Unip

Língua Inglesa

Sintaxe e Léxico

Prof. Mestre Silvana Nogueira da Rocha

CURSO: Letras – Licenciatura em Línguas Portuguesa e Inglesa

SÉRIE: 5º/4º semestres

TURNO: Diurno e Noturno

DISCIPLINA: Língua Inglesa: Sintaxe e Léxico

CARGA HORÁRIA SEMANAL: 2h/aula

CARGA HORÁRIA SEMESTRAL: 40 h/aula

I – EMENTA

Introdução aos estudos da sintaxe e do léxico da língua inglesa. Estudo de estruturas linguísticas da língua inglesa aliadas à práticas de leitura, escrita e de compreensão e produção oral de textos.

II – OBJETIVOS GERAIS

Levar o aluno a desenvolver estratégias de compreensão de textos orais e escritos a partir do estudo teórico e prático da língua inglesa (sintaxe) e da construção de significado a partir da formação das palavras no idioma estudado (léxico). Levar o aluno a reconhecer e a produzir as estruturas estudadas. Acelerar o processo de aprendizagem de língua inglesa a partir da integração e prática das habilidades de fala, audição, leitura e escrita.

III – OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS

Levar o aluno a conhecer as estruturas da língua inglesa.

Criar condições e oportunidades de desenvolvimento contínuo na área de sintaxe e léxico em língua inglesa.

Proporcionar a produção e a compreensão de textos orais e escritos em nível intermediário.

IV – CONTEÚDO PROGRAMÁTICO

Have got e have / there is and there are;Artigos e determinantes;Simple Present para descrição; Verbos que descrevem atividades diárias; Phrasal Verbs para descrever rotinas diárias;Substantivos Contáveis e Não contáveis (a/an, some/any);Comparações (Comparativo e Superlativo de Adjetivos); Estabelecimentos em uma cidade;Adjetivos (descrição de lugares);Verbos (atividades diárias);Phrasal Verbs (descrição de rotinas diárias);Numerais;Horas;Meses e datas comemorativas;Clima;Países e nacionalidades;

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Roupas;Membros da família;Atividades de lazer e entretenimento;Preposições de lugar;Tarefas domésticas;Profissões;Transporte e lazer;Adjetivos para descrever mercadorias;Negócios e administração;Invenções modernas.

Para falar sobre experiências de vida pessoal: No presente: Uso de estruturas que marcam frequência (advérbios de frequência); estruturas que descrevem habilidades (can e can’t); gostos e preferências (verb + ing);

No passado: Estruturas sobre experiências de vida (Simple Past x Present Perfect Simple); Used to

No Futuro: Estruturas sobre planos e intenções futuras (Present Tenses e Present Continuous para planos futuros).

Prática como Componente Curricular:

Organizar um fórum interativo com o uso de novas mídias digitais em que os alunos possam falar sobre si e sobre as regiões em que vivem, aplicando os conteúdos trabalhados durante o curso. Sugerimos como base:

Leitura: Textos variados de nível intermediário para: entender ideias principais; entender e transferir informações centrais; encontrar e entender informações específicas em textos;

Prática Oral: Expressar preferências pessoais; perguntar e responder sobre locais; perguntas e responder perguntas pessoais; apresentações pessoais; falar sobre datas e eventos; perguntas e informações pessoais sobre habilidades; falar sobre membros da família; indicar posição de objetos; falar sobre rotinas; falar sobre tarefas e sobre quem as desempenha; dar e justificar opiniões; falar sobre eventos futuros.

Compreensão de Textos Orais: Entender informações principais; entender o tema ou assunto principal; extrair informações específicas.

Escrita: Organizar uma apresentação pessoal; escrever sobre rotinas diárias e sobre a vida de terceiros;

V – ESTRATÉGIAS DE TRABALHO

Aulas expositivas e práticas;

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Exercícios de fixação das estruturas apresentadas;

Prática de leitura e compreensão de textos;

Produção orientada de textos orais por meio de recursos de áudio, vídeo e multimídia em laboratório de informática;

Produção supervisionada de textos escritos.

VI – AVALIAÇÃO

Os alunos serão avaliados com DUAS provas no decorrer do semestre, valendo de ZERO a DEZ, em hora e dia marcados pelo calendário oficial do curso de Letras e da Universidade.

Avaliações complementares a critério do professor

Uma prova integrada institucional (valor: zero a dez).

A média final de cada semestre será o resultado de soma e divisão com os respectivos pesos das avaliações parciais, seguindo regimento institucional de aprovação.

VII – BIBLIOGRAFIA

Bibliografia Básica

ACKERT, P. & LEE, L. Reading and Vocabulary Development 1 Facts & Figures International Student Edition. University of Arizona. Thomson Heinle . 4th ed. 2005.

FRAGIADAKIS, H. K. All Clear 1 - Listening and Speaking International Student Edition. Thomson Heinle . 2nd ed. 2007.

MILNE, Brune & WEBB, B. Move - Intermediate - STUDENT'S PACK . MacMillan do Brasil. 2006

Bibliografia Complementar

MCCARTHY, M.,O'DELL, F & MARK,G. English Vocabulary in Use Elementary Book and CD-ROM with answers. Cambridge. 2006.

MURPHY, R. & NAYLOR, L. Essential Grammar in Use Edition with Answers and CD-ROM PB Pack. Cambridge. 2007.

MURPHY, R. & NAYLOR, L. – Intermediate - English Grammar in Use Edition with Answers and CD-ROM PB Pack. Cambridge. 2007.

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SIMPLE PRESENT

INFINITIVE SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPLE PRESENTTo work I / You / We / They work He / She / It worksTo play I / You / We / They play He / She / It plays

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To study I / You / We / They study He /She studies

We use the Simple Present to talk about things in general. We are not thinking only about the present. We use it to say that something happens all the time or repeatedly, or that something is true in general. It is not important whether the action is happening at the time of speaking.

Examples:

1) The Earth goes round the sun.2) Nurses look after patients in hospitals.3) In Britain most of the shops close at 5:30pm

We use DO / DOES / DON’T / DOESN’T to make questions and negative sentences:

Examples:

1) Excuse me, do you speak Spanish?2) What does this word mean?3) Do you accept a cigarette? No, thanks. I don’t smoke.

Practice:

1) Water _________________ at 100 degrees centigrade. (to boil)

2) George ____________________ to the movies very often. (not / to go)

3) How many languages _________________________? (you / to speak)

4) The swimming bath (a)____________________ at 9 and (b) ______________ at 18:30 every day. (a. to open / b. to close)

5) What time ___________________ the banks _________________ in Britain? (to close)

6) I have a car but I ______________________ it very often. (not / to use)

7) How many cigarettes _________________ you ________________ a day? (to smoke)

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8) What ____________ you _____________? (to do) I’m an electrical engineer.

9) Where _______________ your father _____________________? (to come from) He’s from Scotland.

10)If you need money, why ___________________ you _____________ a job? (not / to get)

11)I _________________ (to play) the piano, but I _________________ it very well. (not/ to play)

12)I ________________________________ the word “deceive”. (not / to understand)

13)The sun ____________________ in the west. (not / to rise)

14) Mice ________________ cats. (not / to catch)

15)Carpenters _________________________ things from metal. (not / to make)

The third person of singular:

Practice:

She washes. (wash) (Ela lava)

He (go) (Ele vai)

She (fix) (Ela conserta)

He (miss) (Ele sente falta)

She (study) (Ela estuda)

He (play) (Ele joga / brinca / toca)

She (cry) (Ela chora)

He (pray) (Ele reza)

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She (watch) (Ela assiste)

He (eat) (Ele come)

She (like) (Ela gosta)

He (want) (Ele quer)

She (live) (Ela mora)

He (drink) (Ele bebe)

She (take) (Ela leva)

He (work) (Ele trabalha)

She (cook) (Ela cozinha)

He (get up) (Ele se levanta)

She (read) (Ela lê)

He (write) (Ele escreve)

She (do the ironing) (Ela passa roupa)

He (vacuum the carpet) (Ele aspira o carpete)

She (wax the floor) (Ela encera o chão)

He (clean) (Ele limpa)

She (prefer) (Ela prefere)

He (go to bed) (Ele vai dormir)

She (look) (Ela olha)

He (fight) (Ele briga)

She (sweep) (Ela varre)

He (close) (Ele fecha)

She (open) (Ela abre)

He (lock) (Ele tranca / trava)

She (finish) (Ela termina)

He (start) (Ele começa)

Notes:

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COUNTRIES & NATIONALITIES

Afghanistan Afghan

Argentina Argentinean

Australia Australian

Austria Austrian

Brazil Brazilian

Britain British

Canada Canadian

Chile Chilean

China Chinese

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Denmark Danish

England English

Finland Finn

France French

Greece Greek

Italy Italian

Ireland Irish

Japan apanese

Korea Korean

Lebanon Lebanese

Mexico Mexican

New Zealand New Zealander

Peru Peruvian

Poland Polish

Portugal Portuguese

Saudi Arabia Arab

Scotland Scott

Spain Spanish

Sweden Swedish

Switzerland Swiss

Thailand Thai

Turkey Turkish

United States American

Where are you from?I’m from Greece.

What’s your nationality?I’m Greek.

Practice:

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1) I was born in France, so I’m 2) You were born in Australia, so you are3) He was born in Mexico, so he is 4) She was born in Canada, so she is 5) They were born in Italy, so they are6) I was born in Peru, so I am 7) You were born in Sweden, so you are 8) He was born in Poland, so he is 9) She was born in Portugal, so she is10)She was born in Spain, so she is 11)She was born in Switzerland, so she is 12)That chocolate is from Denmark, so it is 13)Those butter cookies are from Belgium, so they are14)That blouse is from China, so it is 15)That software is from the U.S.A., so it is16)My father was born in Uruguay, so he is17)My friend Susan was born in Thailand, so she is 18)Those bottles of wine are from Chile, so they are19)That perfume is from France, so it is 20)That piano is from Germany, so it is 21)Those flutes are from Austria, so they are 22)My cousin Philip was born in Scotland, so he is23)My teacher Katherina is from Russia, so she is 24)My boss was born in Japan, so he is25)Youssef was born in Saudi Arabia, so he is26)Sami was born in Israel, so he is 27)Charles was born in England, so he is

THE WEATHER

cloudy cold foggy

hot/ sunny rainy snowy

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windy

*What’s the weather like? R: It’s cold/ sunny/ rainy/ etc…

Notes:

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Simple Present of To Be (am / are / is) + verb (- ing)

We use the Present Continuous to talk about something which is happening at or around the time of speaking.

