What changes could be made in

modern cities to improve living conditions?

Make a short list.

Discuss with your neighbor.

Opening Assignment 9/22/2015

Science and Urban Life

Chapter 8 Section 1Learning Target: The students will recognize and analyze changes to

urban living through study of technological innovation.

In 1870, only 25 American cities had

populations of 50,000 or more; by 1890, 58 American cities had 50,000 or more.

By 1900 four out of ten Americans (40%) made their homes in cities.

Urbanization

What is the change in urban population from 1870 – 1910?

What about from 1910– 1990?

Two major innovations led to the

popularity of skyscrapers.

Steel internal skeletons supported the weight of such tall buildings.

Elevators made moving people and furniture easier.

Skyscrapers

Trolley cars and subways led to growth in

the suburbs as cities began to expand outward as well as upward.

Some cities used trains elevated above street level instead of underground.

These were called “L” trains.

Electric Transit

Chicago “L”

Chicago “L”

City planners sought to restore a measure of serenity to the environment by designing recreational areas.

Chicago is a perfect example of a city in need of urban planning.

From 1850 to 1870 Chicago grew from 30,000 residents to 300,000 residents.

Chicago was also rebuilt following the Great Fire of 1871.

Urban Planning

Daniel Burnham oversaw the

transformation of a swampy area near Lake Michigan into a sparkling “White City” for Chicago’s 1893 World’s Colombian Exposition also called the World’s Fair.

Burnham left Chicago an important legacy: an overall plan for the city’s downtown area.

Instead of piers and warehouses Chicago’s lakefront features parks and sandy beaches even today.

Urban Planning

The White City, Chicago 1893

Chicago Lakefront on Lake Michigan

By 1890 the literacy rate in the US was

nearly 86% 1860 literacy rate 50%. Publishing & printing businesses

expanded and consumers bought more newspapers, books, and magazines.

New developments in technology increased this production.

Large quantities of inexpensive paper made from wood pulp and the new high-speed printing presses made this possible.

New Technology: Print Media

Orville and Wilbur Wright, also called the Wright

Brothers, experimented with the internal combustion engine and gliders.

They put these two new technologies together on December 17, 1903 in North Carolina for their first successful flight.

Their flight lasted 12 seconds and traveled 120 feet.

In less than three years the Wright Bro. would be flying 24 miles in a single flight.

New Technology: Airplanes

Wright Bro. 1st Flight

Before the 1880’s photography was a

profession, requiring heavy equipment and sensitive film.

George Eastman developed an alternative to heavy glass plates and instead used a flexible roll of film.

Eastman decided to market his product to the common person.

New Technology: Photography

In 1888 Eastman introduced the Kodak Camera. The price was $25 and came with 100 pictures

on a roll of film already installed in the camera. When finished taking the roll of pictures the

customer simply sent the camera through the mail to the Eastman Factory where the film was processed and a new roll of film was installed in the camera.

The processing cost an additional $10 but brought amateur photography to the masses in America.

Eastman Kodak Camera

An Eastman Kodak

Compact 35 mm camera

The Polaroid Instant Camera

The First Digital Camera 1991

The First Camera Phone 1997

Describe how George Eastman’s development

of the portable Kodak Camera has led to photography being a part of American culture.

Consider the development of cameras over the last 100 years of US history. 35mm Compact Camera circa. 1930 Polaroid Instant Camera circa. 1965 Digital Camera circa. 1991 Camera Phone circa. 1997

Write at least one paragraph of five sentences.

Ticket out the door