govt

Joined/alliance/protection of Austria, Prussia or Franceo Lots of hate for LNB’s foreign policy

Mexico disaster Italy united + strengthen on border Majority of German allowed to unify and strengthen

o War inevitable between Prussia and France Bismarck playing on fears of south Germans of France

Used to be wiling satellite of Franceo Too nationalistic to be subservient anymore

War with France would make south German states to join with Prussiao Except Austria – still isolated

o Napoleon’s advisors War would restore public approval of govt

o Spain Revolution drove queen out Spanish provincial govt invited Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern as constitutional

king Advantageous to have a Prussian royal family in Spain

o Disadvantage to France Hohenzollern refused 3 times

o Bismarck persuaded Spain to ask a 4th time July 2, 1870 Leopold accepted Benedetti

French ambassador to Prussia Made King o Prussia make Leopold to withdraw

o Successful on July 12 Demanded any Hohenzollern never be on the

Spanish throneo King declined comment

Conversation telegraphed to Berlin

Ems telegraph Bismarck condensed it

o Made it seem King had been insulted French ambassador had been snubbed

o Both countries demanded satisfaction July 19,1870 France declared war on Prussia

o War was short Bismarck made sure enemy was weakened

Britso Uneasy with attempted French American Empire

Italianso Wanted to seize Rome

Achieved in 1870 after French withdrew armies to fight Prussia

Russiao Wanted to defy Peace of 1856

They weren’t allowed to keep naval vessels in the Black sea

War gave them an excuse – 1870 Not a general European war

Prussia supported south German states France forever alone

o Army was backwards compared to the Prussian War began on July 19

After battle of sedan – Sep 2o French army surrendered to Germanso LNB taken prisoner

Insurrection in Paris – Sep 4o created the third republico German forces sieged Paris

French army dissolved French refused to give in

Besieged for 4 months German Empire

o German rulers met at Versailles Vacant monument since LXVI’s run Bismarck proclaimed the German Empire

King of Prussia given hereditary title of German emperoro Other authorities accepted

Except Austria Dethroned by Bismarck

France no clear govto Could not make peace

o Bismarck’s demands – Treaty of Frankfurt 1871 Constituent assembly

Elected by universal male suffrage France pay the German Empire 5 bil francs

Cede the border region of Alsace and most of Lorraineo Most spoke German but felt French

Shared general history with France since 17th century Local protests in Germany

France never gave land

Third republic created by the French constituent assembly Changes in overall Europe

o Germany was the most unified and strongest state in Europe For once in a long time rapid industrialization

o Bismarck outwitted everybody Including the Germans

o Prussia dominated Owned 2/3 of the land in the empire Parliament passed the indemnity act

Bismarck admitted ignoring the constitution Parliament forgave and forgot

o Legalized tax collectiono To focused on victories

Liberalism faded to nationalism German Empire

o Receive the constitution wello Federation of monarchies

Divine or hereditary righto Country somewhat based on democratic principles

Reignstag and mass appealo Country still divided imperial

Ministers responded to the King not the parliament Rulers joined the empire not people No mass plebiscites Stats kept own govt, laws and constitution

Prussians stuck with the 3 class voting Adopted equal voting tho

Emperor had control of military and foreign policyo Used to magnify Prussian power in world affairs

Habsburg Empireo Austria and Bohemia and other nationalities in the Danubian domain

Habsburg empire had endured through the 18thcentury,Napoleonic wars,1848 revolutions

Until the First world war Not included in the North German Confederation

How respond to question of national self-expressiono Francis Joseph

Reigned for a long time 1848-1916 Traditional

Disliked everything progressive, modern or liberal Incapable of enlarger view

o Ambitious projectso Bold decisionso Persevering action

Dream world

o Great noblemeno High churchmeno Army

o Govt Various expedites

None lasted long enough to test effectiveness Govern empire through German language and efficiency

Abolition of serfdom Strong official control over landlords

Built railroads and other industrialization Distaste from the Magyars

o Cannot be generalized to Hungary Less than half the pop

o Strongest non-German group German influence oppressive

Compromise of 1867o Between the Germans and Magyars

Common disadvantage of the Slavs Backwards

o Less civilized to botho Dual monarchy

West of the rive Leith – Austria-Bohemia East – kingdom of Hungary Each country had own govt system