Examples:

1) The kettle is boiling. Can you turn it off, please?2) Listen to those people. What language are they speaking?3) Where’s Tom? He’s playing tennis.

We use the Present Continuous for a temporary situation.

Examples:1) I’m living with some friends until I can find a flat.2) That machine isn’t working. It broke down this morning.

We use the Present Continuous to talk about what you have already arranged to do.

Examples:

1) What are you doing tomorrow evening? I’m going to the theater.

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2) Are you playing soccer tomorrow? Yes, but Tom isn’t playing. He has hurt his leg.

3) Are you meeting her at the station?

Some verbs are used only in Simple Tenses. Here is a list of verbs which are not normally used in Continuous Tenses (but there are exceptions).

want – like – belong – know – suppose – remember – need – love – see – realize – mean – forget – prefer – hate – hear – believe – understand - seem

Practice:

1) I ____________________ to a political party. (not / to belong)

2) Hurry! The bus _______________________ (to come). I _________________ to miss it. (not / to miss)

3) The River Nile ____________________ into the Mediterranean. (to flow)

4) The river _____________________ very fast today – much faster than usual. (to flow)

5) We usually _______________________ (to grow) vegetables in our garden, but this year we _________________________ any. (not / to grow)

6) Can you drive? No, but I _______________________. (to learn)

7) You can borrow my umbrella. I ___________________ it at the moment. (not / to need)

8) I usually ________________________ (to enjoy) parties but I ________________ this one very much. (not / to enjoy)

9) George says he’s 80 years old but I ______________________ him. (not / to believe)

10)Ron is in London at the moment. He ________________________ at the Hilton Hotel. (to stay)

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11)She ____________________ with her sister at the moment until she finds somewhere to live. (to live)

12)What ____________ your father _______________ ? (to do) He is a teacher, but he ____________________________ at the moment. (not / to work)

Notes:

SIMPLE PAST

It is used for actions completed in the past at a definite time.

Very often the past simple ends in –ed:

Examples:

1) We invited them to our party but they decided not to come.

2) The police stopped me on my way home last night.

3) She passed her examination because she studied very hard.

It is used for a past action when the time is given:

Examples:

1) I met him yesterday.

2) Pasteur died in 1895.

When the time is asked about:

Examples:

1) When did you meet him?

2) When did Pasteur die?

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When the action clearly took place at a definite time even though this time is not mentioned:

Examples:

1) The train was ten minutes late.

2) How did you get your present job?

3) I bought this car in Montreal.

The Simple Past Tense is used for an action whose time is not given but which occupied a period of time now terminated:

Example:

1) He worked in that bank for four years. (He does not work there now)

Or for an action that occurred at a moment in a period of time now terminated:

Example:

1) She lived in Rome for a long time. (She is not living there now)

The Simple Past tense is also used for a past habit:

Example:

1) He always carried an umbrella.

2) They never drunk wine.

SOME REGULAR VERBS

SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPLE PAST SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPLE PAST

to clean cleaned to sail sailed

to cook cooked to smoke smoked

to file filed to sort sorted

to finish finished to stop stopped

to fire fired to arrive arrived

to fish fished to squeeze squeezed

to happen happened to pretend pretended

to hate hated to study studied

to invite invited to talk talked

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to like liked to walk walked

to live lived to want wanted

to look (at) looked (at) to wash washed

to love loved to watch watched

to need needed to work worked

to open opened to work overtime worked overtime

to pray prayed to earn earned

to prefer preferred to save saved

to sail sailed

But many important verbs are irregular. This means that the past simple does not end in –ed:

Examples:

1) We all left the party at 11 o’clock. (leave / left)

2) Yesterday I went to London to see a friend of mine. (go / went)

3) This house cost U$35,000 in 1990. (cost / cost)

SOME IRREGULAR VERBS

to arise (levantar-se) arose arisen

to awake (acordar) awoke awaken

to be (ser, estar) was/were been

to bear (suportar) bore born

to beat (bater) bet beaten

to become (tornar) became become

to begin (começar) began begun

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to bite (morder) bit bitten

to bleed (sangrar) bled bled

to blow (soprar) blew blown

to break (quebrar) broke broken

to bring (trazer) brought brought

to build (construir) built built

to burn (queimar) burnt burnt

to buy (comprar) bought bought

to catch (apanhar) caught caught

to choose (escolher) chose chosen

to come (vir) came come

to cost (custar) cost cost

to creep (rastejar) crept crept

to cut (cortar) cut cut

to dig (cavar) dug dug

to do (fazer) did done

to draw (desenhar) drew drawn

to dream (sonhar) dreamt dreamt

to drink (beber) drank drunk

to drive (dirigir) drove driven

to eat (comer) ate eaten

to fall (cair) fell fallen

to feed (alimentar) fed fed

to feel (sentir) felt felt

to fight (lutar) fought fought

to find (encontrar) found found

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to fly (voar) flew flown

to forbid (proibir) forbade forbidden

to foresee (prever) forsaw foreseen

to forgive (perdoar) forgave forgiven

to forsake (abandonar) forsook forsaken

to freeze (congelar) froze frozen

to get (conseguir) got gotten

to get up (levantar-se) got up gotten up

to give (dar) gave given

to go (ir) went gone

to grow (crescer) grew grown

to hang (pendurar) hung hung

to have (ter) had had

to hear (escutar) heard heard

to hide (esconder) hid hidden

to hit (bater) hit hit

to hold (segurar) held held

to hurt (machucar) hurt hurt

to keep (manter) kept kept

to know (saber) knew known

to lay (colocar) laid laid

to lead (conduzir) led led

to lean (apoiar-se) leant leant

to leave (partir, deixar) left left

to lend (emprestar) lent lent

to let (deixar) let let

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to lie (deitar) lay lain

to lose (perder) lost lost

to make (fazer) made made

to meet (encontrar) met met

to put (pôr) put put

to quit (desistir) quit quit

to read (ler) read read

to ride (cavalgar) rode ridden

to rise (elevar-se) rose risen

to run (corer) ran run

to say (dizer) said said

to see (ver) saw seen

to seek (procurar) sought sought

to sell (vender) sold sold

to send (enviar) sent sent

to set (estabelecer) set set

to shake (sacudir) shook shaken

to shine (brilhar) shone shone

to show (mostrar) showed shown

to shut (fechar) shut shut

to sing (cantar) sang sung

to sit (sentar) sat sat

to sleep (dormir) slept slept

to smell (cheirar) smelt smelt

to slide (escorregar) slid slid

to spend (gastar, passar) spent spent

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to speak (falar) spoke spoken

to spill (derramar) spilt spilt

to spin (girar) spun spun

to split (dividir ao meio) split split

to spoil (estragar) spoiled / spoilt spoiled / spoilt

to spread (espalhar) spread spread

to spring (saltar) sprang sprung

to stand (ficar de pé) stood stood

to steal (roubar) stole stolen

to sting (picar) stung stung

to stink (feder) stunk stunk

to strike (golpear) struck struck

to swear (jurar) swore sworn

to sweat (suar) sweat sweat

to sweep (varrer) swept swept

to swim (nadar) swam swum

to take (levar) took taken

to teach (ensinar) taught taught

to tear (rasgar) tore torn

to tell (contar) told told

to think (pensar) thought thought

to throw (lançar, arremessar) threw thrown

to undergo (submeter-se) underwent undergone

to understand (entender) understood understood

to undo (desfazer) undid undone

to wear (usar, vestir) wore worn

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to weave (tecer) wove woven

to weep (chorar) wept wept

to win (vencer) won won

to wind (dar corda no relógio) wound wound

to write (escrever) wrote written

In the past simple questions and negatives we use did/didn’t + the infinitive.

Examples:

1) It rained. / 2) It didn’t rain. / 3) Did it rain?

FLIGHTSEEING

It’s Wednesday May 30th. Alicia is talking to Simon about her flightseeing trip.

“I took some great pictures! It was a fantastic trip. There were only four of us and we went on a small float plane. We took off from Vancouver Harbor and flew for about forty minutes. We flew right over the mountains, and then we landed on a small lake high up in the mountains. You can’t get there on foot. Well, you can, but it’s a two-day hike and climb. You can only get there easily by float plane. The plane taxied across the lake, and we got down onto a small beach. Our pilot had a picnic lunch in the plane, and he gave us sandwiches and drinks. It was so quiet, and the air was so clean! The pilot has a spray can of bear deterrent because there are bears in the mountains, but we didn’t see any. We stayed there for about an hour. We took off and circled around the lake three times…we weren’t high enough to get over the mountain the first time. Finally, we made it over the mountain and flew back here…and landed on the harbor. We have to put these pictures in your brochure!”

1) Identify the verbs in the text that are in the Simple Past, write their Infinitive Form and give their translation as the example below:

Took (to take) = tirar, levar

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AN AMAZING EXPERIENCE

Hi, how are things? Thanks for your e-mail. Congratulations on passing your driving test. Is it still safe to go out on the road?We had a superb weekend last weekend. We didn’t go when you were here, but do you remember the mountain? Mount Olympus? The one with the fires that burn naturally out of the rock? We decided to go and see them _ and it was great. There are some photos at the end of the message _ they’re really great! We traveled from Antalya by bus and arrived in Çiralli on Friday evening at about four o’clock. The bus stopped on the main road and we walked down to the village with our tents and backpacks. We were really tired when we got there! We had a cup of tea and something to eat in one of the cafés. Then we started the walk up the mountain. We arrived at the flames after about 40 minutes. And then the sun started to go down. What a view! We watched the sun go down and the sky turn red and then the stars started to come out. It was really beautiful. The flames are incredible. We cooked sausages over one of the flames. We stayed awake all night. We talked and told stories. One of my friends had a guitar and he played all our favorite songs. Then the sun came up _ it was fantastic. We didn’t want to leave.

