Where – began in England because of its natural resources like coal and iron and the invention of the steam engine then spread to Europe and the U.S.

Enclosure Movement – fence in common fields to use land for raising sheep or mass producing food – puts small farmers out of business

Inventions – spinning jenny, steam engine (Watt), cotton gin (Whitney), process for making steel (Bessemer), smallpox vaccine (Jenner), and rabies vaccine (Pasteur)

Population – increased (more food, better medicine, and healthier diets)

Standard of Living – increased (products became more affordable – machine made)

Working Conditions – long hours, dangerous, low pay, etc… + preferred women and children (pay them less)

Labor Unions – increase pay and improve working conditions + bargain with employers

Urbanization – movement of people to cities (crowded and unsanitary conditions)

Environment – pollution Transportation – faster (railroad and

steamboat) Women – increased demands for

suffrage (right to vote) Children – expansion of education

Adam Smith – wrote Wealth of Nations Laissez-faire economics – government

does not interfere in the economy Laws of supply and demand Competition Private ownership

Government owns and operates major industries and small farms and businesses are privately owned

Karl Marx wrote Communist Manifesto Response to the injustices of

capitalism (some people are poor while some are rich)

Redistribute wealth Government owns and operates

everything

Definition - the domination by one country of the political, cultural, or economic life of another country

Colonies – most expensive + most control (ex. India was a colony of Great Britain)

Protectorates – leave local rulers in place but tell them what to do (ex. Egypt was a protectorate of Great Britain)

Spheres of Influence - an area in which an outside power claimed exclusive investment or trading privileges + least restrictive (Ex. China)

America opened trade with Japan (gifts of technology)

Missionaries – Christianize the people of Africa and Asia

Suez Canal – shortcut between Europe and Asia

Industrial Revolution – created a new need for markets and raw materials

Armed Conflicts – Boxer Rebellion + Opium War, etc…

Militarism - European countries competed with one another to see which one could have the best army and navy

Alliances – Central Powers (Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, and Ottoman Empire) vs. Allies (France, Britain, and Russia)

Imperialism – competition for colonies Nationalism – people of the same ethnic

background want a homeland

Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand – spark that started the war

U.S. enters the war (1917) – unrestricted submarine warfare and Zimmerman note

Russia exits the war (1917) – Russian Revolution

Woodrow Wilson – President of the U.S. (Fourteen Points/League of Nations)

Kaiser Wilhelm II – leader of Germany

Colonies participated in the war – increased demands for independence (ex. India wanted independence from Great Britain)

End of Russian, Ottoman, German, and Austro-Hungarian Empires

Lots of destruction, lives lost, and social disruption

Treaty of Versailles – forced Germany to accept guilt for war and loss of territory + pay reparations + limited German military

Peacekeeping organization established to prevent future wars

Failed organization – could not enforce its decisions

U.S. never joined League of Nations (isolated) – did not sign Treaty of Versailles

France and Great Britain became mandatory powers in the Middle East

Divided Ottoman Empire into new countries (Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, and Palestine)

British controlled Iraq, Palestine, and Transjordan & France controlled Syria and Lebanon

Defeat in war with Japan in 1905 Landless peasantry Incompetence of Tsar Nicholas II

(absolute monarchy) Losing in World War I

Led the Russian Revolution New Economic Policy – goal (improve

Russia’s economy) – socialism (meant to be temporary)

Five Year Plan – goal (make Soviet Union a modern industrial power) – command economy (government controls everything) – production improved while standard of living remained poor

Collectivization of Farms – no more private ownership – government farms or collectives (work as a group) - did not improve farm output (grain production grew slightly while meat, vegetables, and fruits remained in short supply)

Secret Police + Great Purge (destroy enemies)