*WWI?

*Central Powers?

*Allied Powers?

*Treaty of Versailles?

*Great Depression?

*Totalitarian/Fascist Governments

*Japan - Hirohito

*Germany - Hitler

*Italy – Mussolini

*Totalitarian/Communist Government

*USSR- Stalin

Causes of WWII

What Would League of Nations Do?

Prior to WWI Prior to WWII‡ Commodore

Matthew Perry

‡ Treaty of Kanagawa

‡ Meiji Era/Modernization

‡ Sino Japanese War

‡ Russo Japanese War

‡ Militarists wanted to solve the country’s problems through foreign expansion

‡ Poor Relations with USA

Invaded Invaded Manchuria in Manchuria in 1931 1931

WWLOND?WWLOND?

League of League of Nations did Nations did nothing in spite nothing in spite of protests.of protests.

Japan pulled out Japan pulled out of the League in of the League in 1933.1933.

*Who: Japanese military and Nanjing citizens

*What: Japanese killed and raped Chinese soldiers and citizens

*Where: Nanjing, China

*When: 1937

*Why: Japanese wanted more land (trying to conquer China)

USA’s Response: ‡Refused to recognize Japan’s conquests in Asia‡Imposed an embargo on exports of oil & steel to Japan

Prior to WWI Prior to WWII‡ Nationalism

Unification Movement

‡ Cavour

‡ Garibaldi

‡ Mussolini’s Fascist Party Takes Control

‡ Dreamed of Colonial Empire in Africa

‡ Encouraged by Japan’s success

WWLOND?

Britain and France gave in to Mussolini to keep peace in Europe

*Who: Mussolini (Italy) vs. Ethiopia

*What: Italy invaded Ethiopia

*When: October 1935

*Where: Ethiopia

*Why: Italy wanted more land & wanted to become world power

*Who: Francisco Franco (Fascist) versus Loyalists (democratic government); Germany/Italy vs. Soviet Union

*What: Civil War

*When: 1936

*Where: Spain

*Why: Franco and rebels wanted a Fascist government

Prior to WWI Prior to WWII‡ Otto von

Bismarck

‡ Realpolitik

‡ Hitler violates the Treaty of Versailles

‡ Withdraws from LON in 1933

‡ Renounces Treaty of Versailles in 1935; militarizes

Rhineland on March 7, 1936. The Rhineland was a part of Western Germany where German troops had not been allowed since WWI in order to protect France from attack.

WWLOND?? Appeasement

*October 1936: Hitler and Mussolini sought an alliance with each other called the Rome-Berlin Axis.*November 1936: Germany made an agreement with Japan.

*Germany, Japan, and Italy became known

as the Axis Powers.

*March 1938: Hitler sent his troops to annex Austria in spite of the prohibition of Anschluss (union between Austria and Germany)

*WWLOND??

* ignored promises to protect Austrian independence

*Who: Hitler (Germany) vs. Czechoslovakia

*What: Hitler wanted to add (annex) the Sudetenland to his empire

*When: September – October 1938

*Where: Sudetenland (west of Czechoslovakia)

*Why: Hitler wanted more land for his people; area forming against Hitler

September 29, 1938Meeting of Germany, France, Britain and Italy that was proposed by Mussolini

*Neville Chamberlain (PM of Britain):preserve peace by giving in to Hitler’s demand.

*Britain and France agreed to allow Hitler to take the Sudetenland (appeasement) as long

as he would demand no more territory.

*Hitler violates the Munich Pact

Six months after the Munich Conference, Hitler took Czechoslovakia, then Albania, and then Poland

*Nonaggression Pact*August 23, 1939: Stalin talked with Hitler and agreed publicly to never attack one another; divide Poland & the Baltics

*In the spring of 1939, Great Britain promised Poland, Greece, Turkey, and Romania that if Hitler attacked them, the British would come to their aid.

.

*September 1, 1939:*Germany invades Poland

*England & France declare war on Germany on September 3, 1939

*New War Tactic: Blitzkrieg or lighting war

*Dive bombers attacked from the air to damage defenses

*Infantry followed: tanks & artillery then foot soldiers

*Polish air force = destroyed

*Polish soldiers = no match for Germans

*Polish landscape = no natural barriers to slow the blitzkrieg

*Spring 1940

Germans invaded Denmark & Norway (lightly defended)

*May 1940

Germans go through Netherlands & Belgium

Look towards Northern France

*May 1940 = northeast France

Germans attack Ardennes

Dense forest region near French/

Belgian border (undefended)

Germans move northwest to coast

*Dunkirk = coastal town (northwest France, near English Channel)

*German troops trapped hundreds of thousands of Allied troops

*Allied military & civilian ships saved over 300,000 retreated to Great Britain

*June 22, 1940

France surrendered to Germany

*Germany occupied France

*Vichy France:

*area under control of French officials cooperating with Hitler

Free French & Free French & ResistanceResistance*General Charles DeGaulle

led the government in exile – Free French*Resistance Fighters continued to try to disrupt German occupation of France with assassination & sabotage

*In 1940 Germany began a massive bombing campaign to demoralize Great Britain

*The RAF successfully defended Great Britain via radar!