Next time you come to visit we can go there together.

Take care,

Orich

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1) Identify the verbs in the text that are in the Simple Past, write their Infinitive Form and give their translation as the example below:

Had (to have) = ter

MEMORIES AND REMEMBRANCES

Paula,

I can’t believe my trip is over. I arrived in Egypt just two weeks ago! I was with a group from the university. We went to the desert to dig in some old ruins. I didn’t find anything, but I learned a lot. I’m tired, but I loved every minute of my trip.

Take care, Margaret

Hi, Laura!

My Hawaiian vacation just ended, and I am very relaxed! I spent my whole vacation at a spa in Koloa, Kauai. Every day for a week I exercised, did yoga, meditated, and ate vegetarian food. I also went swimming and snorkeling. I feel fantastic!

Love

Sue

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Anchorage

Dear Michael,

Alaska is terrific! I was just on a trip in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. There were six people on the trip. We hiked for ten days. Then we took rafts to the Arctic Ocean. I saw a lot of wildlife. Now, I’m going to Anchorage.

See you in 3 weeks!

Kevin

QUESTIONS

1) How many people were together with Paula in Egypt?

2) What did Paula do in the desert?

3) In Hawaii, where did Sue stay?

4) Which things did Sue do in Hawaii?

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5) Where did Kevin take rafts?

6) What did Kevin see in Alaska?

7) What’s the next place is he going to visit?

DAILY ROUTINE / ACTIVITIES

VERBS

To wake up =

To take a shower / a bath =

To get dressed / to put on clothes =

To brush (one’s) teeth =

To comb / brush (one’s) hair =

To have breakfast =

To have lunch =

To have dinner =

To work =

To take a bus / train / taxi / subway =

To go to work =

To come back from work =

To call / telephone =

To send emails / messages =

To answer emails / messages =

To take a nap =

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To talk to people =

To attend meetings =

To book =

To schedule =

To make a reservation =

To go back home =

To watch T.V. =

To listen to music =

1) Write sentences in the Simple Past using all the verbs above:

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CHORES

To cook To do the ironing

To iron the clothesTo do the washing upTo wash the dishes

To hang the clothes on the clothesline

To sweep the floor To trim the plants

To vacuum the rug To vacuum the carpet

To wash the clothes To wash the floor

To water the plants / flowers To wax the floor To wax the furniture

What are you doing now? I’m cooking.

What is she doing now? She’s doing the washing up.

What is he doing now? He’s trimming the plants in the garden.

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What are they doing now? They are doing the ironing.

Notes:

TO BE + GOING TO

We use TO BE + GOING TO when we say what we have already decided to do, what we intend to do in the future.

Examples:1) A: There’s a film on television tonight? Are you going to watch it? B: No, I’m too tired. I’m going to have an early night.

2) A: I hear Ann has won a lot of money. What is she going to do with it? B: I’ve heard she’s going to travel round the world.

3) A: Have you made the coffee yet? B: No, but I’m going to make it.

We prefer to use the Present Continuous when we say what someone has arranged to do – for example, arranged to meet someone, arranged to travel somewhere. Going to is also possible:

Examples:

1) What time are you meeting Ann? (or “are you going to meet Ann?”)2) I’m travelling to Scotland on Monday. (or “I’m going to travel to Scotland on

Monday”)

We use GOING TO when the speaker is saying what he thinks will happen. Usually there is something in the present situation that makes the speaker sure about what will happen.

Example:

1) The man can’t see where he is going. There is a hole in front of him. He is going to fall in the hole.

Notes:

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HAVE / HAVE GOT

We often use HAVE GOT / HAS GOT rather than HAVE / HAS alone. So you can say:

Examples:

1) Have you got any money? I haven’t got any money.2) Do you have any money? I don’t have any money.

3) Has she got a car? She hasn’t got a car.4) Does she have a car? She doesn’t have a car.

In the past we don’t normally use GOT.

Examples:

1) When she was a child, she had long hair.2) Did you have a car when you lived in London?3) He didn’t have a watch, so he didn’t know what time it was.

We also use HAVE for a number of actions.

Examples:

Have breakfast / lunch / dinner / a meal / a drink / a cup of coffee / a cigarette…Have a swim / a walk / a rest / a holiday / a party / a good time…Have a bath / a shower / a washHave a look (at something)Have a baby (=give birth to a baby)Have a chat (with someone)

When you use HAVE for actions, you can use continuous forms (is having / are having / was having / were having)/

Examples:

1) Where’s Tom? He is having a bath.2) Where were you yesterday at 9pm? I was having dinner with my mother.

Practice 1:

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1) I can’t make a phone call. (any change)I haven’t got any change.

2) I couldn’t read the notice. (my glasses)

3) I can’t climb up onto the roof. (a ladder)

4) We couldn’t visit the museum. (enough time)

5) He couldn’t find his way to our home. (a map)

6) She can’t pay her bills. (any money)

7) I couldn’t make an omelette. (any eggs)

8) I can’t get into the house. (my key)

9) They couldn’t take any photographs. (a camera)

10) We couldn’t go out in the rain. (an umbrella)

Practice 2:

1) Excuse me, have you got a light, please?

2) Did you have a lot of friends when you lived in London?

3) Why are you holding your mouth like that? _________________________ a toothache?

4) ____________________________ enough time to answer all the questions in the exam last week?

5) I need a stamp for this letter. _______________________ any?

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6) A: It started to rain when I was walking home. B: Did it? __________________________ an umbrella?

7) A: __________________________ the time, please? B: Yes, it’s ten past seven.

8) _________________________ a beard before you joined the army?

FREQUENCY ADVERBS

(a) always / continually / frequently / occasionally / often / once (once a day / week / month / year) / twice (twice a day / week / month / year) / periodically / sometimes / usually

(b) ever / hardly ever / never / rarely / scarcely ever / seldom

Adverbs in both the above groups are normally placed:1) After the simple tenses of to be:He is always in time for meals.

2) Before the simple tenses of all other verbs:They sometimes stay up all night.

3) With compound tenses, they are placed after the first auxiliary: He can never understand.

4) After auxiliary + subject (questions), they are placed before the main verb:Have you ever ridden a camel?

5) Frequency adverbs are often placed before auxiliaries when these are used alone, in addition to remarks or in answers to questions:Can you park your car near the shops? Yes, I usually can.

6) Adverbs in group (a) can also be put at the beginning or end of a sentence or clause:Exceptions: Always is rarely found at the beginning of a sentence/clause except with imperatives.Always be the best! (imperative)

Exceptions: Often, if put at the end, normally requires very or quite:Often he walked.He walked quite often. (very often)

7) Adverbs in group (b) above hardly ever, never, rarely, etc. (but not ever alone), can also be put at the beginning of a sentence, but inversion of the following main verb then becomes necessary: Hardly/Scarcely ever did they manage to meet unobserved.

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8) Hardly / scarcely ever / never / rarely and seldom are not used with negative verbs. 9) Ever means “at any time” and is chiefly used in the interrogative: Has he ever marched in a demonstration? - No, he never has. 10) Ever can be used with a negative verb and, especially with compound tenses, can often replace never + affirmative:I haven’t ever eaten snails. / I have never eaten snails.

11) Ever + affirmative is possible in comparisons and with suppositions and expressions of doubt: This is the best beer that I have ever drunk. (comparison)This was the worst film that he had ever seen. (comparison)I don’t suppose he ever writes to his mother. (supposition)

DEGREES OF COMPARISON

BIG ATTRACTIVE

CLEAN AMAZING

COLD BEAUTIFUL

FAST COMFORTABLE

HOT DANGEROUS

NEW DELICIOUS

SAD EXPENSIVE

SHORT FORGETFUL

SMALL IMPORTANT

STRANGE INTELLIGENT

TALL PLEASANT

THIN STUBBORN

UGLY TALENTED

WARM WONDERFUL

SHORT ADJECTIVES COMPARISON THE SUPERLATIVE

BIG BIGGER THAN THE BIGGEST

CLEAN CLEANER THAN THE CLEANEST

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COLD COLDER THAN THE COLDEST

FAST FASTER THAN THE FASTEST

HOT HOTTER THAN THE HOTTEST

NEW NEWER THAN THE NEWEST

SAD SADDER THAN THE SADDEST

SHORT SHORTER THAN THE SHORTEST

SMALL SMALLER THAN THE SMALLEST

STRANGE STRANGER THAN THE STRANGEST

TALL TALLER THAN THE TALLEST

THIN THINNER THAN THE THINNEST

UGLY UGLIER THAN THE UGLIEST

WARM WARMER THAN THE WARMEST

LONG ADJECTIVES COMPARISON THE SUPERLATIVE

ATTRACTIVE MORE ATTRACTIVE THAN THE MOST ATTRACTIVE

AMAZING MORE AMAZING THAN THE MOST AMAZING

BEAUTIFUL MORE BEAUTIFUL THAN THE MOST BEAUTIFUL

COMFORTABLE MORE COMFORTABLE THAN THE MOST COMFORTABLE

DANGEROUS MORE DANGEROUS THAN THE MOST DANGEROUS

DELICIOUS MORE DELICIOUS THAN THE MOST DELICIOUS

EXPENSIVE MORE EXPENSIVE THAN THE MOST EXPENSIVE

FORGETFUL MORE FORGETFUL THAN THE MOST FORGETFUL

IMPORTANT MORE IMPORTANT THAN THE MOST IMPORTANT

INTELLIGENT MORE INTELLIGENT THAN THE MOST INTELLIGENT

PLEASANT MORE PLEASANT THAN THE MOST PLEASANT

STUBBORN MORE STUBBORN THAN THE MOST STUBBORN

TALENTED MORE TALENTED THAN THE MOST TALENTED

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WONDERFUL MORE WONDERFUL THAN THE MOST WONDERFUL

Examples:

1) I am shorter than my mother. My mother is taller than me. But, my sister is the tallest.