Constitution and parliament Official language

Austria – German Hungary – Magyar

Could not intervene in the other’s business Same Habsburg ruler the emperor of Austria and King in Hungary Delegates from both parliaments met in either Vienna or Budapest

Common ministry of finance, foreign affairs and waro Both Austrians and Hungarians elected

Constitutional parliamentary states Didn’t follow ministerial responsibility Not democratic

o Universal male suffrage in Austria 0 1907o Hungary 1914

Still only less than ¼ of the male pop could vote Abolition of serfdom discontinued

o Big wealthy landlords still dominant Especially Hungary Landless peasants

Lower classes of their nationality Peasants

o Slovaks and Serbs

No educated classes of their own

o Magyars Social, economic and national issue

Peasant mass left out of the advancing civilization

Liberalism in Russiao “enormous village”

Poland to the Pacific Unable to repel attacks from the French and GB

o They didn’t even try very hardo Alexander II

Tsar after the war No liberal sentiments

Something drastic had to be done More successful enviable ester European countries

o Reforms loosely followed European modelo Govt

Own subjects couldn’t figure it out Westernizers

o Destined to be more like Europe Slavophiles

o Special destiny of its own Imitation of Europe would weaken

Autocracy Didn’t rule by law

o Ukaseo Police action and army

Imported European techniques and expertso Often against wishes of Russians

Sometimes forced upon them No real connection between govt and people

o Ideas of liberty and fraternity Classless society

individual personality human culture and moral freedom

govt disapproved people needed a govt govt afraid of people press and universities

censoredo Serfdom

Bulk of pop were serfs Resembled slavery

o Serfs “owned” Bought and sold used for other things other than agriculture

some independent artisans and mechanics

o portion of their earning has be given to their owners

o owners responsible for their serfs gentry = personal local govt

serf treatment depended on their owner’s moods or finances

mid 19th century serfdom had to end one day

o no longer very profitable often used as security for mortgages

o muzhiks illiterate no ambitions, self-respect, pride of workmanship and

bad soldiers western ideas

educated Russians estranged from govt or govt controlled institutions and common people

o unease and guilt about serfdom intelligentsia

o exciting to be educatedo a class aparto students, university graduates, people who had time to read

all embracing philosophes intellectuals play a significant role on society

o thinkers direct course of history general stance of opposing

o immobility of the tsardom turned to revolutionary and terroristic philosophes

bureaucrats anxious and fearfulo govt more repressive

Emancipation Act of 1861o Wanted support of the liberal of the intelligentsia

Significant reforms Permission to travel abroad Eased censorship

o Relatively unenforcedo Newspapers and journals founded

Allowed revolutionary journals from abroad to be published in Russia

Polar star of Alexander Herzen Explosion of public opinions

o Agreed the necessary emancipation of the serfs Nicholas

Quite reactionaryo Secret political police

Alieved serfdom Alexander

Special branch of govt to study o Didn’t want to ruin the country’s

economy or system of laboro Didn’t want to annoy the gentry too

much Need them to govern

1861 serfdom declared abolished o Peasants legally free

Subject of the govt Wanted ot stir up an new sense

of human dignityo Gentry lost jurisdiction over the villages

o Effects Half of cultivated land went to the peasants and half went to the gentry

Peasants had to pay compensation for the land gentry lost Gentry actually pretty well off

Serf generally mortgaged off Clear possession of half o he land No more obligation of the peasants

Peasants Owned a considerable amount of land Didn’t not have same European values of private property or independent

farmingo Collective property of the ancient peasant villages

Village lifeo Village responsible for fees

Collection of its inhabitants Forced labor from defaulters Could prevent people from moving away

Assign lands for cultivation Could not sell land to people outside of the village

o Preserved peasant society Discourage outside investments No progress in growth of agriculture and wealth

o Peasants not equal in the villages Some could work more land than others Only day laborers Inheritance to land Rented pieces of land from the gentry

