kmaq-ly-imkvXw

tIc-f-k¿°m¿

hnZym-`ym-kh-Ip∏v

2009

Ãm≥tU¿Uv

VI

`mKw˛ 1

Prepared by :State Council of EducationalResearch and Training (SCERT)Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram - 12, Kerala.Website www.scertkerala.gov.ine-mail scertkerala@asianetindia.com

© Government of Kerala • Department of Education • 2009

tZio-b-Km\w

P\-K-W-a-\- -A-[n-\m-bI Pbtl

`mc-X -`m-Ky-hn-[mXm,

]©m-_-kn‘p KpP-dmØ admTm

ZmhnU DXv°-e- _w-Km,

hn‘y-ln-am-N-e -b-ap\mKwKm,

D—e Pe-[nX-cwKm,

Xh-ip-`-\mta PmtK,

Xh-ip` Bin-j -am-tK,

Kmtl Xh- P-b- KmYm

P\-K-W-aw-K-e-Zm-bI Pbtl

`mc-X- m-Ky-hn-[mXm.

Pb-tl, Pb-tl, Pb-tl,

Pb Pb Pb Pbtl!

]nb-s∏´ Ip´n-I-tf,

]]-©hpw a\p-jy\pw XΩnepw a\p-jy\pw a\p-jy\pw

XΩnepw _‘-߃ ]pXp-°s∏´psIm≠n-cn-°p-∂p. Cu

_‘-ßsf IqSp-X¬ i‡ns∏SpØn-s°m≠v A¿∞

]q¿Æ-amb Hcp temI-Øn-te-°p≈ bmXbnemWv \mw.

Ncn-X-kw-`-h-ßsfbpw ka-Im-enI Pohn-X-sØbpw ]c-

kv]cw _‘-s∏-SpØn hni-I-e\w sNøm≥ kmaq-ly-

imkvXw Hcp D]m-[n-bmbn amtd-≠-Xp-≠v. Cu ImgvN-∏m-

Sn¬ ]mT]pkvXIw ]tbmP\-s∏-Sp-Øn hmb-\bpw At\z-

j-Whpw \nco-£-Whpw \S-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. CXn-eqsS

kmaqly]iv\-߃ hni-I-e\w sNøm\pw hna¿i-\m-fl-

I-ambn hne-bn-cp-Øm-\p-ap≈ tijn \mw hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-

°-Ww. CtXmsSm∏w kaqlØns‚ s]mXpt£aØn

\mbp≈ ]h¿Ø\ßfnepw \mw ]¶mfnIfm

tI≠Xp≠v. kmaqly Xn∑Isf Xncn®dnbphm\pw

Ahsb C√mbva sNøm\pw \ap°p km[n°Ww. CXn-

s\√mw klm-b-I-amb hn[-Øn¬ Cu ]mT-]p-kvXIw D]-

tbm-Kn-°q.

kvt\lm-iw-k-I-tfmsS,

F.-]n.Fw -apl-ΩZv l\ojv I.A.SUb-d-IvS¿ C≥˛Nm¿PvFkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn.

inev]-im-e-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Ø-h¿

io. A`n-emjv Pn.B¿.

io. ANyp-X≥Ip´n sI.

io. Aen CIv_m¬ sI.kn.

io. AtimIv Ipam¿ Sn.sI.

io. Gen-bmkv amXyp

io. tPm¿PvIp´n. Un.

io. IrjvW≥Ipdnb

io. aWn-I-WvT≥ ]n.Sn.

io. taml\≥ C.kn.

io. amXyp Fw.Fw.

io. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ ]n.

io. cmP≥ hb¬ho´n¬

io. cmtP-µ≥ F.

io. dPn h¿§okv

io. kpsse-am≥ F-kv.

io. kptc-µ≥ bp.sI.

]mT-]p-kvXI cN\kmaq-ly-imkvXw Ãm≥tU¿Uv VI

inev]-im-e-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Ø- tZiob hnZ-Kv[¿

NnX-Imc-∑m¿

io. [¿a-]m-¬ sI.

io. P\m¿Z-\≥ sI.kn.

io. kptcjv kn.

io. io\n-hm-k≥ F≥.-sI.

hnZ-Kv[¿

s]m^. sI. _me-IrjvW≥

s]m^. hn. Im¿Øn-tI-b≥ \mb¿

tUm. ]n.kn. ]k-∂-Ip-am¿

A°m-Z-anIv tImUnt\-‰¿am¿

ioa-Xn. NnXm am[-h≥

tUm. Ie. F≥.

io. ctajv sI.

kwÿm\ hnZym- ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\ kanXn (SCERT)hnZym-`h≥, ]qP-∏p-c, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw 695 012

io. AeIvkv Fw. tPm¿Pv

tUm. A\n≥¥nXm-ZØ

io. Ac-hnµv k¿Zm\

tUm. IpwIpw tdmbv

tUm. sk\p- Ip-cy≥ tPm¿Pv

io. kp_-“Wyw kn.F≥.

tUm. kpµcn cho-µ≥

Ipamcn. bap\ kÆn

tUm. h¿Kokv F. sP.

io. thWp-tKm-]m-e≥ sI.

1. ]›n-a-L- -Øn-eqsS... 7 - 22

2. ChnsS Pohn-°p-∂-h¿... 23 - 32

3. `£y-kp-c£ 33 - 41

4. hyh-km-bhntijw 42 - 54

5. `qan-bn¬ \ΩpsS ÿm\w 55 - 63

6. A[n-Imcw P\-߃°v 64 - 72

D≈S°w

kkk

]›n-a-L- -Øn-eqsS...1

¢mkv Bdv

kmaq-ly-imkvXw

8

tIc-f-Øn¬ amX-w ImWp∂ Pohn-Ifpt≠m?

kmaqlyimkvX-¢-∫n-¬ Ban-\-°p´n Hcp tNmZyw Db¿Øn. N¿®-Iƒs°m-Sp-hn¬

hc-bmS,v ae-ap-g°n thgm-º¬, knwl-hm-e≥ Ipc-ßv, ae-b-Æm≥ F∂nh A]q¿∆hpw

F∂m¬ ]›n-a-L- -ae\nc-I-fn¬ [mcmfambn ImWp∂hbpam-sW∂ \nK-a-\-Øn-

seØn. ]ecpw hc-bm-Sn-s‚bpw knwl-hm-e≥ Ipc-ßn-s‚bpw NnX-߃ I≠n- p-≠v.

F∂m¬ ae-b-Æm-s\tbm AXns‚ NnXtam I≠n- p-≈-h¿ Ipdh-m-bn-cp-∂p.

kmaq-ly-im-kvX-¢-_ns‚ B`n-ap-Jy-Øn¬ Hcp kwLw Ip´n-Iƒ ]›n-a-L´ae-I-fn-

eqsS Hcp bmX \S-Øm≥ Xocp-am-\n®p.

Xmsg-∏dbp-∂-hbn¬ GXp bmXmam¿K-amWv Ah¿°v kzoI-cn-°mhp-∂-Xv? F¥p-

sIm≠v?

$Xoh≠n $t_m vv $Im¬\S $_ v

A[ymbw -H∂v

]›n-a-L- -Øn-eq-sS...

9Iq -Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ AJn-em- \mYv Xbm-dm-°nb bmXmhnh-c-W-Øn¬\n∂v:

aqS¬a™p- \nd™ ]`m-X-w. \√ XWp∏v. ac-߃ ]`m-XsØ

hcth¬°m≥ XpS-ßp-∂tXbp-≈q. kqcy-c-iva-nI-tf‰v ac-s°m-ºp-I-

fn¬ ]‰n-∏n-Sn® a™p-Xp≈n-Iƒ hP-°-√p-Iƒ t]mse Xnfßn.

hgn-°m-gvN-Iƒ hfsc at\m-l-c-am-bn-cp-∂p. ae-tbmcsØ ]Ir-Xn- wKn

Fs‚ lrZ-bsØ kv]¿in-®p. ae-bn-Sp-°p-Ifpw s]m´n-®n-cn-s®m-gp-Ip∂

sNdp-tNm-e-Ifpw Iq‰≥ ]md-s°- p-Ifpw hgn-°n-cp-h-iØpw Zqc-Ømbn

ImWm-am-bn-cp-∂p.

]›n-a-L´w

C¥y

]›n-a-L´ ae-\n-c-Iƒ

Ad-_

n-°-S¬ _

wKmƒ

Dƒ°

-S¬

C¥y≥a-lm-k-apZw

_w•m-tZiv

t\∏mƒ`q´m≥

]m°

n-ÿm≥

h

¢mkv Bdv

kmaq-ly-imkvXw

10tIc-f-Øns‚ Ing-°p- m-KsØ ae-\n-c-Iƒ F¥p-sIm-≠mWv ]-›n-a-L- w F∂v Adn-

b-s∏Sp-∂-Xv? B ae-\n-cIsf kly-]¿hXw F∂pw \mw hnfn-°m-dp-≠v. ]Sn-™mdv

Ad-_n-°-S-en¬ \n∂p hoip∂ \ocmhn\nd™ Im‰ns\ ]›n-a-L- ae-\n-c-Iƒ XS-

™p-\n¿Øp∂p. tIc-f-Øn¬ [mcmfw ag In´p-∂-Xn\v CXv klm-bIamWv. Cu a-e-

\n-c-Iƒ tIc-f-Øns‚ Imem-h-ÿsb i‡ambn kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p.

\n߃ Pohn-°p∂ ]tZ-i-sØbpw Ahn-SsØ P\-Po-hn-X-sØbpw ]›n-a-L- -a-e-\n-

c-Iƒ kzm[o\n°p∂pt≠m? N¿®sNøp-I.

Fs‚ Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ

$ ......................................................................................................................................................................

temI-Ønse ]cn-ÿnXn]m[m-\y-ap-≈Xpw kwc-£n-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xp-amb ]Xn-s\´v ssPh-

ssh-hn-[y-ta-J-e-I-fpsS ]´nI sFIy-cm-jvS-k` Xbm-dm-°n-bn-´p-≠v. CXn-epƒs∏-Sp∂

H∂mWv ]›n-a-L´ae-\n-c-Iƒ.

]›n-a-L- -Ønse ssPh-ssh-hn[yw

temI-Ønse anI-® ssPhkº-

Øp≈ ]-tZ-i-ßfn-sem∂mWv

]›n-a-L´ ae-\n-c-Iƒ. CS-Xq¿∂

h\-ß-ƒ, apf-¶m-Sp-Iƒ, Ce-s]m-

gnbpw h\-߃, ]p¬ta-Sp-Iƒ,

tNme-h -\ -߃ C-h -sb√mw

ChnsS ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. A]q¿h

C\-Øn¬s∏´ kky-ß-fp-sSbpw

P¥p-°-fp -sSbpw Bhm-k-hy-

hÿ IqSn-bm-Wv Cu ae-\n-c-Iƒ.

sske‚ vhmen

]me-°mSv Pn√-bpsS hS-°p-In-g°p mK-Ømbn ÿnXnsNøp∂ \nXy-l-cnX h\-]-tZ-

i-amWv sske‚ v hmen. a\p-jy¿ IS-∂p-sN-∂n- n-√mØ ]tZi-߃ t]mepw Cu h\-

ta-J-e-bpsS ]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv.

`mc-X-∏p-g-bpsS ssIh-gn-bmb Ip¥n-∏pg ChnsS\n∂mWv D¤-hn-°p-∂-Xv. kv^SnIw

t]mse sXfn™ Pew Hgp-Ip∂ Cu \Zn ]Ir-Xn-bpsS hc-Zm-\-am-Wv. ]mcn-ÿn-

XnI]m[m\yw IW°nse-Sp-Øv 1984˛¬ sske‚ v hmensb tZio-tbm-Zym-\-ambn ]Jym-

]n®n´p≠v.

sske‚ vhmen ]tZ-iØv Nohn-Sp-Iƒ A]q¿h-am-b-ncp∂Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv Cu ]tZ-i-

Øn\v \n»_vZXmgvhc F∂p t]cp h∂Xv. sske‚ vhmen-bn¬ Bbn-c-tØmfw C\w

A]q¿h kky-߃ D≠v. Gsdbpw Huj-[-k-ky-ß-fm-Wv.