2) Australia is more beautiful than Cancun. But, New Zealand is the most beautiful.

AS + ADJECTIVE + AS

I am as rich as Susan.

He is as forgetful as James.

EXCEPTIONS:

GOOD BETTER THAN THE BEST

BAD WORSE THAN THE WORST

FAR FARTHER THAN / FURTHER THAN THE FARTHEST / THE FURTHEST

Practice:

1. _______________________________ country is Alaska. (o mais frio)

2. ______________________________ country is Egypt. (o mais quente)

3. In my opinion, ____________________________ food is pizza. (a mais deliciosa)

4. Alaska is _______________________________ than Canada. (mais frio)

5. Am I __________________ than you? (mais baixo)

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6. Bob is _________________________ his brother. (tão esquecido quanto)

7. Brazil is ________________________ than Switzerland. (maior)

8. Everybody wants to be _______________________ (o melhor).

9. He is ____________________________ man of this shop. (o mais ocupado)

10.His girlfriend is __________________ today than she was yesterday. (mais triste)

11.How’ve you been? I’ve been ____________________ you are. (tão feliz quanto)

12. I am _______________________ than you are. (mais esperto)

13. I think _________________________ hair is my mother’s. (o mais escuro)

14. I think his brother is _____________________________ (o mais esquecido).

15. Is your mother ______________________ than your aunt? (mais alta)

16.Japan is ________________________ country in the East. (o mais rico)

17.Mary is __________________________ Charles. (tão teimosa quanto)

18.Mine are ________________________ than yours. (mais espertos)

19.My bicycle is ____________________ than your bicycle. (mais nova)

20.My hair is _______________________ than yours. (mais escuro)

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21.My pajamas are ______________ than my socks. (mais limpos)

22.My purse is ___________________ than your purse. (menor)

23.My suitcase is ____________________ than hers. (mais pesada)

24.My sister is ________________________________ than her boyfriend. (mais inteligente)

25.Paul is __________________________ my father. (tão rico quanto)

26.Paul isn’t sad. He is ______________________ day after day. (mais feliz)

27.Sally is _____________________ than her friends. (mais rica)

28.She is ____________________ than her sister. (mais jovem)

29.Susan is ______________________________ girl of this school. (a mais inteligente)

30.That bag is ______________________ than Paul’s. (mais leve)

31.That belt is ______________________ than that tie. (mais bonito)

32.That boy is _____________________ student of the class. (o mais esquecido)

33.That car is _______________________________ than this one. (mais veloz)

34.My car is ___________________ than yours. (mais velho)

35.This film is _________________ than the one I watched last Sunday. (mais triste)

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36.That is ___________________________ toy that I’ve bought. (o mais perigoso)

37.That man is __________________ than these ones. (mais saudável)

38. I think Bob is _______________________ man of this city. (o mais pobre)

39.That restaurant is ________________________ than that one. (mais chique)

40.That salesman is _______________ today. (mais ocupado)

41.The coffee is ___________________ than the soup. (mais quente)

42.The food is _________________________ than the coffee. (mais fria)

43.The USA is ____________________ country of the world. (o mais rico)

44.This armchair is ___________________________ than that chair. (mais confortável)

45.This blouse is ____________________________ than that one. (mais bonita)

46.This cake is __________________________ than that pie. (mais delicioso)

47.This dessert is _______________________ than that one. (mais doce)

48.This dress is _________________________ than those shoes. (mais caro)

49.This is _________________________________ place I know. (o mais maravilhoso)

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50.This is _____________________ than that. (pior)

51.This is ________________________ house of the street. (a maior)

52.This is __________________ wine I’ve ever drunk. (o melhor)

53.This is _________________________ computer on sale. (o mais novo)

54.This is ____________________________ place. (o mais distante)

55.This is ____________________________ place. (o mais perto)

56.This is ________________________ fabric I’ve ever bought. (mais suave)

57.This lesson is _______________________. (mais fácil)

58.This place is ________________________________ place that I know. (o mais agradável)

59.This price is _________________ than that one. (melhor)

60.This text is _________________________ (mais difícil)

61.This toy is ______________________ than that one. (mais perigoso)

62.Those jackets are ________________________ than those pants. (mais atraentes)

63.Those pants are __________________ than this blouse. (mais baratas)

64.Today is my birthday. It’s _____________________ day of my life. (o mais feliz)

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65.Zurich is _________________________________ city I’ve ever visited. (a mais maravilhosa)

Practice:

ADJECTIVE TRANSLATION COMPARISON SUPERLATIVE

ANGRY ZANGADO, BRAVO ANGRIER THAN THE ANGRIEST

BAD RUIM, MAU

BEAUTIFUL BONITO MORE BEAUTIFUL THANTHE MOST BEAUTIFUL

BIG GRANDE

BITTER AMARGO

BRIGHT BRILHANTE

BUSY OCUPADO

CALM CALMO

CHEAP BARATO

CLEAN LIMPO

CLEVER ESPERTO

CLOSE PERTO

COLD FRIO

COMFORTABLE CONFORTÁVEL

*COMMON COMUM

CRAZY LOUCO

CURLY ENCARACOLADO

DAMP ÚMIDO

DANGEROUS PERIGOSO

DARK ESCURO

DEEP PROFUNDO

DELICIOUS DELICIOSO

DIRTY SUJO

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DRY SECO

EASY FÁCIL

EMPTY VAZIO

EXPENSIVE CARO

FANTASTIC FANTÁSTICO

FAR LONGE, DISTANTE

FAST RÁPIDO, VELOZ

FAT GORDO

FULL CHEIO

GOOD BOM

GORGEOUS LINDO

GREAT GRANDE

HAPPY FELIZ

HARD DURO

HEAVY PESADO

HIGH ALTO (NÃO P/ PESSOAS)

HOT QUENTE

HUNGRY FAMINTO

IMPORTANT IMPORTANTE

INTELLIGENT INTELIGENTE

INTERESTING INTERESSANTE

LIGHT LEVE

LONG COMPRIDO

LOUD ALTO (P/ SOM)

LOW BAIXO (NÃO P/ PESSOAS)

LUCKY SORTUDO

MARVELOUS MARAVILHOSO

MODERN MODERNO

NARROW ESTREITO

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NEAR PERTO

NEW NOVO

NICE LEGAL

OLD VELHO

PLEASANT AGRADÁVEL

POOR POBRE

PRETTY BONITA

RARE RARO

RICH RICO

RIDICULOUS RIDÍCULO

SAD TRISTE

SAFE SEGURO

SCARCE RARO

SCRUMPTIOUS DELICIOSO

SENSITIVE SENSÍVEL

SHALLOW RASO

**SHY TÍMIDO

SHORT BAIXO, CURTO

SLIM MAGRO

SMALL PEQUENO

SMART ESPERTO

SMOOTH LISO

SOFT MACIO

STRONG FORTE

STUBBORN TEIMOSO

STUPID BURRO

SWEET DOCE

TALENTED TALENTOSO

TALL ALTO

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TASTY SABOROSO

THICK GROSSO

THIN MAGRO, FINO

TOUGH RUDE

WEAK FRACO

WET MOLHADO

WIDE LARGO, AMPLO

WONDERFUL MARAVILHOSO

YOUNG JOVEM

Notes:

*both forms are correct: commoner than / the commonest

*both forms are correct: more common than / the most common

*shy: shyer than (here you don’t replace “y”)

*shy: the shyest (here you don’t replace “y”)

Notes:

NUMBERS

1 one

2 two

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3 three

4 four

5 five

6 six

7 seven

8 eight

9 nine

10 ten

11 eleven

12 twelve

13 thirteen

14 fourteen

15 fifteen

16 sixteen

17 seventeen

18 eighteen

19 nineteen

20 twenty

21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 twenty-one, twenty-two, twenty-three, twenty-four, twenty-five, twenty-six, twenty-seven, twenty-eight, twenty-nine

30 thirty

31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39 thirty-one, thirty-two, thirty-three, thirty-four, thirty-five, thirty-six, thirty-seven, thirty-eight, thirty-nine

40 forty

41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49 forty-one, forty-two, …

50 fifty

51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59 fifty-one, fifty-two, …

60 sixty

61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69 sixty-one, sixty-two, …

70 seventy

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71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79 seventy-one, seventy-two, …

80 eighty

81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89 eighty-one, eighty-two, …

90 ninety

91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 ninety-one, ninety-two, …

100 one hundred

101,102,103,104,105, … one hundred and one, one hundred and two, one hundred and three, one hundred and four, one hundred and five, …

200 two hundred

300 three hundred

400 four hundred

500 five hundred

600 six hundred

700 seven hundred

800 eight hundred

900 nine hundred

1,000 one thousand

2,000, 3,000, 4,000, … two thousand, three thousand, four thousand, ...

Practice:

1) 214

2) 235

3) 214

4) 453

5) 578

6) 789

7) 876

8) 1,230

9) 10,543

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10)500,123

11) 678,321

Notes:

COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE DETERMINERS

A / AN / SOME

A / AN

Countable nouns are things we can count. We can make them plural.

Examples:

1) A dog / two dogs

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2) A job / six jobs

3) A girl / many girls

Before singular countable nouns you can use a / an:

Examples:

1) That’s a good suggestion.

2) Do you need an umbrella?

We often use a/ an + noun when we say what something/someone is, or what something/someone is like:

Examples:

1) A dog is an animal.

2) This is really a beautiful house.

3) What a lovely dress!

We use a / an for jobs:

Examples:

1) Tom’s father is a doctor.

2) I wouldn’t like to be an English teacher.

Notes:

SOME

We also use SOME with plural countable nouns. Some = a number of / a few of (but we don’t know or say exactly how many):

Examples:

1) I’ve seen some good films recently.

2) Some friends of mine are coming to stay at the weekend.

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We don’t use SOME when you are talking about things in general:

Example:

1) I love bananas.

Sometimes you can use SOME or leave it out:

Example:

1) There are (some) eggs in the fridge if you are hungry.