America’s America’s Supporting RoleSupporting Role

a)a)Cash and CarryCash and Carry

b)b)Lend-LeaseLend-Lease

c)c)Atlantic CharterAtlantic Charter

*Allowed Allied nations to buy war goods from the United States

*PROVISIONS:

*Required to pay in cash

*Required to transport the

goods on their own ships

Cash and CarryCash and Carry

Lend–LeaseLend–Lease*Allowed Allied nations to buy war goods from the United States

*PROVISIONS:

*Could buy goods on credit in exchange for leases on military bases

The Atlantic CharterThe Atlantic Charter Franklin Delanor Roosevelt & Churchill agree on war aims (August 1941)

*Seized Hong Kong, Singapore, and invaded the Philippines.

* Took both Thailand and Burma, which bordered India.

Pearl HarborPearl Harbor

in·tern·ment  n. 1. The act of interning or confining,

especially in wartime.2. The state of being interned; confinement

*Hitler had been secretly planning a series of military operations against the Soviet Union since the summer of 1940. *Hitler did not trust the Soviets.*June 1941*On June 22, 1941, Hitler launched his campaign

against the Soviet Union using blitzkrieg. (Event 6: The Soviet Union Invasion)*They unsuccessfully tried to take over

Leningrad and Moscow.*The winter weather of 1941 stopped them.

*July 1942*The Germans try to conquer the USSR again

by taking Stalingrad (Battle of Stalingrad)*February 2, 1943: 90,000 frostbitten, half-

starved German troops surrendered to the Soviets*This was a huge victory for the Soviets as

the Germans were no on the defensive.

*Summer 1943*The Red Army began to push the Nazi

armies back to Germany.

*The United States Enters the War*December 7th, 1941: The Japanese attacks

the United States fleet at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii by surprise.

*Half of the ships in the US Navy were destroyed

*December 8th, 1941: The United States declares war on Japan.

*December 11th, 1941: Italy and Germany (remember the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis?)

declare war on the United States.

*The Japanese considered it dishonorable to surrender, and they had contempt for the prisoners of war in their charge. *They forced a march of more than 50 miles up

the peninsula and subjected their captives to terrible cruelties:* “I was questioned by a Japanese officer, who found

out that I had been in a Philippine Scout Battalion. The [Japanese] hated the Scouts…anyway, they took me outside and I was forced to watch as they buried six of my Scouts alive. They made the men dig their own graves, and then had them kneel down in a pit. The guards hit them over the head with shoves to stun them and piled earth on top.” --Lieutenant John Spainhower

*Where did it take place? One of the Solomon Islands*Who was involved? Japan & the U.S.*What happened? * Japan constructed an airfield there*US Marines surprised them and seized the airfield before the

Japanese completed it and made it a major stronghold*Why was it important? It was another major turning point in

favor of the Allies in the Pacific War.

*September 1940: Italy attacked the British forces in Egypt.*The German and British armies did most of the fighting in North Africa.*At El Alamein, in 1942, the Germans were finally forced to retreat.*Operation Torch*The first fighting between American

and German troops in WWII.*June 1944: The Allies capture Rome and defeat the Italians.

*Churchill and Roosevelt met together aboard a warship in the Atlantic Ocean and signed the Atlantic Charter. *This supported the right of all people to choose their own government.

*It proposed a world organization be established to keep peace.

*The Allies agreed that Germany, Italy, and Japan must be forced to accept unconditional surrender.

*November 1943: Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met at Teheran (Iran) and agreed to launch the Allied invasion of Western Europe.

*June 6, 1944: D-Day*This was the largest invasion in history.*Within a month, more than one million Allied soldiers

landed on the beaches of Normandy in France.

*December 1944: The Germans were pushed back to their own border.*March 1945: The American army crossed the Rhine River into Germany.*April 1945: The Russians reach Berlin, Germany.*May 2nd, 1945: Berlin falls to the Allies.*May 7th, 1945: The German forces surrender. (A week before Germany surrendered, Hitler committed suicide.)