A[ymbw -H∂v

]›n-a-L- -Øn-eq-sS...

11`qap-JØv A]q¿-h-ambns°m≠n-cn-°p∂ At\Iw PohPme-߃ sske‚ vhmen-bn-

ep-≠v. knwl-hm-e≥ Ip-cßv, ae-ap-g°n thgm-º¬, Icn-¶p-cßv XpS-ßn-b-h Ch-bn¬

Nne-Xp -am-Xw.

sske‚ vhmenbn¬ Ip¥n-∏p-

gbv°p IpdpsI AW-sI´n

sshZypXn D¬]m-Zn-∏n°W-

sa∂ \n¿tZiw D≠mbn.

tIcfw Du¿P°Ωn t\cn-Sp-∂p-

sh-¶nepw Cu ]tZ-i-Øns‚

]mcn-ÿn-XnI ]m[m\yw IW-

°n-se-Sp-Øv ]-≤Xn Dt]-£n-

°Wsa∂v ]e imkvX-⁄cpw

]cn-ÿnXn kwL-S-\-IfpwA`n-

]m-b-s∏´p. \nc-h[n ]t£m- -

ßfpw Db¿∂p-h∂p. Aß-s\-

bmWv k¿°m¿ Cu ]≤Xn

Dt]-£n-®Xv.

$ ]›na-L-´ -Ønse ]e

]tZ-i-ßfpw sske‚ vhmen-

sb-t∏mse A]q¿h kky-

P¥p-hn- m-K-ß-fpsS BhmktIµ-am-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ Ch-bn¬ ]e Poh-Pm-e-

ßfpw C∂v C√mXm-bns°m≠n-cn-°p-∂p. \nß-fpsS ]tZ-iØv Hcp At\z-jWw

\S-Øn-t\m-°q. AhnsS GsX-¶nepw P¥p-hn- mKw C√m-Xmbn´pt≠m? C√m-Xm-

hp∂ps≠-¶n¬, F¥p-sIm-≠mhmw ? apXn¿∂-h-cpsS klm-b-tØmsS Is≠Øn

]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øq.

AJn-em -\m-Yns‚ bmXm-hn-h-cWw XpS-cp∂p

\Zntbm-S-Sp-Øt∏mtg°pw ]Ir-Xn -Iq-Sp-X¬ at\m-l-cambn. hgn-°n-

cp-h-iØpw hr£-e-XmZn-Iƒ CS-Xq¿∂p \n∂n-cp-∂p. [mcmfw ]md-

°-√p-Iƒ Ftßm- \n∂v NnX-dn-sØ-dn-®p-hoWt]mse \Znbnse sXfn-

\o-cn¬ Xnfßp-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

sh≈®m´w I≠p. hfsc kml-knIX \nd™Xm-bn-cp-∂p bmX.

Ib-dn¬ ]nSn®v hgp-°p∂ I√p-I-fn¬ Nhn´n t]mI-W-am-bn-cp-∂p.

Zp¿L-S-amb h\-]-tZiw XcWw sNbvXmWv B sh≈-®m- -Øn-\-Sp-

sØ-ØnbXv. am\w ap´p∂ ae-bn¬ \n∂v ]Xn-°p∂ \Zn ImWm≥

Fs¥m-cp- w-Kn!

tIc-f-Ønse 44 \Zn-Ifpw ]›naL´ ae-\n-c-Ifn¬ \n∂mWv D¤-hn-°p-∂Xv. Ch-bn¬

aqs∂-Æ-sam-gnsI _m°n-sb√mw ]Sn-™m-tdm-´mWv Hgp-Ip-∂-Xv. an° -\-Zn-Ifpw

Ad-_n-°-S-en¬ sN∂p-tN-cp-∂p. Nne \Zn-Iƒ Imb-ep-I-fn-epw.

sske‚ v hmen-bn¬ AXy-]q¿h kky-h¿Kw

a Æ m ¿ ° m S v :

sske‚ v hmen-

bn¬ AXy-]q¿

hhpw hwi-\m-i-

`o-j-Wn t\cn-Sp-

∂-Xp-amb kky-

h¿KsØ Is≠-

Øn. ^vfwanw -

Pnb \o¬Kncn

F≥ knkv F∂

imkvXob-\m -a -Øn -e -dn -b -s∏ -Sp∂ ]S -cp∂

sNSnsbbmWv ]pXp-Xmbn Is≠-Øn-b-Xv. Umans‚

]cn-k-cØv 28 h¿jw apºv Cu sNSn Is≠-Øn-bn-

cp∂p. sske‚ v hmen-bnse B\-hm-bvIp-∂p-I-fn¬

1600˛1700 ao‰¿ Db-c-Øn-emWv Cu kky-sØ ho≠pw

Is≠-Øn-bXv.

¢mkv Bdv

kmaq-ly-imkvXw

12

tIc-fw˛ ]›n-a-L- hpw \Zn-I-fpw

I ¿ Wm- S Iw

X an- gv \m Sv

e £

-Zzo ]

v I S

¬

hf-]- Ww

Nmen-bm¿

`mc-X-∏pg

s]cn-bm¿

]º

s\øm¿

\Zn-Iƒ

]›n-a-L´w

h

A[ymbw -H∂v

]›n-a-L- -Øn-eq-sS...

13$ \nß-fpsS Pn√-bneqsS HgpIp∂ ][m\ \Zn-Iƒ G-sX∂pw Ah Fhn-sS-bmWv

]Xn-°p-∂-sX∂pw Is≠Ønsb-gp-Xq.

$ \nß-fp-sS Pn√-bn-eqsS Hgp-Ip∂ \Zn at‰-sX√mw Pn√-I-fn-eqsS Hgp-Ip-∂p-s≠∂p

Is≠Øn ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øq.

$ tIc-f-Øn¬ [mcmfw \Zn-Iƒ D≠m-hm≥ F¥mWv Imc-Ww?

sh≈-Øn¬ \n∂v shfn®w

]›n-a-L- -Øn¬ \n∂v D¤-

hn®v tIc-f-Øn-eq-sS Hgp-Ip∂

\Zn-I-sf√mw s]mXpth \ofw

Ipd-™-h-bm-Wv. Db¿∂ ae-\n-

c-I-fn¬ \n∂v Xmtgm-s´m-gp-Ip-

tºmƒ [mcmfw sh≈-®m-´-

߃ D≠m-Ip-∂p. CSp-ßnb

Xmgvhc-I-fn-eq-sS- IpØs\

bmWv ]e -\-Zn-Ifpw Hgp-Ip-

∂Xv. Ccp-]p-d-hp-ap≈ ae-Isf

_‘n-∏n®v AW-sI´n sh≈w

XS™p-\n¿Øm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

CØ-c-Øn¬ tiJ-cn-°p∂ sh≈w sshZypXn D¬∏mZ\-Øn\pw Pe-tkN-\-Øn\pw

D]-Im-c-s∏-Sp-∂p. Cu ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ sIm≠v Pe-ssh-ZypX]≤-Xn-Iƒ°v tbm-Pn® ÿe-

amWv tIc-fw F∂p ]d-bmw.

tIc-f-Øn-ep≈ -ssh-ZypX]≤-Xn-Ifn¬ G‰hpw hepXv CSp°n Pe-ssh-Zyp-X-]-≤-

XnbmWv.- CXv s]cn-bm-¿ \Zn-bn-emWv ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂-Xv.

][m\ Pe-ssh-ZypX]≤-Xn-Iƒ, Ah ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ Pn√, \Zn-Iƒ F∂nh ASpØ

t]Pn¬ tN¿Øn- p≈ q]-S-Øn¬\n∂v Is≠Øn ]´nI ]q¿Ønbm-°q.

\Zn Pn√ Pe-ssh-ZypX]≤Xn

$ Ip‰ymSn tImgn-t°mSv Ip‰ymSn

sshZyp-Xn-bp¬]m-Zn-∏n-°m≥ ]©m-bØpw

h≥InS Pe-ssh-ZypX]≤-Xn-I-fpsSbX- ]cn-ÿnXnsb _m[n°m-Ø-h-bmWv sNdp-InS

Pe-ssh-ZypX]≤-Xn-Iƒ. sNdnb Acp-hn-I-fn¬ XS-bW-Iƒ sI´nbpw sh≈-®m- -߃

D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-bp-amWv CØcw ]≤Xn-Ifn¬ sshZyp-Xn-bp¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂Xv. ]›n-

a-L- -Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ sNdp-InS Pe-ssh-Zyp-X-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ°v A\p-tbm-Py-amWv.

CSp°n Pe-ssh-ZypX ]≤Xn

¢mkv Bdv

kmaq-ly-imkvXw

14

e £

- Zzo ]

v I S ¬

I ¿ Wm- S Iw

X an- gv \

m Sv

1. t]∏md

2. I√S

3. i_-cn-Kncn

4. t\cy-aw-Kew

5. ]∂n-bm¿

6. s]cn-߬IpØv

7. tjmf-bm¿

8. Ip‰ymSn

9. CSp°n

10. CS-a-e-bm¿

11. sN¶pfw

12. ]≈n-hm-k¬

13. temh¿ s]cn-bm¿

14. am´p-s∏´n

15. I°mSv

16. IpØpw-K¬

17. ae-ºpg

18. ae-¶c

19. Ddpan

20. sNºq-°-Shv

tIc-fw˛ Pe-ssh-ZypX]≤-Xn-Iƒ

h

A[ymbw -H∂v

]›n-a-L- -Øn-eq-sS...

15tIc-f-Øn¬ k¿°m¿taJ-e-bn¬ amX-a√ kzIm-cyta-J-e-bnepw sNdpInS

PesshZypX]≤-Xn-Iƒ \ne-hn-ep-≠v.

]me-°mSv Pn√m-]-©m-b-Øns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ ao≥h√w sshZypXnbp¬]m-Z-\-]≤Xn,

CSp°n Pn√-bnse am¶pfw Kma-]©m-b-Øns‚ t\Xy-Xz-Ønep≈ sshZyp-Xn-bp¬∏mZ\

]≤Xn F∂nh tIc-f-Øn¬ ]©m-b-Øp-I-fpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \S-∏n-em-°n-bh-bmWv.

Cu sNdp-InS sshZyp-X-]-≤Xn Np‰p-]m-Sp-ap≈ ]tZ-i-߃°m-h-iy-amb sshZypXn

\¬Inhcp-∂p.

$ ]›n-aL´a-e-\n-c-I-fn¬ \n∂v D¤-hn-°p∂ \Zn-Iƒ \ap°v ]e-X-c-Øn¬ D]-Im-

c-]-Z-am-Wv. sshZyp-Xn-bpsS Imcyw \mw a\- n-em-°n-b-t√m. CXp-t]mse at‰-sX√mw

hn[-Øn-emWv Cu \Zn-Iƒ \ap°v D]-I-cn-°p-∂Xv?

tIcfw CXc kwÿm\--ß-fp-ambn _‘w ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn¬ ]›n-a-L´w XS w

krjvSn-°p-∂pt≠m? tIc-fo-b¿ Fß-s\-bmWv Ab¬ kwÿm-\-ß-fp-ambn KXm-KX˛

hm-Wn-Py-_-‘-߃ ÿm]n-®n-cp-∂Xv?

aebpw adn-I-S°pw

\nß-fpsS ]tZ-i-tØmSv ASp-Øp-In-S-°p∂ Ab¬ kwÿm-\-ta-XmWv? Ahn-tS°v

FØn-t®-cp-∂-Xn-\p≈ G‰hpw Ffp-∏-ap≈ am¿Kw GsX∂v `q]-S-ßfpsS klm-b-

tØmsS Is≠-Øq. tdmUv, sdbn¬ Ch-bn--te-XmWv \n߃ bmX-bv°mbn Xnc-s™-

Sp-°pI? tIc-f-Øn¬ \n∂v a‰p kwÿm\ß-fn-te°v KXm-K-X-am¿K-߃ Ipd-bm≥

F¥mWv Imc-Ww?