We have to use SOME when we mean SOME BUT NOT ALL / NOT MANY:

Examples:

1) Some children learn English very quickly. (Not all children)

2) Some policemen in Britain carry guns but most of them don’t.

Practice 1:

What are these things? Try and find out if you don’t know:

Example: an ant? It’s an insect.

1) a cauliflower? It’s

2) A pigeon?

3) A dandelion?

4) A skyscraper?

5) Earth? Mars? Venus? Jupiter? They

6) The Rhine? The Nile? The Mississippi?

Practice 2:

Put in a / an / some / or leave a space:

1) have you got _______________ camera?

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2) Would you like to be _______________ actor?

3) Bill’s got ________________ big feet.

4) Do you collect ________________ stamps?

5) Tom always gives Ann ________________ flowers on her birthday.

6) Those are _____________ really nice trousers. Where did you get them?

7) What ______________ beautiful garden!

8) What ______________ lovely children!

9) ________________ birds, for example, the penguin, cannot fly.

10)Jack’s got ________________ very long legs, so he’s __________ fast runner.

11)You need ___________ Visa to visit _________________ foreign countries, but not all of them.

12)I’m going shopping. I’m going to get ________________ new clothes.

13)Jane is ______________ teacher. Her parents were _____________ teachers too.

14)When we reached the city center, _______________________ shops were still open but most of them were already closed.

15)Do you enjoy going to ______________ concerts?

16)When I was ___________ child, I used to be very shy.

ARTICLE

THE

We use THE when it is clear in the situation which thing or person we mean. For example, in a room we talk about the light / the floor / the ceiling / the door / the carpet / etc.

Examples:

2) Can you turn off the light, please? (the light is in the room)

3) Where is the toilet, please? (the toilet is in the building / house)

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4) The postman was late this morning. (our usual postman)

5) I took a taxi to the station. (the station of that town)

We say THE when there is only one of something:

Examples:

1) What is the longest river in the world?

2) We went to the most expensive restaurant in town.

3) The only television program he watches is the news.

4) Paris is the capital of France.

5) Everybody left at the end of the meeting.

6) The Earth goes round the sun. (Also: the moon / the world / the universe)

We say: the sea / the sky / the ground / the countryside / the country

Examples:

1) Would you rather live in a town or in the country?

2) Don’t sit on the ground. It’s wet!

3) We looked up at all the stars in the sky.

We say go to sea / be at sea (without the) when the meaning is go/be on a voyage:

Example:

1) Ken is a seaman. He spends most of his life at sea.

We say space (not the space) when we mean space in the universe:

Example:

1) There are millions of stars in space. (in the universe)

2) He tried to park his car but the space wasn’t big enough.

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We say the cinema / the theater:

Example:

1) We went to the cinema last night.

2) Do you often go to the theater?

We usually say the radio:

Examples:

1) We often listen to the radio.

2) I heard the news on the radio.

We usually say television (without the):

Examples:

1) We often watch television.

2) I watched the news on television.

But: Can you turn off the television, please? (the television set)

We don’t usually use the with the names of meals:

Examples:

1) What time is lunch?

2) We had dinner at a restaurant.

3) What did you have for breakfast?

4) Ann invited me for dinner.

Practice 1:

1) This morning I bought ____________ newspaper and ______________ magazine. ______________ newspaper is in my bag but I don’t know where ______________ magazine is.

2) My parents have ____________ cat and ___________ dog. ______________ dog never bites _______________ cats but _______________ cat often scratches _______________ dog.

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3) I saw _________________ accident this morning. ______________ car crashed into ______________ wall. _______________ driver of _____________ car was not hurt but ______________ car was quite badly damaged.

4) When you turn into Lipson Road, you will see three houses: ___________ red one, _________________ blue one and ____________ white one. I live in _________________ white one.

5) We live in _____________ old house in ____________ middle of the village. There is ________________ beautiful garden behind ____________ house. ______________ roof of ____________ house is in very bad condition.

6) Would you like ___________ apple?

7) Could you close ____________ door, please?

8) We live in ____________ small flat near ____________ center of the city.

9) Have you finished with ____________ book I lent you last week?

10)We went out for ____________ meal last night. ________________ restaurant we went to was excellent.

11)Did ____________ police find ____________ person who stole your bicycle?

12)This is _________ nice house. Has it got ___________ garden?

13)It was sunny and warm, so we decided to sit in ___________ garden.

14)This morning I had ______________ boiled egg and toast for breakfast.

15)___________ President of the United States is elected every four years.

16)As I was walking along the street, I saw __________ 10 note on _____________ pavement.

17)I went to ____________ shop and asked to speak to ___________ manager.

18)Have you got _____________ car? No, I’ve never had ___________ car in my life.

19)There’s no need to buy any milk. ______________ milkman brings it every morning.

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Practice 2:

1) There were no chairs so we all had to sit on _____________________.

2) As soon as I saw the fire, I called ______________________.

3) We didn’t have any stamps, so we had to go to __________________.

4) I had a toothache, so I made an appointment with ____________________.

5) Ann had to catch a train, so I took her to ____________________.

6) When we found that someone had broken into our house, we called________________________.

7) Bill wasn’t feeling well, so he went to _______________________.

8) We didn’t have any money, so we had to go to ________________________.

9) The plane was delayed, so we had to wait at _______________________ for three hours.

10) I wrote my name at ________________ top of the page.

11)__________ moon goes round _________ earth every 27 days.

12) The Soviet Union was _________ first country to send a man into ________________.

13) Did you see the movie on _______ television or at ________ cinema?

14) After __________ lunch, we went for a walk by _________ sea.

15) I’m not hungry. I had ________________ big breakfast.

16) John was ____________ only person I talked to at the party.

17) Tim lives in ________ small village in _________ country.

18) Peru is _________ country in South America. ______________ capital is Lima.

19) I never listen to _________ radio. In fact I haven’t got _______ radio.

20) It was ________ beautiful day. _______ sun shone brightly in ________ sky.

21) I’ve invited Tom to __________________ next Wednesday.

22) What is ________ highest mountain in ________ world?

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23) We don’t go to __________ theater very much these days. In fact, in __________ town where we live there isn’t _________ theater.

24) It was a long voyage. We went at _____________ sea for four weeks.

25) I prefer swimming in ____________ sea to swimming in pools.

26) Can you turn _______ television down, please? It’s a bit loud.

Notes:

MODAL VERBS (CAN / CAN’T / COULD / COULDN’T)

AFFIRMATIVE: I / you / she / he / it / we / you / they can

NEGATIVE: I / you / she / he / it / we / you / they can’t

INTERROGATIVE: Can I? / you? / she? / he? / it? / we? / you? / they?

INTERROGATIVE/NEGAT: Can’t I? / you? / she? / he? / it? / we? / you? / they?

AFFIRMATIVE: I / you / she / he / it / we / you / they could

NEGATIVE: I / you / she / he / it / we / you / they couldn’t

INTERROGATIVE: Could I / you / she / he / it / we / you / they?

INTERROGATIVE/NEGAT: Couldn’t I / you / she / he / it / we / you / they?

We use CAN to say that something is possible or that someone has the ability to do something.

Examples:

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1) You can see the sea from your bedroom window.

2) Can you speak any foreign language?

3) I’m afraid I can’t come to your party next Friday.

BE ABLE TO is possible instead of CAN, but CAN is more usual.

Example:

1) Are you able to speak any foreign language?

COULD and WAS BE ABLE TO

Sometimes COULD is the past of CAN. We use COULD especially with these verbs: see / hear / smell / taste / feel / remember / understand

Examples:

1) When we went into the house, we could smell burning.

2) She spoke in a low voice but I could understand what she was saying.

When we mean that someone managed to do something in one particular situation, you have to use WAS / WERE ABLE TO

Examples:

1) The fire spread through the building very quickly but everyone was able to escape.

2) They didn’t want to come with us at first but in the end we were able to persuade them.

The negative COULDN’T is possible in all situations.

Examples:

1) My grandfather couldn’t swim. (ability)

2) We tried hard but we couldn’t persuade them to come with us. (managing to do something)

Practice 1:

1) ____________________ he understand what you were talking about?

2) My sister ____________________ play tennis now.

3) I _______________ walk when I was less than a year old.

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4) _________________ you tell me what time it is, please? (Polite)

5) My grandfather __________________ walk without any help last night.

6) I would like to _______________________ play the piano.

7) How long have you_______________________ drive?

8) I’ll ______________________ help you.

9) ______________ you help me? I ________________ never understand this.

10) Will man ________________________ live forever one day?

Practice 2:

1) Last week we swimming, this week we can't. (can / to go)

2) Maybe the Smiths a new house next year. (can / to build)

3) If you try hard, you your examinations. (can / to pass)

4) When I was five, I . (not / can / to swim)

5) Dennis the trumpet after four months. (can / to play)

6) Luke has passed his driving test, now he a car. (can /to drive)

7) For three weeks I to him on the phone. (not /can / to speak)

8) Alex his homework when his desk is in such a mess. (not / can / to do)

9) They were so busy, they me a text message. (not /can / to write)

10) Lisa her dress. She can wear it again. (can / to clean)

Notes:

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EXPRESSING TIME

What time is it? / Do you have the time?

1:00 = It’s one o’clock

2:05= It’s two o-five

3:15= It’s three fifteen / It’s a quarter past three

3:30= It’s three thirty /It’s half past three

3:45= It’s three forty-five / It’s a quarter to four

3:50= It’s three fifty / It’s ten to four

12:00= It’s midnight

12:00= It’s noon / It’s midday

Practice:

1) 1:20 = It’s

2) 3:30 =

3) 5:50 =

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4) 9:45 =

5) 10:55 =

6) 11:15 =

7) 9:00 =

8) 12:00 =

9) 3:05 =

Notes:

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PREPOSITIONS

Todas as preposições da Língua Inglesa regem o caso objetivo, estabelecendo relações de lugar, tempo, posição, origem, causa, instrumento, maneira, exclusão, etc. As preposições vem sempre antes da palavra que modifica, exceto em interrogativas e em sentenças adjetivas que podem vir no final da oração.