Hired other peasants to work for wageso No individual freedom of action

Restricted by villages Alexander II

o Westernize legal system

o Reform the courts bottom to topo Edict of 1864

Trials made public Lawyers to represent common people in courts Class distinctions in court abolished Lower and higher courts distinguished Professional training for judges

Received stated salaries Protected from administrative pressures

Jury system Modeled after the English

Direction of self –govt Provincial and district councils

o Zemstvos Education, medical relief , public welfare, food supply,

road maintenance Civic statement among the people

Elected by everyone including peasants Liberals wanted a representative body for the whole of Russia

o Zemsky Sobor or Dumao Alex refused

Policies more cautious after 1864 Scared off by rebellion in Prussia More advice from those who favored repression Generally reforms unaffected

Revolutionism in Russiao Alexander survived assassinations 4 timeso Revolutionaries displeased

Reforms would strengthen the current govt Nihilists 1860s

o Dissatisfied intelligentsiao Believed only in science

Cynical of the tsar and his reforms Peasants

Under pressure of enormous redemption payments Encouraged by the nihilists Masses needed for change

Socialists Future of socialism in Russia

o Weak capitalismo Collectivism

Seen in village assemblies and communes Anarchists

Bakunin and Nechaievo People’s justice

Terrorism against tsarist officials and liberals

o Catechism of a revolutionist True revolutionary

1 purpose 1 thought etco Sever link to social ordero Supportive – moralo Unsupportive – immoral

Terrorism = assassination Rejected by other revolutionaries

o Especially socialists Violence won’t help further

social progress Other people organized secret terrorist societies

o People’s will Planned to assassinate the Tsar

Alex appealed to the liberals for support against these groupso Liberals

Threatened by the upstarts Distrusted the govt

Failure to follow reforms from 1860o 1880 Alex relaxed autocratic system

Abolished secret police Allowed press discuss more political topics

Intellectual debate among common people 2 nationally elected commissions

sit with the council of the state march 13,1881

signed edict assassinated by People’s will

Alexander IIIo Reverted to brute resistance

Liberals and revolutionaries alike Pretty much the same system

Abandoned elected commissions Overall effects

o Abolition of serfdom Allowed for capitalistic development

o Confined by autocracy and revolutionismo European ideas began to spread

Canadao French

St Lawrence valley since 17th century Resisted assimilation into English culture

Quebec act of 1774o French civil law, French language and French catholic church

Under protection of GBo Apprehensive of the new wave of immigrants

Friction between them and GBo United Empire loyalists

Fled from US during revolution Loyal to Britain

Maritime provinces and Upper Canada Ontario

o GB Recent immigrants

Working classo Try to improve their lives

1791 2 provinces of Canada

o Upper Canada English Same form of govt as the 13 colonies under GB

Locally elected assemblyo Certain powers over taxation and

lawmakingo Britain had veto power

No objections for a long timeo Lower Canada

French War of 1812

o US tried to conquer parts of Canadao National sentiment

French and British unified in allowing GB’s military to protect them Internal differences continued

Lower Canadao French feared English majority

Upper Canadao UEL didn’t want to share with new GB peps

Lower CND blocked upper CND’s rout to the seao 1837 rebellion

Put down quite peaceably Lord Durham’s Report

o GB being reformed by Whigs Not necessary to control a region to trade with it

Free trade doctrineo Separate economics from politics

Business from power Unconcerned with an empire

Some thought colonies naturally become independento Everyone wanted to cut down military expenses

Relieved British taxpayer Less overseas charges

o Insurrection of 1837

Sent over Durham as governor Published views on Canada in 1839

o Classical doc in the rise of the British Commonwealtho French separatist sentiments should be stripped away

Common citizen ship National character Reunite Canada into 1 province

Intensive building projecto Railways and canals

Virtual self-government of Canadao Modeled after the English system

PM and cabinet under control of elected assembly Not just a showpiece

o Effects Canada joined to 1 province

Friction intensifiedo French feared being outnumbered

Some wanted a federation F and E conduct own affairs

Self govt 1840o Responsible govto Elected assemblies about to adopt policies and appoint ministerso Limited to internal affairso