]›n-a-L´w apdn®v Xan-gv\mSv, I¿Wm-SIw F∂o kwÿm-\-ß-fn-te°v t]mIp∂

][m\ tdmUp-Iƒ:

1. Bcy-¶m-hv ˛ sNt¶m´

2. Ipafn ˛ tX\n

3. aq∂m¿ ˛ sImssS-°-\m¬

4. ad-bq¿ ˛ DZp-a¬t]´

5. s\∑md ˛ s]m≈m®n

6. ]me-°mSv ˛ s]m≈m®n

7. ]me-°mSv ˛ tImb-º-Øq¿

8. A-K-fn ˛ tImb-º-Øq¿

9. \ne-ºq¿ ˛ KpU-√q¿

10. kp¬Øm≥_-tØcn ˛ Kp≠¬t]´

11. am\-¥-hmSn ˛ tXm¬s]´n

12. Ccn´n ˛ hncm-Pvt]´

¢mkv Bdv

kmaq-ly-imkvXw

16

]›n-a-L- -Øn-eq-sS- IS-∂p-t]m-Ip∂ tZio-b-]mXIƒ

e £

- Zzo ]

v I S ¬

I ¿ Wm- S Iw

X an- gv \

m Sv

]›n-a-L- w

ae-b-Sn-hmcw

tZiob ]mX

h

A[ymbw -H∂v

]›n-a-L- -Øn-eq-sS...

17

]me-°mSv Npcw

]›naL´Øn¬ 24 apX¬ 40 Intem-ao-‰¿ hsc hoXnbn¬ ae-\n-cIfn-√mØ Hcp mK-

ap≠v. CXmWv ]me°mSv Npcw F∂v Adn-bs∏Sp∂-Xv. tIcfNcn-XØn¬ Cu -NpcØn\v

hfsc ][m\y-ap≠v. ap≥Ime-ßf-n¬ tIc-fØn\v C¥y-bpsS a‰p `mK-ß-fp-ambn

_‘s∏-Sm-\p≈ ][m\ am¿Kambn-cp∂p CXv.

tIc-fhpw Xan-gv\mSpambn _‘n-∏n°p∂ tdmUpIfpw sdbnepw CXp-hgn

IS∂pt]mIp∂p. ]›n-a-L- -a-e-\n-cIfnse Cu hnShv ]me-°mS-ns‚ Imem-h-ÿsbbpw

Irjn-sbbpw kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p-≠v.

$ ]me-°mSv Pn√-bnse Nne ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ \ne-°-S-ebpw ]cp-Ønbpw Irjn-sN-

bvXp-h-cp-∂p. Cu hnf-Iƒ tIcf-Ønse a‰p Pn√--I-fn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂n-√. F¥p-

sIm≠v?

B\-Ømc

C¥ybpsS ]Sn™mdp `mKØmbn \o≠pInS°p∂ ]›na-L´Ønse an° -h-\-

ßfpw Rß-fpsS hmk-ÿ-e-ßfmWv. henb ico-chpw hln®v Hcp-]mSp Zqcw R߃

k©-cn-°p-∂p˛`£-Whpw sh≈hpw tXSn-bp≈ bmX. Rß-fpsS k©m-c-Øn\v

ÿnchpw IrXy-hp-amb hgn-I-fp-≠v. ae-\n-c-I-fnse IpØ-s\-bp≈ Ncnthm Cd-

°tam D≈ hgn-Iƒ R߃ Xnc-s™-Sp-°m-dn-√. Htc \nc-∏n-ep≈ Rß-fpsS ]mX-

sb a\p-jy¿ "B\-Ømc' F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p. ae-\n-c-I-fn¬ hgn-sh- p∂ a\p-jy¿

B\-Øm-c-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn°p∂p. ]›n-a-L -Øn¬ Atßm-f-an-tßm-f-w \nc-h[n B\-

Øm-c-Ifp≠v. Irjn, tdmUp-\n¿amWw, sshZyp-Xn-°ºnhen-°¬, Imen-ta-bv°¬,

hndIptiJ-cWw Aßs\ A\-h[n ]h¿Ø-\-߃°v B\-Øm-c-Iƒ ]tbm-P-

\s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

CsXm-∂p-a-dn-bmsX \S-∂p-t]m-Ip∂ R߃°v ]e-X-c-Øn-ep≈ ]iv\-߃ t\cn-

tS-≠n-h-cp-∂p. Adn-bmsX tdmUp apdn-®p-I-S-°p-tºmgpw Xo‰-tX-Sp-tºmgpw a‰pw

sshZyp-Xn-sse-\n¬ X´n Rß-fn¬ hf-sc-t∏-¿ ac-W-a-S-bp-∂p.

Ime-ß-fmbn R߃ \oßp∂ Nne

ÿnc-h-gn-I-fp-≠v. tdmUpw a\p-jy-cpsS

a‰p]e ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw ImcWw

Rß-fpsS ]g-a-bm¿∂ hgn-I-fn¬ XS-

-ap-≠m-Ip-∂p. h\]tZ-i-߃ Ipd-bp-

∂n-S-ß-fn¬ ]et∏mgpw a\p-j-y-cpsS

Irjnÿe-ß-fn¬ sN∂v R߃°v

hni-∏-St°-≠n-hcp∂p. Ah¿ Rßsf

BI-an -®mtem? Rß-fpsS hgn -

bn¬s∏´v ac-W-a-S-bp∂ a\p-jy¿ \nc-

h-[n-bm-Wv.

¢mkv Bdv

kmaq-ly-imkvXw

18Rß-fpsS ÿnc-h-gn-I-fn¬ \n∂p amdn-Øm-a-kn-®m¬ A]-I-S-߃ Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc

Ipdbv-°m-\m-Ipw. Xncp-fmw-Ip∂v hnt√-Pp-Im¿ CØ-c-Øn¬ amdn-Øm-a-kn®v amXrI

ImWn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. ap∏-tXmfw IpSpw-_-ß-fmWv CØcØn¬ amdn-Øm-a-kn-®-Xv.

]›n-a-L´w a\p-jy¿°p amX-ap-≈-X-√. Rß-fpƒs∏sS a‰p Pohn-Iƒ°pIqSn-

bp≈XmsW∂v Hm¿an-∏n-°-s´.

$ ]›n-a-L- Øn-s‚ Xmgvhm-c-ßfnse a\p-jy-cpsS CSs-]-S-ep-Iƒ h\y-Po-hn-I-fpsS

sskzcyPohn-XsØ Fßs\ _m[n-°p∂p? F¥p-sIm≠v?

$ ae-tbmcI¿j-I¿°v h\yPohn-I-fpsS BI-aWw t\cn-tS-≠n-h-cp-∂Xv F¥p-

sIm≠v? ¢mkn¬ N¿®sNøq.

ae-ap-I-fn¬ Pohn-°p-∂-h¿

tIcf-Ønse h\-߃ A[n-Ihpw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂Xv ]›n-a-L- -Øn-em-Wv. BZn-hmkn

hn`mK-ß-fn¬ qcn- m-Khpw ]›na-L- -a-e-\n-c-I-fn-emWv hkn-°p-∂-Xv. efn-X-Po-hnXw

\bn-°p-Ibpw kmaq-ly-_-‘-Øn¬ kaXzw ]men-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ Ch-sc-°p-dn®v

IqSp-X-embn "ChnsS Pohn-°p-∂-h¿' F∂ ]mT- m-K-Øn¬ N¿®sNøpw.

]me-°mSv Pn√bn¬ A -∏m-Sn-bnse Ccp-f¿ C∂v ag A-[n-I-an-√m-Ø-bn-S-ß-fn-emWv

Pohn-°p-∂-Xv. GI-tZiw Adp-]Xp h¿j-߃°p-apºphsc Ch¿ Pe-e- y-X-bp≈ Acp-

hn-I-fpsS Xoc-ß-fn-emWv Pohn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. ]c-º-cm-KX hmk-ÿ-e-߃ a‰v Bfp-Iƒ

ssIø-S-°n-bXp ImcWw Ch¿°v ag Ipd™ ae-ap-I-fn-te°p \otß≠n h∂p.

s\√n-bmw-]-Xn-bnse "ImScp'sS hmk-ÿ-e-ØneqsS t^mdÃv Smwth D≠m-°n-b-t∏mƒ,

sIm®ncmPmhv hoSp-Iƒ h-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-Ibpw s\¬°r-jn-°p-th≠n Pe-tkN\ku-

I-cy-߃ D≠m-°n-s°m-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]n¬°m-eØv ]d-ºn-°pfw h\-]-tZ-iØp

Xma-kn-®t∏mƒ Ch¿°v h\y-Pohnkt¶-X-߃, tX°n≥ tXm´ßƒ, AW-s°- p-Iƒ

F∂nh aqew _p≤nap- p-Iƒ t\cn-tS-≠n-h∂p. h\w-h-Ip-∏n-s‚bpw a‰p hIp-∏p-I-fp-sS-

bpw Iogn¬ Iqen-∏-Wn-sNbvXmWv Ct∏mƒ Ch¿ Pohn-°p-∂Xv.

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw, ]Ø-\w-Xn´ Pn√-I-fn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂ "ae-¶p-d-h-'∑m-cp-sSbpw tIm -

bw, CSp-°n, ]Ø-\w-Xn´ Pn√-bnse "ae-bp-≈m-S'-∑m-cp-sSbpw "ae-b-c-b-'∑m-cp-sSbpw a‰p

]e-cp-sSbpw Pohn-X-ÿnXnbpw CXp Xs∂-bm-Wv.

A[ymbw -H∂v

]›n-a-L- -Øn-eq-sS...

19

A -∏mSn ]cn-ÿnXn]p\ÿm]\]≤Xn

]›n-a-L´ ae-\n-c-I-fnse ag\ng¬]tZ-i-apƒs∏´ khn-ti-j-X-bm¿∂ ]tZ-i-amWv A´-∏m-Sn.

a\p-jys‚ A\n-b-¥n-X-amb ]Ir-Xn-Nq-jWw aqew XI¿∂-Sn™ ]cn-ÿnXn ]tZ-i-amWv

A´-∏m-Sn-bn-te-Xv. GI-tZiw ]Ip-Xn-tbmfw `q]-tZiw Xcn-ip`q-an-bmbn amdn°gn-™p-sh∂v ]T-

\-ß-ƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. Cu ]cn-ÿnXn\miw A´-∏m-Sn-bnse P\-k-aq-l-Øns‚ kmaq-ln-Ihpw

kmº-Øn-I-hp-amb Pohn-X-Øn\v I\Ø BLm-X-ta¬∏n-®n-´p-≠v. ]Ir-Xnsb G‰hpw IqSp-

X¬ Bi-bn-®p- Po-hn-®p-t]m∂ tKmX-P-\-X-sb-bmWv CXv G‰hpw Kpcp-Xcambn _m[n-®-Xv.

Cu kml-N-cy-Øn-emWv A -∏mSn ]cn-ÿnXn ]p\ÿm]\]≤-Xn°v tIc-f-k¿°m¿ cq]w\¬In-

b-Xv.