A maioria das preposições é usada de formas muito diferentes; apenas algumas preposições apresentam uma lógica de uso, se consideradas em grupo.

IN

1) em (dentro), idéia de inclusão:

Put the chalk in the box.

The table is in your room.

2) assinala um período de tempo:

in January, in 1978, in (the) summer, in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, in the 18th century, in a week, in three months, etc...

I will go to Europe in September.

He is coming in the evening.

3) in bed, in time, in the car, in the trunk, in the taxi, in the way, in the end, in the corner. in the navy, in the country, in ink, in mourning, in blue, in the beginning, in behalf of, etc...

ON

1) em (sobre), algo toca uma superfície externa:

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The book is on the table.

There is a painting on the wall.

2) assinala dia certo: on Friday, on February 1st, on a cold morning, on Christmas Day, etc.

The students arrived on Tuesday.

It happened on a hot afternoon.

3) expressões preposicionais: on fire, on a diet, on and on, on business, on sale, on show, on the telephone, on page two, on time, on foot, on the bus, on the radio, on the first floor, on the way, on the dot, on the corner, on the river, on the lake, on the beach, on the road, on the farm, on an axis, on the right, on one’s finger, on me, on the house, on duty, on purpose, on Paulista Ave, on the Continent, etc...

AT

1) em (implica posição em algum lugar):

We sat at the table.

He is at the bus stop.

I live at 579 Paulista Ave.

2) assinala um momento certo: at 10 o’clock, at Christmas, at midday, at night, at the moment, at the age, etc...

The ghosts appear at midnight.

I start working at 8 p.m.

3) expressões preposicionais: at a loss, at all, at best, at one’s disposal, at first sight, at hand, at most, at one, at random, at the bottom, at last, at once, at times, at the end, at the corner, at liberty, at 50 mph, at auction, at the door, at the beginning, at the back, etc...

OVER; acima de “sobre”, (algo não toca a superfície):

The balloon was over the city.

The cat jumped over the fence.

The sky is over our heads.

A captain is over a lieutenant.

He had water over his chest.

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It weighs over ten pounds.

ABOVE: acima de “sobre” (algo não toca a superfície):

The helicopter flew above the trees.

There is a picture above the bed.

The text above is very interesting.

The President is above the Minister.

He is above suspicion.

There were above fifty students.

UNDER: sob, debaixo, em:

There is a boy under the bed.

We are under his order.

That happened under the monarch.

The weight is under 10 pounds.

BELOW: abaixo de, para baixo de:

It is five degrees below zero.

It’s the third shop below the hospital.

No hell below us.

He is below his schoolmates.

BETWEEN: entre (duas coisas ou pessoas):

The house is between the lake and the park.

Paul is between Charles and Mary.

The river lies between the hills and the houses.

He will come between 2 and 4pm.

AMONG: “amongst” entre (várias coisas ou pessoas):

The candies were divided among the kids.

Paul is among those guys.

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The one-eyed are kings among the blind.

NEAR: perto de:

The chair is near the door.

We live near the church.

FAR FROM: longe de:

The library is far from here.

Campinas is far from Rio de Janeiro.

BEHIND: atrás de, depois de:

The broom is behind the door.

He came behind his hour.

THROUGH: através de, por, durante:

The train went through the tunnel.

We walked through the streets.

We remained awaked through the night.

The arrow entered through his arm.

He studied through three years.

The letter was sent through a tourist.

ACROSS: através de; do outro lado; em contato com:

We swam across the river.

There’s a restaurant across the street.

I came across this book yesterday.

ALONG: ao longo de, junto a:

The horses galloped along the road.

I walked along the banks of the river.

AROUND: ao redor de:

There is a shop around the corner.

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They walked around the building.

UP: para cima:

We went up the river.

He climbed up the hill.

1) expressões preposicionais: up against, ups and downs, up to, up to now, etc...

DOWN: para baixo:

We went down the river.

He came down the hill.

FROM: de (procedência), desde:

She is coming from Paris.

Did you hear from your aunt?

Adapted from the magazine.

Don’t take her from me.

That shop is opened from 9 to five.

He jumped from the window.

1) expressões preposicionais: from above, from bad to worse, from beginning to end, from head to foot, from now on, from scratch, from time to time, etc...

TO: para, em direção a, até, contra:

He is going to Paris.

They are coming to my house.

She is an exception to the rule.

He was wet to the skin.

She was kind to her guests.

I will bet ten to one.

OUT OF: para fora de (movimento):

Get out of the bus.

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I am going out of this room.

INTO: em; para dentro de (movimento):

He jumped into the water.

They came into the room.

Translate into Portuguese.

She came into an inheritance.

OFF: fora de (separação, afastamento):

Keep off the grass.

He fell off his horse.

Take the boxes off the table.

He is off duty.

ONTO: em direção a (movimento):

The king walked onto the platform.

He came on to the balcony.

The boy threw the ball onto the roof.

INSIDE: dentro de (fechado):

The cars are inside the garage.

We live inside the park.

I have got you inside my heart.

Don’t go inside the house.

OUTSIDE: fora de, exceto:

I heard footsteps outside the door.

We live outside the park.

Nobody knows where he is, outside his family.

BEYOND: além de, depois de:

Love is beyond all human control.

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What lies beyond the mountains?

We won’t stay here beyond Autumn.

BY: por volta de, em torno de, perto de, por meio de, por:

I shall be here by five o’clock.

I will leave by the end of the month.

Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.

We live by the river.

They were sitting by the window.

She lives by herself.

The news was sent by telegram.

They are coming by plane.

This room is 15 feet by 10 feet.

We can go by bus.

The engine is driven by gas.

I will go by your leave.

1) expressões preposicionais: by accident, by day, by degrees, by far, by heart, by-pass, by product, by sight, by the way, by no means, by means of, etc...

OF: de:

This man has nerves of iron.

May I have a glass of water?

The keys of the car are here.

These are symptoms of depression.

His breath smelled of tobacco.

He is a boy of seven.

AFTER: atrás de, depois de, em homenagem a, parecido com:

The police were running after the thief.

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They left after dinner.

He was named Henry after his uncle.

He takes after his father.

BEFORE: diante de, antes de, perante:

They were sitting before the fireplace.

He will arrive before noon.

The poor and rich are alike before God.

He stood before his father.

SINCE: desde:

I haven’t seen him since last month.

She hasn’t come home since then.

TILL = UNTIL: até:

I will wait till the end of the month.

They’ll stay here until August.

WITH: com, de:

She is very popular with her colleagues

You can cut it with a knife.

He was shivering with cold.

We differ with your father.

She was received with a smile.

It was made with water.

FOR: para, por, quanto a (geralmente, usado com os reflexivos, oblíquos, shall, could):

We have lived here for ten years.

An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth.

They are leaving for Paris.

She works hard for $300.

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I will buy a book for myself.

There is a letter for him.

Shall I open this bottle for you?

Could you carry this for me?

The house was not for sale.

I will vote for you.

You are the man for this job.

He is young for his age.

1) expressões preposicionais: for all, for example, for sale, for God’s sake, for keeps, for the first time, for fun, for the sake of, etc...

AGAINST: contra, em troca de:

Abortion is against his principle.

Palmeiras is playing against Vasco.

We took machinery against coffee.

Lean the ladder against the wall.

Practice:

I'm Peter and I live Germany. summer I like to travel

Italy, because the weather and the people there. Last

summer I took a plane Munich to Rome. the airport we

went to our hotel bus. We stopped a small restaurant for

a quick meal. The driver parked the bus the restaurant. Nobody

could find the bus and the driver, so we waited the restaurant

one hour. The driver was walking the small park

the restaurant which we did not know. So we were very angry

him. But my holidays were great. We sat campfires and

went dancing the early mornings. Notes:

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CLOTHING (CLOTHES,CLOTHS, PATTERNS, MATERIALS, ACCESSORIES & JEWELRY)TRANSLATION

APRON AVENTAL

ARMLET PULSEIRA

BACKPACK MOCHILA

BAG BOLSA, SACOLA

BATHING SUIT MAIÔ

BATHROBE ROUPÃO

BELT CINTO

BERET BOINA

BIKINI BIQUINI

BLAZER BLAZER (CASACO COM BOTÃO)

BLOUSE BLUSA

BOBBYPIN (AME) GRAMPO DE CABELO

BONNET BONÉ

BOOTS BOTAS

BOW-TIE GRAVATA BORBOLETA

BRA SUTIÃ

BRACELET PULSEIRA

BRAID TRANÇA

BRIEFCASE MALETA (MASCULINA)

BROOCH BROCHE

BUCKLE FIVELA (CINTO, BOLSA, SAPATO)

BUTTON BOTÃO

CAGOULE CASACO COMPRIDO COM CAPUZ

CANVAS LONA

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CAP GORRO, BONÉ

CHAIN CORRENTE, COLAR

CHAMOIS CHAMOIS, CAMURÇA (TECIDO FEITO DA PELE DO CABRITO-MONTÊS)

CHANGE PURSE PORTA MOEDAS

CHECKED XADREZ (PADRÃO DE TECIDO)

CLIP GRAMPO

CLOAK PONCHO

CLOG TAMANCO (FECHADO NA FRENTE)

COAT CASACO

COMB PENTE

COTTON ALGODÃO

COWBOY BOOTS BOTAS (ESTILO COWBOY)

CUFF LINKS ABOTOADURAS

DIAMOND DIAMANTE

DINNER JACKET SMOKING

DR. MARTENS BOTINA, CUTURNO

DRESS VESTIDO

DUNGAREES MACACÃO

EARRINGS BRINCOS

EMBROIDERED BORDADO

EMERALD ESMERALDA

ENGAGEMENT RING ANEL DE NOIVADO

EVENING GOWN TRAJE DE NOITE

EYE SHADOW SOMBRA P/ OLHOS

FELT FELTRO

FLIP-FLOP (BRE) CHINELO HAVAIANA

FLOWERED FLORIDO (PADRÃO DE TECIDO)

FOOTBALL BOOT CHUTEIRA

FUR COAT CASACO DE PELE

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GARMENT QUALQUER PEÇA DE ROUPA