British army withdrawn Canada responsible for own army

Security at the border Dominion of Canada

o Decentralizing idea Satisfying the French

Division of the 2 province New plan for centralization

Unifying the all the provinces of British north America Intimidated by the civil war in Us

o Strong unions with powers in the central govt Assigned to each of the provinces

o Constitution Drafted in Canada by Canadians

Passed by British parliament 1867o British North America Acto Established Dominion of Canada

Nova scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edwards islands joined Quebec and Ontario

Rapid westward expansion to Pacific coast New British North American Act passed in 1982

o Explicitly recognized sovereignty of Canada

Ability to write a constitution Divisions

o 1980 French more prominently defend autonomy Distinct culture and province Recognize special status of Quebec

o Western provinces more protective as wello Never clearly resolved

Relation between provincial govt and federal govt Problem of bilingualism

Equal recognition 1867

o Common federal parliament Ministry responsible to the govt Followed responsible British principles

o Controlled primarily by Conservative party Liberal Party in prominence

French Canadian Wilfred Lauriero Collaboration between English and French pops

o Independence in external affairs Tariffs, wars and peace, diplomacy Pioneered dominion status

Shared by Australia 1901, New Zealand 1907 and Union of South Africa 1910,Ireland

Significanceo First instance of successful European colonial transition of power

Principles from Edmund Burke and Ben Franklino Canadian idea

Worldwide process of decolonization India, Pakistan, British colonies in Africa, sri lanka

o Became republics o Loosely tied to the British common wealth of Nations

o Stabilized relationship between GB and US US northern borders final GB withdraw meant continent closer to free of European powers

Japano Highly civilized

Large cities Higher pleasures

o Traditional Wooden temples Painting on screens Tiny rice fields Europeans thought they were quaint

The Mikado of Gilbert and Sullivan-1885o 1853 American Commodore Perry demanded Japan trade with US

1867 internal revolution in Japan

Rapid modernization Background

o Self-imposed isolation 2 centuries No Japanese allowed to leave No ships built big enough to navigate high seas Few foreigners allowed to enter Knew about Europeans more than Europeans knew about Japanese

o First foreigners in 1542 Century after – considerable coming and going Strong desire to trade

clocks and maps, printing and shipping and tobacco and potatoes Adopted Christian religion

Portuguese and Spanish Jesuits Traveled to eh Dutch indies and Europe

More receptive than other Asians Govt started to drive Christianity out

1624 Spaniards expelled 1639 Portuguese 1640 all other Europeans expect some Dutch merchants

o Under strict controlo Only connection to rest of the world until 1854

o Exclusion Inspired by politics Feudal warfare – absolutism

Bureaucracy Warrior class – privileged class Native merchants stronger and wealthier

o More insistent 1854

Torn by wars between clanso Tokugawa rose to the forefront

Shogunate founded in 1603 – 1867 Concluded

o Europeans interfering in interclan politics

Wanted to dominate Japan Spread of Christian ideas Push for pro-European Japanese

in powero Tokugawa shogunate

Pacify and stabilize country Kept Europeans out

Eliminate Christianity Rigid policy of isolation

Detachment of emperor from politics

Divine and legendary beingo Too good for earthly concerns

Shut up in Kyoto on modest allowance Shoguns set up capital in Yedo

Required large feudal lords to live in the capital for a period of the year Japanese govt

o Military dictatorshipo Shoguns watched over the daimyo

Power over subjects far from the capitalo Daimyo and Samurai

No more wars Time to develop new tastes and explore pleasures

Needed more income to support heightened standard of lifeo Squeezed their peasants through taxes

o Merchant class Expanded through consumer culture of the govt and gentry

Many nobles fell in debt to the merchants Samurai

Actually impoverished but needed to maintain appearanceo Only thing that separated the form the peasants

o Classes treated very differently Different taxes Punishment of crimes

Theoretically Samurai allowed to carry around swords and allowed to kill commoners w/o clear reason

o Govt harshly regulated law and justice Little progress

Economically sound Merchants and artisans prospered

o Some able to buy into the samurai class Economic and social classes blurred

1800 Yedo was bigger than Paris or London Intellectuals

o Buddhism its hold over the people Westernization

Emphasis on the study of historyo Feeling that shoguns were usurpers

Emperor was the true representation of highest form of Japan

Revival of Shinto Way of the gods Emperor = son of heaven

o Emphasis on Bushido Samurai code of honor and loyalty Non-religious moral teachings