\in-®p-sIm-≠ncn°p∂ A´-∏m-Sn-bpsS ]cn-ÿnXn ]p\ÿm]n-°p-I, `mhn-bn-ep-≠m-tb-°m-hp∂

]cn-ÿnXn\miw XS-bp-I, P\-]-¶m-fn-Ø-tØmsS ]cn-ÿnXn ]p\ÿm]n°p-∂-Xn¬ A\p-I-c-

Wo-b-amb amXr-I-Iƒ hnI-kn-∏n-°p-I, A´-∏m-Sn-bpsS ]cn-ÿn-Xn-°n-W-ßp∂ kpÿnc Poh-

t\m-]m-[n-Iƒ Ahn-Sp-Øp-Im¿°pth≠n (BZn-hmkn kaq-l-Øn\v ]tXyI Du∂¬ \¬In-)

Bhn-jvI-cn-®p-\-S-∏n-em°pI F∂n-h-bmWv ]≤-Xn-bpsS e£y-߃. Cu ]≤Xn \S-∏n-em-°p-

∂-Xn\v kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ Kma-hn-I-k-\-h-Ip-∏ns‚ Iogn¬ cq]wsImSp-Øn-´p≈ kzbw`c-W-

ÿm-]-\-amWv "A´-∏mSn ln¬ Gcnb Uh-e-]vsa‚ v skmssk‰n' (AHADS).

$ ]›n-a-L- Ønse ssItb-‰-߃ Ahn-sS-bp≈ PohPm-e-ßfpsS \ne-\n¬∏ns\

Fßs\ _m[n-°p∂p? ¢mkn¬ N¿®sNøq.

$ ]cn-ÿnXn\miw BZn-hmkn hn`m-K-ß-fpsS Pohn-XsØ ]Xn-Iq-e-am-bn-_m-[n-®-

sX-ß-s\-sb∂p Is≠Øn Ipdn-∏p-X-bm-dm-°q.

$ \nß-fpsS ]tZ-isØ GsX-¶nepw P\-hn- m-K-Ønt\m Poh-Pm-e-߃t°m CØ-

c-Øn-ep≈ ssItb-‰-߃ t\cn-tS-≠n-h-∂n- pt≠m?

IqSp-X¬ Is≠Ømw

Nne-bn\w kky-߃, Pohn-Iƒ F∂n-hsb Ah-bv°-\p-tbm-Py-amb ]tZ-i-ß-fpsS

t]cp-ambn _‘n-∏n®p ]d-bm-dp-≠v. AØ-c-Øn-ep-≈h IqSp-X¬ Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-

bptam? ian-®p t\m°q.

kky߃ a’yw ]£n arKw

$ hb-\m-S≥ a™ƒ $ Ip´-\m-S≥ Icn-ao≥ $ ISep≠n Bf $ sh®q¿ ]ip

$ A´-∏mSn Xphc $ $ $

$

$

ae-ap-I-fnse Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ

]›n-a-L- -Øn¬ h\-߃°p ]pdsa tXm -߃, hb-ep-Iƒ, a‰p Irjn-bn-S-߃ F∂n-

hbpw hym]-I-am-Wv. tXm´hnf-I-fmb tXbn-e, Im∏n, d_¿, kpK-‘-h-yRvP-\-߃

F∂nh hfsc°meambn ChnsS hym]-I-ambn Irjn-sNbvXphcp-∂p.

¢mkv Bdv

kmaq-ly-imkvXw

20

sIm√n (Rm‰Sn)-

]›n-a-L´ae\nc-bnse a\p-jy¿ BZy-Im-eØv h\- q-anbpsS kzm`m-hnI]Ir-Xn°v

tIm´wX´mØ coXn-bn-emWv Irjn sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xv. ItaW Ch¿ h\-]-tZ-i-Øns‚

Dƒ`m-K-tØ°p IS-∂p-sN∂v Irjn sNøm≥ XpS-ßn. e- q-bn-jvTamb aÆv Irjn°v

Gsd A\p-tbm-Py-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ip∂p-Ifpw Ncn-hp-Ifpw XS-ßfpw a\p-jy-]-bXv\w

sIm≠v Irjn°v tbm-Pn®Xm°n-Øo¿Øp. sXmSnIfpw Iøm-eIfpw \n¿an®v \oscm-gp-

°p- h¿[n-∏n-®tXmsS ]pXnb IrjncoXn-Iƒ aes-©-cp-hn¬ km[y-am-bn. CXn-eqsS

Irjn-°m¿°v hcƒ®sb AXn-Po-hn-°m≥ km[n-°p-sa-∂m-bn. aÆn\p kzm`m-hnI e-

`q-bn-jvT-X-bp-≈-Xn-\m¬ Db¿∂ D¬∏m-Z-\-tijn ssIh-cn-°m-\m-bn. aÆns‚ LS-\-

bn¬ am‰whcpØn Irjn°v A\p-tbm-Py-am-°m≥ ]e- Im-e-ß-fnepw ]e-Xcw ]h¿Ø-

\-߃ \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn ImWm-w.

hb-\m- nse hb-te-e-Iƒ

I¬∏-‰-bv°-SpØv aS°n ae-bn-emWv kp[m-I-cs‚ Irjn-ÿ-ew. Hcp Ip∂n≥ Ncn-

hns‚ Db¿∂`mKw apX¬ Xmsg hb¬ hsc ]c∂pInS-°p-∂-XmWv Irjn-bn-Sw.

Ip∂ns‚ Ncnhv apgp-h≥ Im∏n, Ipcp-ap-fIv tXm -am-Wv. tXm -Øns‚ ]Sn-™m-dp- mKØv

Xmsg\n∂v Hcp \o¿®m¬ ]pd-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. Xmgv`m-K-Øp≈ hb¬ apgp-h≥ Ihpßv

hf¿∂p\n¬°p-∂p. "Imk¿tKm-U≥', "awKf' Ihp-ßp-I-fn¬ ASbv° ]nSn-®n- p-≠v.

Ihp-ßn¬ hm\ne ]S¿Øn-bn- p-≠v. Ihp-ßpIƒ°nS-bv°mbn Gew, hmg F∂n-h-bp-

ap-≠v. hb-ens‚ Hcp `mKØv Aev]-ÿew Xpd- m-bn InS-°p-∂p. ]®-°-dn°rjn-

°mbn \o°nh® Cu ÿe-sam-gnsI Irjn-bnSw apgp-h≥ ac-߃ \nd-™p-\n¬°p∂p.

\mev]-Xp-h¿jw apºp -hsc CXm-bn-cp-∂n√ ÿnXn. Ip∂n≥Ncn-hns‚ Db¿∂`mKØv

Im∏n, Ipcp-ap-fIv tXm -am-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ ]Ip-Xn-tbmfw ÿew sIm√nbpw hbepw

tN¿∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. h¿j-Øn¬ Ht∂m ct≠m ]mhiyw sIm√n-bnepw hb-enepw

s\¬°rjn sNbvXn-cp-∂p. "K‘-I-im-e'bpw "Poc-I-im-e'bpw hnf™ hb-en-¬ "shfn-

b≥', "sXm≠n', "]m¬sØm≠n' XpS-ßnb km[m-cW s\√n-\-ßfpw Irjn sNbvXn-

cp∂p.

ap‰Øv henb Ifw s\√p saXn-°m\pw DW-°m-\p-ambn \ne\n¿Øn-bn-cp-∂p. th\¬°m-

eØv NmWIw sagpIn s]mSn ]mdm-Ø-hn[w cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ Cu henb ap‰-Øns‚

Acn-Ip-I-fn¬Øs∂ h¿j-Im-eØv ]®-°-dn-Ifpw \´p-h-f¿Ønbn-cp-∂p.

A[ymbw -H∂v

]›n-a-L- -Øn-eq-sS...

21sIm√n-bpsS apIƒ`mKw Hcp sNdnb Ipf-am-bn-cp-∂p. "tIWn' F∂mWv ChnsS AXn\v

]d-bp-I. F√m-°m-ehpw AXn¬ \n∂v sh≈w Hgp-In-s°m-≠n-cn-°pw. AXp-sIm≠v

ChnsS s\√m-bn-cp∂p Irjn sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xv. s\¬°r-jn-sb-°mƒ em -I-c-sa∂p I≠v

]n∂oSv ChnsS Gew Irjn-sNøm≥ XpSßn. Ge-Øn\v sh≈w sI´n-\n¬°p-∂Xv

\√-X-√. AXn-\m¬ Nmep-Iƒ Iodn sIm√n-bnse sh≈w hm¿Øp-I-f-™p. Ge-Øn\v

\√ hne-bm-bn-cp-∂p. BZy-L´Øn¬ \√-hn-fhpw In´nbn-cp-∂p. Gew th≠X hnP-

bn-°m-Xm-b-t∏mƒ apcn°p \´v Ipcp-ap-fIv ]S¿Øn. Ipsd-°mew \√ hnfhp In´n.

1957˛emWv kp[mIcs‚ A—≥ sXßn-≥ssXIƒ sIm√n-bn¬ \ -Xv. As∂m∂pw

hb-\m- n¬ sXßp-Ir-jn-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. Znh-khpw tXß Bh-iy-ap≈ £-W-coXn

IqSn-bm-b-tXmsS IqSp-X¬ sXßp-Iƒ \´p]nSn-∏n-®p. ChnsS sXßv Imb-°m≥ IqSp-

X¬ Ime-sa-Sp-°pw. BZy-sa√mw \mfn-tIcw hf-sc-°p-dt® ]nSn-®n-cp-∂p≈p. Ct∏mƒ

tIc-f-Ønse a‰v ÿe-ß-fnset∏mse tXß ]nSn-°p-∂p-s≠-∂mWv kp[mIcs‚

A\p- -hw.

sIm√n-bn¬ Nmep- Iodn \o¿hm¿® Dd-∏m-°n. AXp-sIm-≠mWv sXßv \∂mbn hf¿∂Xv.

sXßn-\pw Ihp-ßn-\pw \o¿hm¿® thWw. ]g-b -sIm-√n-bpsS Hm¿abv°v AXn-eqsS

Hgp-Ip∂ \o¿®m-ep -am-X-amWv ASbm-fw.

sIm√n tXm -am-°n-sb-Sp-Ø-t∏mgpw Xmsg hb¬ \ne-\n¿Øn-bn-cp-∂p. hb-en¬ s\¬°r-

jn-sb-°mƒ hmg-°rjn em -I-c-am-sW∂pI≠v hmg Irjn-sN-øp-hm≥ XpS-ßn. F∂m¬

Htc ÿeØv XpS¿®-bmbn t\¥-hmg Irjn-sN-bvXm¬ \∂m-hn-√. AXn-\m¬ H∂n-

S-hn´v hmgbpw s\√pw amdn-amdn Irjn-sNbvXpt]m∂p.

Bbn-S-bv°mWv hb-ens‚ Ccp-h-i-Øp-ap≈ Irjn-°m¿ hb-en¬ Ihpßv \´p-Xp-S-ßn-

b-Xv. kp[mIc≥ At∏mgpw aSn®p\n∂p. c≠p-h-iØpw Ihpßv hf¿∂v th≠-X-

kqcy]Imiw In´mØ Ah-ÿ- h-cp-sa-∂m-bn-. AtXmsS kp[m-Ic\pw hb-en¬ Ihpßv

\´p. AtXImeØp Xs∂-bmWv hm\n-ebv°v Db¿∂ hne- In- n-b-Xv. AtXmsS Ihpßpw

hm\n-ebpw Gehpw tN¿∂v hb¬ apgp-h≥ tXm -ambn amdn. CXn-\mbn c≠phcn

Ihp-ßp-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ Nmep-Iƒ Iodn sh≈w Xmsg-bp≈ tXm´n-te°v Hgp°nhn´p.