GIRDLE CINTA (FEMININA)

GLASSES ÓCULOS

GLOVES LUVAS

GOLD OURO

GYMSHOE (BRE) TÊNIS

HAIR PIN PRESILHA DE CABELO

HAIRBRUSH ESCOVA DE CABELO

HAIRGRIP (BRE) GRAMPO DE CABELO

HAIRPIECE APLIQUE (CABELO)

HALF SLIP SAIOTE

HANDKERCHIEF LENÇO DE BOLSO

HAT CHAPÉU

HELMET CAPACETE

HERRINGBONE ESCAMA DE PEIXE (PADRÃO DE TECIDO)

HIGH-HEELED SHOES SAPATOS DE SALTO ALTO

HIGH-TOP SNEAKERS TENNIS DE CANO ALTO

HOOD CAPUZ

HOOK GANCHO

HOOK AND EYE COLCHETE

JACKET BLAZER (CASACO ABERTO)

JEANS BRIM, CALÇA FEITA DESSE TECIDO

JERSEY CAMISETA P/ ESPORTES

JEWELRY JÓIAS EM GERAL

JOGGING SUIT CALÇA E CASACO (AGASALHO)

KERCHIEF LENÇO DE PESCOÇO

KEY RING / KEY CHAIN CHAVEIRO

KILT SAIA ESCOCESA (P/ HOMENS)

KNAPSACK MOCHILA

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KNEE SOCKS MEIAS ATÉ O JOELHO

LACE RENDA

LAPEL LAPELA

LEATHER COURO

LEOTARD COLLANT (P/ ATIVIDADES ESPORTIVAS)

LINEN LINHO

LIPSTICK BATOM

LYCRA SHORTS SHORT OU BERMUDA DE LYCRA

MAKE-UP MAQUIAGEM

MESH MALHA (TECIDO)

MITTEN LUVA DE UM DEDO

MOCCASIN SAPATO MOCASIN

MOON BOOT BOTA TÉRMICA (USADA EM DIAS FRIOS)

NECKLACE COLAR

NIGHTGOWN CAMISOLA

OUTFIT CONJUNTO

OVERALL (BRE) CAPA PARA TRABALHAR (USADA SOBRE A ROUPA)

OVERALLS (AME) MACACÃO

OVERCOAT SOBRETUDO

OVERSHOES GALOCHAS

PANAMA HAT CHAPÉU PANAMÁ

PANTIES CALCINHA

PANTS CALÇA

PANTYHOSE MEIA-CALÇA

PARKA PARCA

PEAKED HAT QUEPE

PEARL PÉROLA

PENDANT PINGENTE

PIG-TAIL MARIA-CHIQUINHA

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PIN ALFINETE

PLAID XADREZ (PADRÃO DE TECIDO)

PLAITED TRANÇADO

PLASTIC PLÁSTICO

PLIMSOLL (BRE) TÊNIS

POCKET BOLSO

POLKA-DOT BOLINHA (PADRÃO DE TECIDO)

POLO NECK GOLA PÓLO

PONY-TAIL RABO-DE-CAVALO

PORTFOLIO PASTA P/ DOCUMENTOS

PRESS STUD (BRE) BOTÃO DE PRESSÃO

PRINT ESTAMPADO (PADRÃO DE TECIDO)

PURSE BOLSA

PYJAMAS PIJAMA

RAINCOAT CAPA DE CHUVA

RIBBON FITA, FITILHO

RING ANEL

RUBBER BORRACHA

RUBBER BOOT (AME) BOTA DE BORRACHA

RUBY RUBI

RUCKSACK MOCHILA

SAFETY PIN ALFINETE DE SEGURANÇA

SAILCLOTH BRIM

SANDALS CHINELO, SANDÁLIA

SAPPHIRE SAFIRA

SATIN CETIM

SCARF CACHECOL, ECHARPE

SEWING COSTURA

SHAMMY (CHAMOIS) CHAMOIS, CAMURÇA (TECIDO FEITO DA PELE DO

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CABRITO-MONTÊS)

SHAWL XALE

SHIRT CAMISA

SHOES SAPATOS

SHORTS SHORTS, BERMUDAS

SILK SEDA

SILVER PRATA

SKI JACKET CASACO DE NYLON PARA NEVE

SKIRT SAIA

SLEEVE MANGA

SLIP COMBINAÇÃO

SLIPPERS CHINELO DE QUARTO, PANTUFAS

SNAP FASTENER (AME) BOTÃO DE PRESSÃO

SNEAKERS (AME) TÊNIS

SOCKS MEIAS

SOLE SOLADO DE SAPATO

SOLID LISO (PADRÃO DE TECIDO)

SOLITAIRE SOLITÁRIO

SOMBRERO CHAPÉU MEXICANO

STOCKING CAP (AME) GORRO DE LÃ

STOCKINGS MEIAS DE NYLON

STRING OF PEARLS COLAR DE PÉROLAS

STRIPED LISTRADO (PADRÃO DE TECIDO)

SUEDE NAPA

SUIT TERNO, PALETÓ

SUITCASE MALA DE VIAGEM

SUNGLASSES ÓCULOS DE SOL

SUSPENDERS SUSPENSÓRIOS

SWEAT PANTS CALÇA DE AGASALHO

SWETER SUÉTER

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SWIMMING-SUIT MAIÔ

TANK CAMISETA REGATA

TARTAN XADREZ (PADRÃO ESCOCÊS)

TENNIS SHOES TÊNIS

THONG (AME) CHINELO HAVAIANA

TIE GRAVATA

TIE-CLIP PRENDEDOR DE GRAVATA

TOGGLE BOTÃO DE MADEIRA

TOP HAT CARTOLA

TRAINER (BRE) TÊNIS

TRIM QUALQUER DETALHE BORDADO EM ROUPA, SAPATO, BOLSA, ETC

TROUSERS CALÇAS

T-SHIRT CAMISETA

TURTLE NECK CAMISETA DE GOLA ALTA

TUX (INFORMAL WAY) SMOKING

TUXEDO SMOKING

UMBRELLA GUARDA-CHUVA

UNDERSKIRT SAIOTE

VEIL VÉU

VEST COLETE

V-NECK SWEATER SUÉTER EM DECOTE “V”

WALLET CARTEIRA

WEDDING DRESS VESTIDO DE NOIVA

WELLINGTON BOOT (BRE)

BOTA DE BORRACHA

WOOL LÃ

ZIG ZAG ZIGUE-ZAGUE (PADRÃO DE TECIDO)

ZIPPER (AME) ZÍPER

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Notes:

FAMILY

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Grandparents

Grandmother (grandma)Grandfather (grandpa)

Grandchildren

Granddaughter Grandson

Parents

Mother (mum)Father (dad, daddy)StepmotherStepfather

Children

DaughterSonFoster sonFoster daughter

Relatives

Aunt (auntie)UncleCousinBrotherSisterNiece Nephew

In-laws

Mother-in-lawFather-in-lawBrother-in-lawSister-in-lawSon-in-lawDaughter-in-law

At weddings

BrideGroomBest friend

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Marital Status

SingleMarriedDivorcedWidowWidowerEngaged

Notes:

MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION

How do you go? How do you go?By On

Airplane Foot

Boat Horseback

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Bus

Car

Ferry boat

Hovercraft

Ship

Subway

Street car

Train

LIKES AND DISLIKES

ENTERTAINMENT AND HOBBIES

I like going jogging at weekends.I don’t like going to the gym every day.I like playing the keyboard.I don’t like listening to country music.

Some verbs:

Go rollerblading / Go ice skating / Go swimming / Go to the gym (fitness center) / Go shopping / Go to the movies / Go to the theater / Go to a concert / Play soccer / Play volleyball / Play the flute / Play the cello / etc.

Practice:

a) b)c)d)e)f)g)

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READING TECHNIQUES (SKIMMING AND SCANNING)

There are different styles of reading for different situations. The technique you choose will depend on the purpose for reading. For example, you might be reading for enjoyment, information, or to complete a task. If you are exploring or reviewing, you might skim a document. If you're searching for information, you might scan for a particular word. You need to adjust your reading speed and technique depending on your purpose. Many people consider skimming and scanning search techniques rather than reading strategies. However when reading large volumes of information, they may be more practical than reading. For example, you might be searching for specific information, looking for clues, or reviewing information. Web pages, novels, textbooks, manuals, magazines, newspapers, and mail are just a few of the things that people read every day. Effective and efficient readers learn to use many styles of reading for different purposes. Skimming, scanning, and critical reading are different styles of reading and information processing.

  Skimming is used to quickly identify the main ideas of a text. When you read the newspaper, you're probably not reading it word-by-word, instead you're scanning the text. Skimming is done at a speed three to four times faster than normal reading. People often skim when they have lots of material to read in a limited amount of time. Use skimming when you want to see if an article may be of interest in your research.

Strategies that can be used when skimming: Some people read the first and last paragraphs using headings, summarizes and other organizers as they move down the page or screen. You might read the title, subtitles, subheading, and illustrations. Consider reading the first sentence of each paragraph. This technique is useful when you're seeking specific information rather than reading for comprehension. Skimming works well to find dates, names, and places. It might be used to review graphs, tables, and charts.

Scanning is a technique you often use when looking up a word in the telephone book or dictionary. You search for key words or ideas. In most cases, you know what you're looking for, so you're concentrating on finding a particular answer. Scanning involves moving your eyes quickly down the page seeking specific words and phrases. Scanning is also used when you first find a resource to determine whether it will answer your questions. Once you've scanned the document, you might go back and skim it.

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When scanning, look for the author's use of organizers such as numbers, letters, steps, or the words, first, second, or next. Look for words that are bold faced, italics, or in a different font size, style, or color. Sometimes the author will put key ideas in the margin. Reading off a computer screen has become a growing concern. Research shows that people have more difficulty reading off a computer screen than off paper. Although they can read and comprehend at the same rate as paper, skimming on the computer is much slower than on paper.