Westernization

o Shogun Yoshimune Allowed importation of Occidental book

Except those about Christianity Some Japanese learned Dutch

Deciphered Dutch books about anatomy surgery, astronomy etc 1745 Dutch –Japanese Dictionary Imported European goods Knew about Western affairs

Opening of Japano Perry had many allies in Japan

Nobles In big debt Willing to engage in foreign trade

o implement new institutions in their lands Samurai

No future in the Japanese system Willing to become foreign officers and soldiers

Merchants Expand their business to trade with the outside world

Scholars Curios about western medicine and techno

Patriots Fearful of Japanese disadvantage against Western guns and techno

Nation National self-assertion Restless for change

o Shogun Iesada sign commercial treaty with US 1854 Treaties with other nations to follow

o Conflict with the West Europeans and American generally trigger-happy Japan was a very proud nation

Found out westerners though them backwards and inferioro 1850s treaties not between equals

Low tariffs on imports Did not change without consent of WP

o Extraterritoriality Europeans and American living on Japanese soil were

not subject to the laws of the land Under law of respective countries

o European laws of property, debt, security

o Turkey and currently China European countries would allow neither to occur in their countries

o Mark of inferiority Strong antiforeigner reaction

Started by nobles on the western islands

o Lords of Chosu and Satsuma Dreamt of taking over the Tokugawa shogunate

National revival with emperor at the head Drive Westerners out

1862 some Englishmen violated Japanese etiquetteo 1 was killedo Brit govt demanded payback

Offending Japanese was a follower of the lord of Satsuma

Lord of Choshu ordered an attack on vessels in the Straits of Shimonoseki

o French, British, Dutch US govt protested Shogun unable to control Sent an allied force to crush them

Choshu forts and ships destroyed 3 mil indemnity Events remembered by the Japanese

Effects Western powers found out Emperor was the actual head of the country

o Made him sign the treaties Japanese concluded they could only fight the Europeans + US with

western techno Meiji Era

o Choshu and Satsuma Forced resignation of the shogun Last shogun abdicated in 1867 Called for the emperor to be restored to full power

Consolidate Japan and fortify it against the western powers 1868 Emperor Mutsuhito given the name of his reign “Meiji”

o Enlightened peaceo First great era of modernization

o Modern nation-state Feudalism abolished

Most of the lord voluntarily gave up control Legally system reorganized

Equality before the lawo Same treatment regardless of class

Tried to get rid of extraterritoriality Modeled criminal system after the European one Modeled new army after the Prussian

o Samurai lost ability to carry around 2 swords Army officer

o Reform in the navy followed Adopted decimal monetary system

Control of money and currency through the govt National postal system

National education system established Foster a high literacy rate

Religion Buddhism discouraged

o Property confiscated Shintoism advocated

o Religious aspect to national sentimento Embellished the royal family

1889 constitution written Civil liberties as in the West 2 chambers of parliament Supreme reverence to the emperor

o Ministers under his controlo Never actively governed

Kept in the dark about matterso Country run by political figures never fully under the parliament

Industrialization and modernization 1858 first steamboat introduced 1859 first loan from England as a bond 1869 first telegraph connected Yokohama and Tokyo 1870 first spinning machinery introduced 1872 first railroad completed Through the century

o Population increased dramaticallyo Trade spiked

Japan depended on trade to sustain its economy and way of lifeo One of the most remarkable changes in such a short time

Motive was against western powers Combined with admiration and ambition to be an international playa

Japan more unified than most countries in Europe and the Americas Wanted Western science techno and organization Happy to keep their own culture

o To protect their identity they westernized Adopted aspects of western civilization they deemed

necessary Sometimes called materialistic

o Common ground for independent worldwide civilization