¢mkv Bdv

kmaq-ly-imkvXw

22kp[mI-c≥ sIm√n-bn¬ \n∂v hb-en-te°p sh≈-sam-gp°nhn´p. B sh≈w hb-en¬

\n∂pw Xmsg-bp≈ tXm´n-te°v Hgp°n. amdn-h∂ Irjn-Iƒ°v AXv Bh-iy-am-bn-

cp∂p. ItaW sIm√nbpw hbepw \o¿hm¿®-bp≈ ÿeambn amdn. sXm -Sp-Øp≈

tXm´n-te°v Hgp°nhn - sh≈w ]\-acw ]pg-bn-se-Øn-t®¿∂p. ]pg-bn-eqsS I_\n

\Zn-bn-eqsS Imthcn \Zn-bn-seØn. HSp-hn¬ _wKmƒ Dƒ°-S-en-epw.

Db¿∂ `mKsØ tXm -Øn¬ Nmep-Iƒ Iodn hogp∂ sh≈w A[n-Ihpw Ahn-sS-

Øs∂ Xmgv∂n-d-ßm≥ A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂p. ap≥Im-e-ß-fn-se-t∏mse CXv C∂pw XpS-

cp∂p. F∂m¬ sIm√n-bnepw hb-en-epw sh≈w hfsc s]s´∂p Xs∂ Hgp-°n°f-

tb-≠n-h-cp-∂p.

sIm√nbpw hbepw \o¿hm¿® Dd-∏m-°nbtXmsS InW-dp-I-fnse sh≈w Xmgm≥ XpS-

ßn. ]®-°-dn°v InW-‰n¬ \n∂v ]ºp-]-tbm-Kn®v sh≈-sa-Sp-t°≠ Ahÿ h∂p.

kp[mIcs‚ A`n-]m-b-Øn¬ hb-\m- n¬ hcƒ®bpw NqSpw IqSm≥ Irjn-co-Xn-bn¬

h∂ am‰hpw Hcp Imc-W-am-Wv.

$ \nß-fpsS ]tZ-iØv Irjn-°p-th≠n ]Ir-Xn-°p-ta¬ a\p-jy¿ hcp-Øn-b-

am‰ßƒ Fs¥-√-am-sW-∂p-I-s≠Øq. ]›n-a-L -]-tZ-iß-fn¬ Irjn°p th≠n

hcp-Ønb am‰-ßfpambn Ah Xmc-XaywsNøq.

$ ssPh-k-ºØv

$ aÆns‚ e- q-bn-jvTX h¿[n-∏n-°¬

$ tXmSp-I-fpsS \n¿amWw, XSbW \n¿amWw

$

Is≠-Ønb Imcy-߃ skan-\m-dmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°q.

$

ChnsS Pohn-°p-∂-h¿...2

¢mkv Bdv

kmaq-ly-imkvXw

24

-tIcf-Øn¬ aq∂p tImSnbne-[nIw P\-߃ D≠v. tIc-fo-b¿s°√mw Bh-iyamb

hn-[-Øn¬ hnZym- ymkkuI-cyw, bmXm-ku-I-cyw, NnIn’m kwhn-[m-\-߃, A\p-

tbm-Pyamb -]m¿∏n-S-߃ F∂n-h e`y-am-Wv. F∂m¬ CØ-cw kuI-cy-߃ ]cn-an-X-

ambn amXw e`n-°p∂ GsX-¶nepw P\-hn- m-K-߃ Chn-sS-bpt≠m?

`qan-im-kvX-]-c-amb ]tXy-I-X-IƒsIm≠v H‰-s∏- p-In-S-°p∂ Ip∂p-I-fnepw ae-I-fnepw

Ign-bp∂ tKmX-P-\-hn- m-K-amb BZn-hm-kn-I-fpsS PohnXcoXn \ap-°v ]cn-N-b-s∏Smw.

A[ymbw c≠v

ChnsS Pohn-°p-∂-h¿

25

Ccp-f-cpsS Ducv

tIc-f-Ønse h\-ta-J-e-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂ Hcp BZn-h-mkn-hn- m-K-amWv Ccp-f¿.

Ch¿ Xma-kn-°p∂ ÿew "Ducv' F∂dnbs∏-Sp-∂p. Ducns‚ cWw \S-Øp-∂Xv

"Ducp-]-©m-bØv' BWv. Ducp-]-©m-b-Øns‚ Xe-h≥ "aq∏≥'. GXp-Im-cy-Ønepw

aq∏s‚ hm°v A¥n-a-am-Wv. aq∏≥ FSp-°p∂ Xocp-am-\-ß-ƒ \S-∏n-em-°m≥

"_fimcn', "Ipdp-Xsse' F∂n-h-cp-≠v. Ch¿ aq∏≥ Ign-™m¬ bYm-Iaw c≠pw

aq∂pw ÿm\-°m-cm-Wv. c≠p hy‡n-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ ]iv\w aq∏s‚ ap∂n-se-Øn-

bm¬ _fim-cn-sbbpw Ipdp-X-ssesbbpw hn v B hy‡n-Isf Iq´n-s°m-≠p-h-cpw.

XpS¿∂v Ducp-]©m-b-Øn¬ h®v ]iv\-ß-ƒ aq∏≥ aptJ\ ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂p. CØ-

c-Øn¬ F√m BZn-hmkn hn`m-K-߃°pw Ah-cp-tS-Xmb c-W-co-Xn-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p.

Hcp ]tXyI ]tZ-isØ G‰-hpw ]g-°-ap≈ hmk-°m¿ F∂ A¿Y-Ønem-bn-cn°pw

Ch¿ BZn-hm-kn-Iƒ F∂p hnfn-°-s∏- -Xv. ]›n-a-L´ ae-\n-c-Ifpw Ahn-SsØ ImSp-

I-fp-am-bn-cp∂p tIc-f-Ønse BZn-hm-kn-I-fpsS BhmktIµ-߃. Ipdn-Ny¿, Im´p-

\m-bv°¿, ImWn-°m¿, ASn-bm≥, D≈m-S≥ XpSßn 36 ¬ A[nIw BZn-hmknhn`m-K-

ß-ƒ tIc-f-Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p. Ch-cnse Hcp hn`m-K-amb Ccp-f-cpsS Ducp- -cWkº-

Zm-b-amWv apI-fn¬ ]d-™-Xv.

Irjn

Imbpw Ingßpw ]dn-®p-Xn∂pw Im´p-tNm-e-bn¬

\n∂v sXfn-\o¿ ap°n-°p-Sn®pw BZn-hmknIƒ

Pohn-®p. Blm-c-Øn-\mbn arK-ßsf th -bm-

Sm\pw ao≥ ]nSn-°m\pw Ch¿ ka¿Y-cm-bn-cp-∂p.

F∂m¬ CsXms° Bh-iyØn\p e`n-°m-

ØXv Ahsc ]bm-k-Øn-em-°nbncn-°mw. Cu

kml-N-cy-Øn¬ ]e hn`m-K-ßfpw Irjn sNbvXv

hnf-sh-Sp∏v \S-Øn `£-Wm-hiyw \nd-th-‰n-

t∏m∂p. dmKn ][m-\- Ir-jn-hn-f-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Nma,

apXnc, Xn\, Xph-c, Dgp∂v XpS-ßn-b-hbpw Ch¿

IrjnsNbvXn-cp-∂p. agsb Bi-bn-®m-bn-cp∂p

Irjn.

Im´nse Cu IrjncoXn ]p\wIrjn, am‰-°rjn

F∂o t]cpIfnemWv Adn-b-s∏- -Xv. Ip‰n-°mSpw

s]m¥bpw \nd™ ]tZiw sh´n-sØ-fn®v

AhnsS IrjnsNøp-∂-XmWv ]p\-wIrjn. CXv

Htc ÿe-Øp-Xs∂ sNømsX ÿew am‰n am‰n

Irjn sNøp-∂-Xn-\m¬ am‰-°rjn F∂v Adn-b-

s∏- p. \√ ssPhmw-i-ap-≈ ta¬a-Æn-emWv Irjn-

bn-d-°p-∂-Xv. asÆm-cp-°m≥ sh´n-°q- nb Ce-bpw

¢mkv Bdv

kmaq-ly-imkvXw

26I--Iºpw IØn-®p-In- p∂ Nmchpw aÆn¬ Ie-cpw. aÆv sNdp-Xm-sbm∂v Cf-°n-s°m-Sp-

Øm¬ aXn. ]tXy-I-ambn ]pdwhf-߃ Bh-iy-am-bn-cp-∂n√.

$ BZn-hmknhn`m-K-߃ F¥p-sIm-≠mWv Irjn-bn-S-߃ CS-bv°nsS am‰n-s°m-

≠n-cp-∂Xv? a‰p-≈-h¿ F¥p-sIm≠v Irjn-bn-S-߃ ASn-°Sn am‰p-∂n√?

Im´nse- Irjn \nc-¥-c-amb PmK-Xbpw i≤bpw Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-Wv. Nmgn-

t°-Sv, IoS-_m[ F∂nh t]mse Im´p-tImgn, Fen, Ipcßv, B\, ]∂n F∂n-

h-bpsS BI-a-W-ßfpw ]p\w-Irjn t\cn-tS-≠n-h-∂p. IoS-_m-[-aq-e-ap-≠m-Ip∂

a™-fn-°¬ tcmKhpw (a™-∏\n) hm´hpw (sh_p) XS-™n-cp-∂Xv acp∂v Nh-

®q-Xnbpw Iobv sI´n-sh-bv°epw \S-Øn-bm-Wv. th∏n-e-bpw \n®n-bnebpw imJ-

tbmsS HSn®v IrjnbnSØn¬ \Sp-∂-XmWv Iobv sI´¬. sh≈p-≈nbpw

Cu¥n≥Imbpw NX®v AXn-cp-I-fn¬ hnX-dn-bm¬ AXns‚ Ak-ly-amb

K‘waqew Fenbpw ]∂n-bpw Hgn-™p-t]m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p. [m\y-߃ kq£n°p∂-

Xn\v ]tXyI am¿K-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. hbvt°m¬ DW°n saS™v AXn-\p-≈n¬

s]mXn-sI´n kq£n-°p∂Xmbn-cp∂p Hcp coXn. apf-©o-fp-Iƒ tN¿Øv s\bvXp-

≠m-°p∂ ]tXy-I-Xcw ]mX-ß-ƒ IqSp-X¬ [m\y-ß-ƒ kq£n-°m≥ D]-tbm-

Kn-®p. CXn-\p-Xmsg Xpd-°m\pw AS-bv°m-\p-ap≈ hmXn-ep-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

kz¥w Irjn-bm-h-iy-Øn-\p≈ hnØp-Iƒ tXmSp-s]m- n-°msX \∂mbn DW°n

ASp-∏n≥ap-I-fn¬ sI´n-Øq-°p-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv. ]®-°dnhnØp-Iƒ NmW-I-

Øn¬ ]cØn \∂mbn DW-°nb tijw ASp-∏n-\-cn-In¬ kq£n®p hbv°p∂p.

BZyImesØ Im¿jn-tIm-¬v]m-Z\w s]mXp-hmbn´mbn-cp-∂n-cn-°-Ww. AXm-bXv, F√m-

hcpw IqSn Iq´mbn IrjnsNøpIbpw D¬∏∂-߃ ]¶p-h-bv°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ coXn.

h\- q-an-bn¬ amdn-amdn Irjn-sN-bvXn-cp∂ Ch¿°v kz¥amb `qan Bh-iy-an-√m-bn-

cp∂p.

kky-߃t°m P¥p-°ƒt°m tZmj-I-c-a-√mØ

coXnbn-em-bn-cp-∂p- Ir-jn. Bh-iy-Øn-e-[nIw Irjn-

sN-bvXp-≠m-°p∂ ioehpw BZn-hm-kn-Iƒ°v D-≠m-

bn-cp-∂n-√.

