women inheritance adaptation puritan social equality did not extend to women › man was the head...

Chapter 4 Power Point

How were the New England Colonies developing?

Women Inheritance Adaptation

What was the role of women in New England?

Puritan social equality did not extend to women› Man was the head of the house and the

women was expected to be a helpmate› Main role was to bear and rear children› Subject to many other social/legal

restrictions

What was the role of inheritance in New England?

Initially very different from England’s practice of Primogeniture

Parents able to give land to children as they pleased, often as a wedding gift used to help arrange marriages

This helped many families establish themselves on the land

How were the New England colonies forced to adapt?

Population boomed due to both natural increase and immigration› 100,000 in 1700 to 400,000 in 1750

This meant that there was less land for each family

Inheritance changed as there was less to pass on Children began to marry more on their choice

rather than dowry Families limited their size and farmers forced to

increase productivity Families began to swap goods and services-

household mode of production

How did this change in land affect the identity of New Englanders?

How were the middle colonies developing?

Economic Growth, Opportunity, and Conflict

Cultural Diversity Interplay of Religion and Politics

How did growth affect the middle colonies?

Previously New Amsterdam, Mid-Atlantic area already diverse when England took control

In New York wealthy families owned much of the land and renters worked it, hoping to save up enough to buy their own land-very hard

In Pennsylvania and New Jersey initial surplus of land brought great prosperity to workers, this also brought immigrants› Eventually land ran short and people were forced to

illegally squat on land they hoped to own› The Penn family now took advantage of Natives to

surreptitiously take their land› Colonies were plagued by land claims for years

How did diversity affect the middle colonies?

Middle colonies were characterized by great numbers of ethnic and religious groups› French Huguenots, German Mennonites, Scots-

Irish Presbyterians› Not a melting pot but stayed as separate

groups Germans migrated en mass during the first

half of the 18th century Scots-Irish were the largest group of

immigrants Both groups stayed amongst themselves

Why do you think that both the German and Scots-Irish immigrants stayed amongst themselves?

What are the benefits of doing this? What are the cons of this approach? Is this common in immigration patterns

today?

How did the interplay between politics and religion impact the middle colonies?

Western European policies that were against religious diversity soon crept their way into the Middle Colonies

Quakers, reduced to a minority in Pennsylvania due to Scots-Irish immigration, tried to band with Germans who shared similar pacifists beliefs› Germans in turn sought favorable laws and more

power in the government “The unstable balance between shared values

and mutual mistrust prefigured tensions that would pervade an increasingly diverse American society in the centuries to come.” pg 126

Pg 124-15

Mittleberger

How did the shrinking world impact the colonies?

Science Religion Stuff

What changes during this time “shrank” the world?

Changes in transportation› Increased numbers of ships/sailors› Roads become more common/travelable

Increased transportation increased the flow of ideas› This exploded when the British

government stopped their censure of printed materials in 1695

› Print of all forms spread over England and into the colonies

How did changes in science in Europe impact the colonies?

European Enlightenment› Focus on science and rational thinking› Four fundamental principles

Law like order of the natural world Power of human reason Natural rights of the individual Progressive improvement of society

› Works of John Locke shaped much of colonial thinking Man could be changed by environment Power to govern not from God but from people People had natural rights

How did change in science in Europe impact the colonies?

Benjamin Franklin a classic Enlightenment thinker› Self educated› Started a ‘club of mutual improvement’ › Became a Deist

Deism states that a supreme being created the world and set it running but is not involved beyond that

› Promotion of reasoning into all areas of life Thomas Jefferson was another colonial

Enlightenment figure

How did changes in religion in Europe impact the colonies?

A Christian movement focusing on pious (devout/religious) living that came from Germany› Appealed to hearts not minds› Sparked a revival in Pennsylvania and New

Jersey around 1720› Similar Puritan Pietism movements started

in New England


In the 1730’s Jonathan Edwards started a revival in Massachusetts

English minister George Whitefield turned these local revivals into a national one called the Great Awakening› Based on the Methodist theology of John

Wesley› Took the message all over the colonies› Very charismatic speaker


Great Awakening was both popular and controversial with established church

Undermined the ideas of the church and questioned ministers› Ultimately was similar to the works of

Locke because it placed religious power back in the hand of the people

Religious enthusiasm led to the establishment of religious colleges› Princeton, Columbia, Brown, Rutgers


In the Southern Colonies, religious enthusiasm led to social conflict› Religious enthusiasm caused some churches in

Virginia to split, which angered wealthy owners who used church to help establish their position

› Baptist revivals included slaves, went against social distinctions, and the decadent lifestyles of the gentry—this lead to a great backlash from the gentry The inclusion of Africans led to a new growth of

Protestantism among slaves

What three events greatly defined the colonies during the end of this time period (1750-1763)?

War Trade Social Conflict

How did war shape the colonies during this time?

Competing French and British claims to the Ohio River valley began to come to a head› 1748 the Ohio Company of Virginia received a

grant to start a new colony in the area› Later, in cooperation with the Iroquois

Confederacy, Britain sent a party (Led by George Washington) to reassert British control in the area-a skirmish ensued and a French officer was killed, all but assuring war

› In 1754 a meeting was called in Albany to try and settle things before violence broke out


Back in Britain, debate over going to war with France raged on, and eventually two War Hawks, William Pitt and Lord Halifax, convinced the Prime Minister to start the war› Initial victory for England displaced 10,000

French (Some went to Louisiana and would later become Cajuns)

› In 1755 an overzealous general (Edward Braddock) led 1,500 British regulars into a terrible defeat at the hands of a smaller French and Native American force


By 1755 this war had spread to Europe and involved Britain, Prussia, France, Spain, and Austria› Conflict spread to lands in India, West

Africa, and West Indies and became the Great War for Empire

› Britain’s war plan developed by William Pitt In the war Britain gained huge amounts

of land all around the world (138-139)

What impacts, positive or negative, might this war have on the colonies?

How did trade shape the colonies during this time?

Britain had control of trade routes prior to this time, but the application of new industrial methods only strengthened Britain’s economic positon› Mechanical power allowed Britain to produce more for

less› This prompted the need for more goods from the

colonies which in turn gave the colonies more buying power

› The colonies used this buying power to purchase more European goods, pushing the cycle further

› This gave many people a better standard of living but also greatly increased debt

What potential conflicts do you think might arise from the increased buying power and debt?

How did social conflict shape the colonies during this time?

No matter what was happening, the colonial populations grew and conflict over land followed› Settlers form Connecticut and Pennsylvania

fought over land rights› In New York tenants rioted for land rights they

felt they were due› Other land squabbles arose across the

colonies Many began to fear the European land

systems would begin to dominate colonies

How did social conflict shape the colonies during this time?

Fights over land were soon fought with Indians, as colonists pushed westward

Colonists on the Western front pushed for more support from the law in the east

Passive and violent rebellions broke out› In North Carolina British troops had to be used

to stop a rebellion that had to do with taxation The growing frustration of colonists who

felt the pinch of and distrusted English systems began to grow more widespread

How do you think that the colonists might respond to the growing sense of unease due to British land rules?

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