FUNCTIONS (EXPRESSING PERSONAL PREFERENCES)

DIALOG: PRICES

Steve: Oh, look at those earrings, Maria. They’re perfect for you.Maria: These red ones?Steve: No, the yellow ones.Maria: Oh, these? Hmm. Yellow isn’t a good color for me.Steve: Well, that necklace isn’t bad.Maria: Which one?Steve: That blue one right there. How much is it?Maria: It’s $42 dollars! That’s expensive!Steve: Hey, let me get it for you. It’s your birthday present.

Curtin, John; Viney, Peter. Survival English

FUNCTION (MAKING TELEPHONES CALLS)

DIALOG: TELEPHONE FACILITIES

Michael: May I have the number for directory assistance?Operator: Is this for long distance assistance?Michael: Yes.Operator: You dial 1, then the area code, then 5-5-5, 1-2-2.Michael: Sure, OK. But, what is the area code for Hollywood?Operator: It’s 2-1-3.Michael: Thank you.Hollywood Operator: Hello, Directory Assistance. What is the name and

the address that you require?Michael: Studios Inn Hotel, Hollywood Boulevard.Operator: Just one moment, please.Recorded message: The number is area code 2-1-3, 1-3-1-, 6-8-5-3.

Curtin, John; Viney, Peter. Survival English

FUNCTION (GIVING OPINIONS / SUGGESTIONS)

DIALOG: GIVING SUGGESTIONS

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David: Can you tell me a little about Mexico City?Maria: Sure I can. What would you like to know? David: Well, what’s a good time to visit? Maria: I think you can go anytime. The weather is always nice. David: Oh, good! And what should I see there?Maria: Well, you should visit the National Museum and go to the

Palace of Fine Arts. David: What else? Maria: Oh, you shouldn’t miss the Pyramid of the Sun. It’s very

interesting. David: It all sounds really exciting!

Curtin, John; Viney, Peter. Survival English

FUNCTION (TALKING ABOUT ROUTINES)

DIALOG: TALKING ABOUT HOBBIES

Josie: What do you like doing in your free time?Pierre: Free time? We don’t have free time in this job.Josie: Oh, come on! Don’t be silly!Pierre: Well, I like playing tennis. And you?Josie: I like aerobics, dancing and swimming.Pierre: What about tennis? I love tennis.Josie: Well, I like it, but I am not very good at tennis.Pierre: I can give you some lessons.Josie: Really? That’s very kind of you.Pierre: When shall we start? Maybe next week?Josie: Sorry, Pierre. It will take a few months.Pierre: Why? Are you working harder than me? Josie: I am taking a post-graduation course after work. Pierre: You are crazy. Be careful! You’ll get stressed.Josie: I think I will stop working.

Curtin, John; Viney, Peter. Survival English

FUNCTION (MAKING REQUESTS)

DIALOG: MAKING A RESERVATION

Clerk: Caesar Park Hotel, may I help you?Caller: Yes, I’d like to make a reservation, pleaseClerk: Could you hold the line for a moment?Caller: Yes, I can wait. I am not in a hurry.Clerk: Sorry, sir. The hotel is fully booked.Caller: It is just a single room, for one night!

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Clerk: Just one night? Which date exactly, sir?Caller: It’s April 21st. I will arrive at 12 o’clock.Clerk: Eh... I have a single for that date. Could you tell me your name,

please?Caller: David Lewis. I work for the governmentClerk: Oh, really? I think you have stayed with us before.Caller: Yes, this is my third time in Paris.Clerk: Will you be paying by credit card?Caller: Yes. It is Visa. Do you accept Visa?Clerk: Yes, sir. What is the number?Caller: It’s 4335 1713 6094.

Notes:

PLACE DESCRIPTIONS

VANCOUVER / CANADA

The City of Vancouver, in the province of British Columbia, is just over 100 years old (1886). The population of British Columbia is four million, and more than half lives in Greater Vancouver. It is the third largest

81

city in Canada. It has a beautiful location with water on three sides. Vancouver has a mild climate. You can get to the ocean, the beach, or the mountains very quickly. It is only 25 miles from the border with the U.S.A. Vancouver is a major North-American port (the second largest in America). It’s the largest port of the West Coast. It’s also a major center of tourism. The most famous building is Canada Place (1986). Canada Place is the terminal for cruise ships to Alaska.

Questions

1) How old is the City of Vancouver?2) How many people live in British Columbia?

3) How many people live in Greater Vancouver?

4) Is it the largest city in Canada?

5) What’s the weather like in Vancouver?

6) How far is it from the U.S.A. border?

7) Is it difficult to arrive at the ocean, beach or mountains in Vancouver?

8) Is the city important for tourism?

9) What is the most famous building in that city?

Answers

DESCRIBING SAN DIEGO

San Diego / state / CaliforniaMore than 220 years old / (1769)Population 2.6 million2nd city / CaliforniaDry, sunny climate

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Oceans, mountains, desertSan Diego Zoo – largest in the world18 miles / MexicoTourism 3rd largest industry (1st = manufacturing, 2nd = U.S. military)Building – old Spanish Mission (San Diego de Alcalá) (1769)

DESCRIBING YOUR CITY

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TALKING ABOUT YOURSELF

Alicia RomeroBorn: San Diego, CaliforniaSchool: San Diego, CaliforniaCollege: USC (University of Southern California), San Diego, 4 years, degree in Art (majoring in Photography)Experience: Photographic Assistant, Kiddle Portraits, Del Mar, 4 weeks Photographic Assistant, San Diego Sun newspaper, 2 years Official photographer, Janet Jackson U.S. Tour, 3 months Photographer, Sagebrush Marketing

I’m Alicia Romero. I was born in San Diego California…

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TALKING ABOUT YOURSELF

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PHRASAL VERBS

In modern English it is very usual to place prepositions or adverbs after certain verbs so as to obtain a variety of meanings:

Examples:

Give up / look after / look for / look out / run over / etc…

It is also important to learn whether the combination is transitive (requires an object) or intransitive (cannot have an object):

Examples:

Look for = is transitive: I am looking for my glasses.

Look out = is intransitive: Look out! The truck is coming fast!

Be over (intr.) = be finished

The storm is over now; we can go on.

Be up (intr.) = be out of bed

Don’t expect her to answer the doorbell at 8 o’clock on Sunday morning. She won’t be up.

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Bear out (trans.) = confirm

This report bears out my theory.

This report bears my theory out. (This report bears it out)

Bear up (intr.) = support bad news bravely, hide feelings.

The news of her death was a great shock to him but he bore up.

Blow out (trans.) = extinguish (a flame) by blowing

The wind blew out the candle. (The wind blew the candle out)

Blow up (trans. or intr.) = destroy by explosion

They blew up the bridges so that the enemy couldn’t follow them.

Break down = cause to collapse by using force

The firemen had to break down the door to get into the burning house.

The firemen had to break the door down. (The firemen had to break it down)

Break up (intr.) = terminate (used of schools terms, meetings, parties, etc)

The school broke up on 30 July and all the boys went home for the holidays.

Bring up = educate and train children

She brought up her children to be truthful.

She brought her children up to be truthful. (She brought them up to be truthful)

Call off = cancel something not started yet, or abandon something already in progress.

They had to call off the match as the ground was too wet to play on.

They had to call the match off as the ground was too wet to play on. (They had to call it off as the ground was too wet to play on.

Practice:

Come across = find by chance

Come along = come with me

Come in = enter

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Come out = be revealed, exposed (the subject here is normally the truth/the facts/the whole story etc and usually refers to facts which the people concerned were trying to keep hidden)

Come up = rise to the surface

Do away with = abolish

Be fed up with = be completely bored

Find out = discover

Get away = escape

Get out = to leave an enclosed space

Get out of = free oneself from an obligation or habit

Get over = recover from illness, distress or mental weakness)

Get through = finish a piece of work, finish successfully

Get through = get into telephone communication

Give up = abandon or discontinue a habit, sport, study

Go ahead = proceed, continue

Go back = return

Go off = explode, be fired (of guns, usually accidentally), be successful, start a journey, leave

Go on = continue

Go over = examine, study or repeat carefully

Go through = examine carefully

Go through = suffer

Go up = rise (of prices)

Hand out = distribute

Hold on = wait

Keep up = maintain (an effort)

Keep up with = remain abreast of someone who is advancing; advance at the same pace as

Look after = take care of

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Look forward to = expect with pleasure

Look over = inspect critically, read again, revise quickly

Look through = examine a number of things, often in order to select some of them

Look up to = respect

Make for = travel towards

Make up one’s mind = come to a decision

Make up (a story, excuse, explanation) = invent

Make up for = compensate for

Mix up = confuse

Pull through = recover from illness

Put off (an action) = postpone

Ring up = telephone

Run after = pursue

Run into = collide with

Run into / run across = meet someone accidentally

Run out of = have none left, having consumed all the supply

Send for = summon

Show off = display (skill, knowledge, etc) purely in order to win notice or applause

Stand for = represent

Take after = resemble (one’s parents/grandparents etc)

Take in = deceive

Take off = remove

Take off = leave the ground (of aeroplanes)

Take over = assume responsibility

Take to = begin a habit

Take up = begin a hobby, sport or kind of study

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Talk over = discuss

Think over = consider

Try out = test

Turn on = switch on

Turn off = switch off

Turn up = increase the pressure, force, volume

Turn down = decrease the pressure, force, volume

Turn out = produce

Wash up = wash the plates (after a meal)

Watch out = look out

Notes:

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UNITED STATES LEGAL FEDERAL HOLIDAYS / 2010

January 1: New Year's Day

January 18: Martin Luther King Day (3rd Monday in Jan)

February 15: Presidents Day (3rd Monday in Feb). *note: Presidents Day is also Washington's Birthday

May 31: Memorial Day (last Monday in May)

July 4: Independence Day

July 5: Federal employees extra day off for July 4th

September 6: Labor Day (1st Monday in September)

October 11: Columbus Day (2nd Monday in October)

November 11: Veterans' Day

November 25: Thanksgiving Day (4th Thursday in November)

December 24: Federal employees extra day off for Christmas

December 25: Christmas Day

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