F√m-hcpw HØp-tN¿∂v IrjnsNbvXn-cp∂p.

D¬]∂-߃ Ch¿ ]¶p-h-®p. BcpsS Irjn-

sbt∂m BcpsS `qan -sbt∂m tNmZy -an -√.

Im¿jnIhrØn-bn-eqsS Pohn-®n-cp∂ Ch¿°v

kz¥w t]cn¬ qan-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. Cßs\ Gsd-

°mew IS-∂p-t]mbn. Hcp L -Øn¬ _n´o-jp-Im¿

]p\wIrjn \ntcm-[n-®p. h\-\-io-I-cWw A\p-h-

Zn-°n√ F∂ ]Jym-]-\-tØm-sS-bmWv ]p\w-Irjn

XS-™-Xv. Cu \ntcm-[\w BZn-hm-kn-I-fpsS \ne-

\n¸n-s\ tNmZywsNbvXp.

A[ymbw c≠v

ChnsS Pohn-°p-∂-h¿

27

ImSn-\p -tN¿∂ hoSv

AXmXv ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ e`y-am-hp∂ hn -h-ß-fmWv BZn-hm-kn-Iƒ hoSp-\n¿am-W-Øn-

\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. Db¿∂ Xd--I-fn-√mØ hoSp-I-fmWh¿ \n¿an-°p-∂-Xv. a¨I- , apf,

]p√v, \mcv, Im´p-I-ºv, Cu‰ F∂o km[-\-ß-fmWv Ch¿ IpSnepIƒ sI´m≥ D]-tbm-

Kn-°p-∂-Xv. Cu‰-sIm≠pw Cu‰-bpsS Ce-sIm-≠p-amWv ]pc-ta-bp-∂Xv. Im´p-I-ºp-sIm≠v

Iqc -Xmßn \n¿ Øp-∂p.

apf X√n∏cØn X´n- t]m-se-bm°n hi-߃ ad® tijw CXns‚ AIØpw ]pdØpw

aÆp-Ip-g®p ]qip-∂p.

CXmWv hoSns‚ Npa¿. AIsØ

\new Nne¿ NmWIw sagp-Im-dp-

-≠v. IpSn-ep-Iƒ°v ]e -h-en-∏-am-

bn-cn-°pw. hoSp-Iƒ°v Hmtcm BZn-

hmkn hn`m-Khpw Hmtcm t]cmWv

]d-bp-I. Ip≈v, sIm∏v, IpSpw-_v,

IpSn, C√v, ]´w, ]nsc, Nmh-Sn

F∂o t]cp-Iƒ Ah-bn¬ Nne-

XmWv.

Cu hoSp-Iƒ Imem-h-ÿbv°v

A\p-tbmPy-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXm-bXv

ISpØ NqtSm sImSpw XWpt∏m ho´n-\p-

≈n¬ A\p- -h-s∏-Sp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. ]cn-k-cØp

\n∂p In´p∂ hn -h-߃ Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p \n¿am-

W-Øn\v F∂-Xp-sIm≠v, tISp-]m-Sp-Iƒ Xo¿°tem

]p\¿\n¿am-Wtam hfsc Ffp∏w. apXn¿∂ F√m AwK-ßfpw

hoSp \n¿am-W-Øn¬ hnZ-Kv[-cmbncp-∂p.

$ BZn-hm-kn-I-fpsS hoSp -\n¿amWcoXn-I-sf-°p-dn®v hmbn®t√m? B[p-

\nI hoSp \n¿amWcoXn-I-fp-ambn CXns\ Xmc-XaywsNøq.

hnhm-l-coXn

sshhn-[y-am¿∂ hnhm-l-coXn BZn-hm-kn-I-fpsS CS-bn¬ \ne-\n-∂p. Hcp hn`mKw

Ah-ew-_n-°p∂ coXn t\m°q. hnhmlw \S-°p-∂Xv hcs‚ ho´nemWv. hnhm-l-

Øns‚ Xte-\mƒ h[p-hn-s\bpw _‘p-°-sfbpw hcs‚ ho´n-te°v Iq´p-∂p. hc≥

t]mIm-dn-√. hcs‚ ho´n¬ hnhm-l∏¥¬ CSp-∂p. km[m-c-Wbmbn sh≈n-bm-gvN-

bmWv ]¥¬ CSp-∂-Xv. hnhm-l-\n-›-bZnhkw hoSn-s‚ ap-‰-Ømbn Xq¨ \m´p-∂p.

CXns\ "hnhm-l-Øq¨' F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. hnhm-l-Øn-\p-tijw Ggp-Zn-hkw Ign-

t™ ]¥¬ s]mfn-°p-I-bp-≈q. C∂v hnhml NS-ßp-Iƒ°v Imcy-amb am‰w D≠m-

bn-´p-≠v. ][m-\-ambpw NS-ßp-Iƒ \S-°p-∂Xv h[p-hns‚ ho´nemWv.

$ CØcw khn-ti-j-X-bm¿∂ hnhml coXn-Iƒ Is≠Øn Ipdn∏p Xbm-dm°q

¢mkv Bdv

kmaq-ly-imkvXw

28

H∂mbvt®¿s∂mcp t]cv

IpdK¿ Db¿∂ Iq´mbva ]pe¿Øn-

t∏m∂hcm-Wv. ]k-hw, t]cn-S¬ F∂n-

h-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ BNm-c-߃

i≤n°q. ]k-hw \S∂m¬ ho´nse

a‰w-K-߃ tIm∏p-(hoSv)hn v ]pd-Øp-t]m-

Ip-∂p. klm-bn-°m≥ Hcp kvXo- amXw

Ah-fpsS IqsSbp-≠m-Ipw. A©p Znh-

k-tØ°v IpSpw-_-°m¿ ]pe-bm-N-cn-®v

ASp-Øp≈ kplr-Øp-°-fpsS tIm∏p-

I-fn¬ Ign-bpw. Bdmw Znhkw F√m-

hcpw tIm∏nte°v Xncn®p hcpw. ]k-

hn® kvXosbbpw Ip´n-sbbpw A∂v

Ipfn-∏n-°pw. Ahsc ImWm≥ Ab¬]-

°-°m-sc £Wn-°pIbpw sNøpw. Cu

£Ww F√m-hcpw kt¥m-j-]q¿hw

kzoI-cn -°pw. Hmtcm ho´p -Imcpw

AΩbv°pw Ip´n°pw kΩm-\-ambn

Acnbpw FÆbpw tXßbpw sIm≠p-

h∂v Ah-cpsS ap∂n¬ h®v

amdn\n¬°pw. XpS¿∂v Ip´n°v F¥p-

t]¿ hnfn-°-W-sa∂v ]qPmcn AhnsS

IqSnb-h-tcm-sS√mw At\z-jn-°pw. Xe-aq-

Ø-h-cpsS A`n-]mba\p-k-cn®v t]cv Xo-cp-am-\n-°pw. AXn-\p-tijw kZybp≠v. kΩm-

\-ambn In´nb Acn CXn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. Ab¬]-°-°m¿ ImgvN-h® tXß DS-

bv°p-Ibpw Hcp apdn AΩ FSp-Øv at‰ apdn X∂-bmƒ°v Xncn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-Ibpw

sNøpw. A°m-cy-Ønepw Nne hyh-ÿ-I-fp-≠v. Ip´n BWm-sW-¶n¬ B¨ apdn-bmWv

AΩ FSp-t°-≠-Xv; s]¨apdn DS-abv°v Xncn-®p-sIm-Sp-°-Ww. s]¨Ip- n-bm-sW-¶n¬

t\sc adn-®pw. Cßs\ Ip´nbpsS P\\w BtLm-jn-°m-\p≈ hI kΩm-\-ambn

In´p-∂p. Ab¬]-°-°mcpw tIm∏n-ep-≈-hcpw IqSnt®¿∂v BÀm-Zn-°p-∂p. Hcp hy‡n-

bpsS BÀmZw kaq-l-Øns‚ apgp-h≥ BÀm-Z-ambn amdp-∂p.

$ hy‡n-I-fp-sSbpw IpSpw-_-Øn-s‚bpw BÀmZw kaq-l-Øns‚ BÀm-Z-ambn amdp∂

aplq¿Ø-߃ \nß-fpsS Pohn-X-Øn¬ D≠m-bn-´pt≠m? DZm-l-c-W-߃

Is≠Øq.

$ hnhmlw

$ .........................................

$ .........................................

A[ymbw c≠v

ChnsS Pohn-°p-∂-h¿

29

Ipdpºhn`mK°mcpsS

\rØw

ASn-bmfhn`m-K-°m-cpsS \m´p-K-±nI

BZn-hmkn Ie-Iƒ

BZn-hm-kn-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ [mcmfw Iem-cq-]-߃ \ne-

\n¬°p-∂p-≠v. Ch-bn¬ ]eXpw BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-

ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏- -Xm-Wv. GXm\pw BZn-hmkn Iem-

cq-]-ß-fpsS NnX-ß-fmWnhnsS. IqSp-X¬ BZn-

hmknIem-cq-]-ß-fpsS NnX-߃ tiJ-cn-°q. GsX-

¶nepw Hcp BZn-hmkn Iem-cq-]-sØ-°p-dn®v Ipdn∏p

Xbm-dm-°q.

$ ¢mkn¬ tiJ-cn® F√m NnX-ßfpw Ipdn-∏p-Ifpw

tN¿Øv Hcp ]Xn∏p Xbm-dm-°m-at√m?

skan\m¿

tIcf kwkvIm-c-Øn\v BZn-hm-kn-Iƒ \¬Inb kw`m-

h-\-Iƒ Fs¥-√m-amWv?

$ Iem-cq-]-߃ $ hnhm-l-®-Sßv

$ IrjncoXn $ Krl-\n¿am-W-co-Xn

ae-b-∏p-ebhn`m-K-Øns‚

Ic-Sn-Ifn

¢mkv Bdv

kmaq-ly-imkvXw

30

\Ωƒ CXp-hsc N¿®sNbvX IrjncoXnbpw Krl-\n¿amWcoXn-bpw A≥]tXm Adp-

]tXm h¿jw apºp≈XmWv. CXn-s\√mw ]n∂oSv henb am‰-߃ h∂p. Ct∏mƒ ]g-

b-Xp-t]mep≈ Im¿jnIcoXn-Itfm NS-ßp-Itfm \ne-\n¬°p-∂n-√. AYhm

Ds≠¶n¬Øs∂, AXv \m´n≥]pdsØ Irjn- coXn-I-fn¬ \n∂v hfsc hyXykvXhpa√.

Cu am‰-ßsfms° Ah-cpsS PohnXØn¬ henb ]Xn-k-‘n-Iƒ krjvSn®p. kz¥w

`qan-bn¬ \n∂pt]mepw Ah¿ C∂v AI-‰n-\n¿Ø-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂p.

$ "]›n-a-L- -Øn-eqsS' F∂ ]mT- m-KØv ae-tbm-c-ta-J-e-bn¬ ]e Im-e-ß-fn-embn

\S∂ ssItb-‰-ß-sf-°p-dn®v a\- n-em-°n-b-t√m. AØcw ssItb‰-߃ Ahn-

SsØ ÿnc-Xm-a-k-°m-cmb BZn-hm-kn-hn- -mK-ßsf Fßs\ _m[n-®p-sh∂p

Is≠Øn Ipdn-∏p-X-bm-dm-°q.

`qan \jvS-am-hp∂ ImSns‚ a°ƒ

BZn-hm-kn-I-fpsS hb-\m-Sv, IpSn-tb-‰-°m-cpsS hb-\m-Smbn amdn-b-Xns‚ NcnXw

i≤n-°q. ]pd-°mSn tZi-sØ ap≥ hnt√PvHm^o-k-¿ ]d-bp-∂Xv i≤n-°q.

""Rm≥ hb-\m-´n¬ 1949˛¬ ]pd-°mSn hnt√Pvta\mbn tN¿∂p. Ign™ 37 h¿jambn

hb-\m- n-emWv Xma-kw. 1949˛¬ ]pd-°mSn hnt√-Pnse s\¬h-b-ep-Iƒ GXm-s≠√mw

BZn-hm-kn-I-fmb Ipdp-a-cpsS ssIh-i-am-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m-¬ Ct∏mƒ Ah-cpsS ssIhiw

Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂Xv 10 iX-am\w hb-ep-Iƒ amXw. _m°n IpSn-tb-‰-°m¿ ssIh-i-

am-°n-.

C\n hbens‚ hne ]cn-tim-[n-°mw. 1949˛¬ G°-dn\v shdpw 50 cq]-bm-bn-cp∂p

hne. C∂sØ hnetbm? G°-dn\v 14,000 cq] apX¬ 20,000 hsc. ImSns‚ IYbpw

IjvSw Xs∂. 1949˛¬ hnt√-Pns‚ aq∂n¬ c≠p mKw ImSm-bn-cp-∂p. AXm-bXv 17000

G°¿ hcp∂ hnt√-Pn¬ 12000 G°dpw ImSv. Ct∏mƒ ImSv Xosc C√. 1951˛¬ hnt√-

Pnse P\-kwJy 10000 Bbn-cp-∂p. C∂Xv 35000 BWv.

hnt√-Pn¬ ]≠v ]Wnb IpSpw-_-߃ Ipd-®p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. C∂v Ahsc ImWmt\bn√.

s\¬h-b-ep-I-fn¬ Iqenthe sNbvXn-cp-∂Xv Ch-cm-bn-cp-∂p. IpSn-tb-‰-°m¿ h∂-

t∏mƒ Ch¿°v sXmgn¬ \jvS-s∏-´p. Ah¿ Fhn-tSt°m Hgn™p t]mbn. tZh-kz-

ß-fpsS DS-a-ÿXbnembn-cp∂p `qan. BZyw h∂ IqSn-tb-‰-°m¿ Ah-Imiw hmßn.

Htc-°¿ `qan-bpsS Ah-Imiw hmßn-bh¿ IqSp-X¬ `qan sh´n-∏n-Sn-®p. k¿°m¿`qan-

I-fnepw ssItb‰w \S-∂p. XnI®pw I]-S-amb am¿K-ß-fn-eqsS k¿°m-cn-s‚-bpw

BZn-hm-kn-I-fp-sSbpw `qan-bn¬ \s√m-cp -`mKw A\ym-[o-\-s∏-´p.''

(]pd-°mSn hnt√Pv Hm^o-kn¬ \n∂v 14.06.1986˛¬ tiJ-cn® hnhcw) sI. ]m\q¿, tIc-f-

Ønse Atacn°.

a∂m≥IqØnse

Hcp Zriyw

A[ymbw c≠v

ChnsS Pohn-°p-∂-h¿

31CXv ]pd-°mSn hnt√-Pns‚ amXw IY-b-√. CXc BZn-hmkn taJ-e-I-fnepw CXp-X-

s∂-bmWv kw -hn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. CXns\ icn-h-bv°p-∂-XmWv 1976 se \nb-a-k`m D]-

k-an-Xn-bpsS Is≠-ج.

\nb-a-k`mD]-k-an-Xn-bpsS Is≠-ج

tIcf \nb-a-k`m D]-k-an-Xn-bpsS Is≠-Ø-ens\°pdn®v 'tIc-f-Ønse B^n°'bn¬ sI. ]m\q¿ Cßs\ ]d-bp-∂p:

"BZn-hm-kn-I-fpsS `qan Ah¿°v Fßs\ \jvS-am-Ip∂p F∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v

]T\w \S-Øm≥ 1976˛¬ tIcf \nb-a-k` Hcp D]-k-an-Xnsb \ntbm-Kn-®p.

hb-\m-´nse GXm\pw `mK-ß-fn¬ ]cy-S\w \S-Øn-b-t∏mƒ e`n® hnh-c-߃

sR´n-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.

298 t]¿ kanXn apºmsI lmP-cm-bn. Xß-fpsS qan Fß-s\-sb√mw \jvS-am-sb∂v

hnh-cn-®p. AXn¬ 71 t]cp-sS-bpw qan \jvS-s∏- Xv ssItb-‰-Øn-eq-sS-bm-bn-cp-∂p. 67

tIkp-Ifn¬ \n m-c-amb kwJy ISw \¬In `qan ]W-b-s∏-Sp-Ønb tijw Xncn-

t®¬∏n-°msX ssIh-i-s∏-Sp-Øn. Nne-cpsS `qan Xp—-amb hnebv°v Fgp-Xn-hm-ßn,

shdpw sh≈-°-S-em-

kn¬. cPn-ÿ B[m-c-

]-Imcw `qan \¬Inb

5 t]¿ X߃°v B[m-

c-Øn¬ ]d™ hne

e`n-®n-´n-s√∂v ]cm-Xn-

s∏- p. B[mcw cPn-ÿ

sNøp-tºmƒ k_v cPn-

kvSm¿ apºmsI ]Ww

\¬Ip-Ibpw cPn-kvSm¿

Hm^o-kns‚ hcm-¥-

bn¬ h®p-Xs∂ ]Ww

XncnsI hmßp-Ibpw

sNbvX-Xmbn thsd Nne¿ ]d-™p. ]cm-Xn-s∏Sm≥ t]mepw ss[cy-an-√m-Ø-h¿ Gsd

D≠mIpw F∂p-≈Xv Xo¿®-bm-Wv.''

c≠-c-∏-Xn-‰m≠p apºv tIc-f-Ønse BZn-hmkn P\-hn- m-K-߃°v Ah-cpsS qkzØpw

hkvXp-h-I-Ifpw \jvS-s∏- -Xns‚ Nne t\c\p- -h-߃ hmbn-®p-ht√m? Cu P\-hn- m-

K-Øns‚ PohnXw kw_-‘n®v am[y-a-ß-fn¬ hm¿Ø-Im-Wmw.

CXp-t]m-sebp≈ hm¿Ø-Iƒ tiJ-cn®v hnh-c-߃ Kq∏n¬ N¿®sNbvXv "BZn-hm-

kn-I-fpsS PohnXw A∂pw C∂pw' F∂ Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°q.

$ BZn-hmkn P\-hn- m-K-ß-fpsS CS-bn¬ ]h¿Øn® hnt√Pv Hm^o-k-dp-sSbpw \nb-

a-k`m D]-k-an-Xn-bp-sSbpw Is≠-ØepIƒ F¥mWv? \n߃ Xbm-dm-°nb Ipdn-

∏nse hnh-c-ß-fp-ambn Xmc-XaywsNøq.

Cu hm¿Ø

i≤n°q

¢mkv Bdv

kmaq-ly-imkvXw

32Im´nte°p IpSn-tb-dnb \s√mcp hn`mKw P\-߃ Ch-cpsS qkz-Øp-°-f-S°w ssIh-

i-s∏-SpØn. tXm -hn-f-I-fpsS hym]\w ImSns‚ Af-hp-Ip-d-bv°pI amX-a√ sNbvXXv.

BZn-hm-kn P\-hn- m-KsØ tXm -ß-fnse tPmen-°m-cm°n am‰n-sb-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

am\y-amb Iqen ]e-t∏mgpw Ch¿°v e`n-°p-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. hni-a-an-√mØ sXmgn¬cwKw

Ah-cpsS kzX-¥-amb Irjn- C√m-Xm-°n. Im´p ]tZ-ißfpsS hnkvXo¿Æ-Øn¬

h∂ Ipd-hv h\-hn- -hßsf Bi-bn-®p≈ Ch-cpsS Pohn-X-sØbpw _m[n®p.

$ ImSns\ amXw Bi-bn®v \ne-\n¬]n-√m-Xmb Cu P\-hn- mKw ]pdw-\m-Sp-I-fn¬

Cdßn Poh-t\m-]m[n tXtS≠nh∂p. kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw s]mXpkaq-l-Øns‚

`mK-sa∂ \ne-bn-ep≈ AwKo-Imcw Cu P\-hn- m-K-Øn\v e`n-°p-∂pt≠m F∂p

]cn-tim-[n-°pI?

$ BZn-hmknIfn¬ Hcp hn`m-Kamb amhn-e-∑m-cpsS kw`m-jWw i≤n-®-t√m. \nß-

fpsS ]tZ-iØv ]tZ-in-I- mjmcq]-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ P\-hn- m-K-ßfpt≠m?

Ahsc°pdn®v hnh-c-ß-ƒ tiJ-cn-°q.

BZn-hm-kn- hn`m-K-amb amhn-e-∑mcpsS kw`m-jWw

\n°-sc\ ]pXmdv F® (\nß-fpsS t]sc-ßs\)

F∂ ]pXmdv cmsa (Fs‚ t]cv cma≥)

Dudvs´ Nm¥v hntikw (\m´n¬ F¥mWv hntijw)

asØ-dvIve NpsI∂ (F√m-h¿°pw kpJw Xs∂)

\n°dv FØp-_sc I¬ØvIcv (\n߃ GXp-hsc ]Tn®p)

G\p cUmw Ivem- p-t]msI (Rm≥ c≠mw ¢mkp-hsc t]mbn)

]´´v Gdms\ Cs≈dv? (ho´n¬ Bsc-√m-ap≠v)

]´vS AsΩ, As∏, saIn-b, saIoX Cs≈dv (ho´n¬ A—≥, AΩ, A\p-P≥,

A\p-PØn D≠v)

Ah-ew_w: ae-bnse amhn-e-∑m¿, tUm. B¿.-kn. Icn-∏Øv

$

`£y-kp-c£3

¢mkv Bdv

kmaq-ly-imkvXw

34

ÿncambn tPmen°p t]mIm≥ BKl-ap-s≠-¶nepw tPmen sNøm≥ Ign-hn-√m-

Ø-hcpw \ap-°n-S-bn-ep-≠v. ]mbm-[nIyw aqew Ahicm-b-h¿ tcmKtam A]-I-

Stam aqew AwK-ssh-Ieyw _m[n-®-h¿ F∂nh¿°pw AhcpsS ISpw-_-Øn\pw

`£Ww e`n-°mbvI Hcp ]iv\w Xs∂-bm-Wv. Ch¿°v `£Ww \evIm-\p≈

DØ-c-hm-ZnØw B¿°m-Wv.

""cmhnse Fgp-t∂‰ DSs\ kuay AΩsb t\m°n. AΩ Fgp-t∂-‰n- n-√. ]\n

]nSn®p InS∂ AΩ ab-°-Øn-em-Wv. ]mhw shfp-∏n\mIpw Dd-ßn-b-Xv. cmXn

apgp-h≥ Rc°w tIƒ°m-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ahƒ ASp-°-f-bn-te°v \S-∂p. I´≥

Nmb D≠m°n AΩ-bpsS ASp-sØ-Øn.

C∂n\n Fßs\ I™n-hbv°pw? Acnbpw km[-\-ßfpw Xo¿∂p. AΩ ]Wn-

°p-t]m-bn´v Hcm-gvN-bm-bn. Ipd®p ss]k-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv acp∂pw a‰p km[-\-

ßfpw hmßnØo¿∂p. IS-bn¬ ]Ww \¬Im-\p≈XpsIm≠v IShpw In´n-√.''

kuay-bpsS AΩ-sb-t∏mse Znh-k-th-X-\-Øn\v tPmen-sN-øp∂h¿ [mcmfw D≠v.

Ipd®p Znhkw tPmen°v t]mIm-Xn-cp-

∂m¬ Ah¿°p-≠m-Ip∂ ]iv\ -

ßtfsdbmWv.

Hcp kaq-l-Ønse F√m-h¿°pw `£-

Whpw hkvXhpw ]m¿∏nShpw e`n-°m-

\p≈ Ah-Im-i-ap-≠v. Ch- GsXm-cp-hy-

‡n-bp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm\ Bh-iy-ß-fm-Wv.

B kaq-lsØ `cn-°p∂ `c-W-Iq-S-

Øns‚ ]mYanI IS-a-bmWv ASn-ÿm-

\m-h-iy-߃ e`y-am-°pI F∂-Xv.

ÿnc-h-cp-am-\-an-√m-Ø-tXm, A[zm-\-ti-jn-bn-√m-ØtXm Bb hy‡n-I-sfbpw IpSpw-

_-ß-sfbpw klm-bn-t°-≠Xv kaql-Øns‚ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-am-Wv.

k¿°m¿ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ

kaq-l-Ønse ]mbw-sN-∂-h-scbpw kz¥-ambn A[z-m\n-°m≥ Ign-hn-√m-Ø-h-scbpw

klm-bn-°m≥ k¿°m¿ Nne ]≤-Xn-Iƒ Bhn-jv°-cn®v \S-∏m-°nh-cp-∂p.

$ 65 hb- n\p apI-fn¬ ]mb-ap-≈-h¿°pw kz¥-amb hcp-am-\tam a‰v Bi-btam

C√m-Øh¿°pw amkw tXmdpw 10 Intem Acn tdj≥ISIfn-eqsS kuP-\y-ambn

\¬Ip∂ ]≤-Xn-bmWv "A∂-]q¿W'. tIµ-k¿°m-cns‚ ]≤-Xn-bmb CXn\v

A[ymbw aq∂v

`£y-kp-c£

35A¿l-cm-b-hsc Is≠-Øp-∂Xv AXXv -]-tZ-i-sØ ]©m-b-Øp-Ifpw \K-c-k- -

I-fp-am-Wv.

Zmcn-Zy-tc-Jbv°v Xmsgbp≈-h-cn¬ G‰hpw _p≤n-ap- p∂ IpSpw-_-߃°m-bp≈

]≤-Xn-bmWv "At¥ym-Zb A∂-tbm-P-\'. Ipd-™-\n-c-°n¬ [m\y-߃ e`y-am-

°p-IbmWv Cu ]≤Xn sNbvXp-h-cp-∂-Xv. CXp]-Imcw Hcp IpSpw-_-Øn\v Intem°v

3 cq] \nc-°n¬ amkw 35 Intem Acntbm tKmXtºm e`y-am-°p∂p. 2000 Unkw-

_dn-emWv Cu ]≤Xn Bcw- n-®-Xv.

$ "A∂-]q¿W', "At¥ym-Zb A∂-tbm-P\' F∂o ]≤-Xn-Iƒ hgn-bp≈ `£y-

[m\y hnX-cWw s]mXp-hn-X-c-W-tI-µ-߃ hgn A¿l-cm-b-h¿°v e`n-°p-∂pt≠m

F∂-t\z-jn-°q.

Imbn-Im-[zm-\-Øn\v Xbmdp≈ IpSpw-_-Øn\v ]e-t∏m-gpw ]Wne`n-°msX ]´nWn

InS-t°-≠n-h-cm-dp-≠v. Ch¿°v ]Xn-h¿jw \qdp-Zn-h-ksØ A[nIsXmgnen\v \nb-a-

]-c-amb Dd-∏p-\¬Ip∂ ]≤-Xn-bmWv "tZio-b-Km-aoW sXmgn-ep-d∏p ]≤Xn'. 2005

sk]-‰w-_dn¬ C¥-y≥ ]m¿e-sa‚ v ]mkm-°nb tZiob KmaoW sXmgn-ep-d∏p \nb-

a-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv Cu ]≤-Xn°v cq]w \¬In-bn- p-≈Xv. ZmcnZyw A\p- -

hn-°p∂ P\-hn- m-K-ß-fpsS D∂-a-\-amWv CXp-sIm≠v e£-y-an-Sp-∂-Xv. 18 hbkv ]q¿Øn-

bm-b-h¿°m-Wv sXmgn-en\v A¿lX. sXmgn¬ Bh-iyap≈-h¿ Kma-]-©m-bØv Hm^o-

kn-¬ t]¿ cPn-ÿ sNøWw. Pe-kw-c-£-

Ww, sNdp-InS Pe-tk-N\ ]≤-Xn-IfpsS

\n¿Ωm-Ww, Pe-tkm-X- p-I-ƒ hrØn-bm-

°¬, KmaoW tdmUp-I-fpsS \n¿amWw,

h\-h¬°-cWw XpS-ßnb ]hrØn-I-

fmWv Cu ]≤-Xn-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-

°p-∂-Xv.

$ Zmcn-Zy-\n¿am¿P-\-Øns‚ `mK-ambn

k¿°m¿ Bhn-jvI-cn®v \S-∏n-em-

°p∂ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ kmº-ØnI ambn

]nt∂m°w \n¬°p-∂-h-cpsS ASn-

ÿm-\m-h-iy-߃ Fßs\ ]cn-l-cn-

°p∂psh∂v I-s≠Øn Ipdn∏p Xbm-

dm-°p-I.

ZmcnZyw

ZmcnZyw F∂Xv £Ww In´mØ Ah-ÿ-am-X-a√. Btcm-Ky-ap≈ Hcmƒ°v tPmen-

sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\v Bh-iy-amb Af-hn¬ `£Ww e`n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Ip´n-Iƒ°v hf-

cp∂ ]mb-Øn¬ t]mj-I-Kp-W-ap≈ £Ww e`n-°-Ww. ape-bq- p∂ AΩ-am¿°pw

K¿`nWn-Iƒ°pw t]mj-I-ß-f-S-ßnb £Ww e`n-°-Ww. Cßs\ Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿°pw

Bh-iy-amb Af-hn¬ £Ww e`n-°p∂n-s√-¶n¬ ZmcnZyw D≠v F∂v a\- n-em-°mw.

ZmcnZytcJkmaq-lnI kmº-ØnI Ah-ÿ-Iƒ ]cn-K-

Wn®v P\-߃°v Nne B\p-Iq-ey-߃

\¬Ip-∂-Xn-\mbn k¿°m¿ \n›-bn-®n- p≈

am\-Z-fi-amWv ZmcnZytcJ. hn[-h-Iƒ,

hnI-emw-K¿, hr≤¿, amc-I-tcmKw _m[n-®-

h¿, ]nt∂m°-hn -`m -K -ß-fn¬s∏´-h¿,

]nt∂m°ÿe-ß-fn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂-h¿

F∂n-h-¿°p-]p-dta B ]tZ-iØp Xma-kn-

°p-∂-h-cpsS \ne-hn-ep≈ kmº-ØnI Ah-

ÿbpw ]cn-K-Wn-®m-Wv IpSpw-_-ßsf

F.]n.-F¬ (APL- Above Poverty Line) _n.]n.-

F¬ (BPL- Below Poverty Line) F∂v Xcw

Xncn-°p-∂-Xv. _n.]n.-F¬ hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏-

´-h¿°v Nne ]tXyI B\p-Iq-ey-߃

\¬Ip-∂p-≠v.

¢mkv Bdv

kmaq-ly-imkvXw

36C¥y-bn¬ CØcw Bfp-Iƒ \nc-h-[n-bp-≠v. Xosc `£Ww e`n-°m-Ø-h-sc-°mƒ

aXn-bmb Af-hn¬ `£Ww e`n-°m-Ø-h-cmWv A[n-I-hpw. F√mh¿°pw aXn-bmb

Af-hn¬ `£Ww e`y-am-°m-\p≈ DØ-c-hm-ZnØw k¿°mcn-\p≠v. Cu DØ-c-hm-

ZnØw Fßn-s\-bmWv k¿°m-cp-Iƒ \nd-th-‰p-∂Xv?

Zmcn-Zy-\n¿am¿P\w ˛ \nc-h-[n-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ

ZmcnZyw hnhn-[-X-c-Øn¬ A\p- -hn-°p-∂-h-cp-s≠∂v ]d-™t√m? Ch-cn¬ Hmtcm-hn-

`m-K-Øn\pw ]tXyIw ]tXyIw ]≤-Xn-Iƒ Ds≠-¶nte Ah¿°v KpWw In´q. Nne

]≤-Xn-Iƒ t\m°q.

tPmen°p Iqen £Ww

`£y-h-kvXp-°-fpsS £maw t\cn-Sp∂ kµ¿ -Øn¬ tPmen-sN-øp-∂-h¿°v Ah-cpsS

Iqen-bpsS Hcp mKw £y-[m-\y-߃ Bbn hnX-cWw sNøp∂ tIµ-k¿°m¿ ]≤-

Xn-bmWv CXv.

Hmtcm IpSpw-_-Øn-s‚bpw kmº-ØnI kmaq-lnI Ah-ÿ-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn®v G‰hpw

]nt∂m°w \n¬°p-∂-hsc Is≠-Øn-bmWv Zmcn-Zy-tc-Jbv°p Xmsg-bp-≈-h¿

(_n.]n.-F¬) F∂ hn`mKØn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-I. Cu enÃn¬ Dƒs∏-Sm-Ø-h¿ ZmcnZy

tcJ-bv°p-ap-I-fn-ep-≈-h¿ (F.]n.-F¬) F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

kwtbm-PnX inip-hn-I-k-\-]-cn-]mSn

kvXoI-fp-sSbpw Ip´n-I-fp-sSbpw t]mj-Im-lm-c-°p-dhv ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v Xt±-i-kz-

bw- -cWÿm]-\-ß-fpsS kl-I-c-W-tØmsS tIµ- kw-ÿm\ k¿°mcpIƒ Nne

]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ \S-∏n-em-°p-∂p-≠v. Ah-bn¬ ][m-\-s∏´ H∂mWv "kwtbm-PnX inip-

hn-I-k-\-]-cn-]mSn'. A©p-h-b-kn\v Xmsg ]mb-ap≈ Ip™p-߃°pw Ah-cpsS AΩ-

am¿°pw t]mj-Im-lmcw e`y-am-°pIbmWv Cu ]cn-]mSnbpsS Dt±iyw. sNdp]mb-

Øn¬ t]mj-Im-lm-c-°p-dhv t\cn- m¬ AXv Pohn-X-Imew apgp-h≥ Ah-cpsS Btcm-

KysØ ]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-°m-\n-S-bp-≠v.

$ \nß-fpsS ]tZ-iØv hnhn[ k¿°m-cp-I-fpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \S-°p∂ ZmcnZy

\n¿Ωm¿÷\ ]≤-Xn-I-sf-∏‰n hnhcw tiJ-cn-°q.

$tIµ-k¿°m¿ $ kwÿm\k¿°m¿ $ Xt±ikzbw- -cWÿm]-\-߃

$ \nßfpsS ]tZiØv \S-∏m-°n-h-cp∂ Zmcn-Zy-\n¿am¿P-\-]-cn-]m-Sn-I°pdn®v

KmatkhI\pambn (hn.C.H) A`napJØneqsS hnh-c-ti-J-cWw \S-Øq.

cmPym-¥cXe-Øn¬

Poh≥ \ne-\n¿Øm≥ `£Ww IqSntb Xocq. temI-Øp≈ F√m-h¿°pw Blmcw

e`n-t°≠-XmWvv. Cu e£yØn\pth≠n C‰-en-bpsS Xe-ÿm-\-amb tdman¬ \S∂

H∂mw temI`£y-k-tΩ-f\Ønse Xocp-am\w i≤n-°q.

""1984 BIp-tºm-tg°v temIØv Hcp Ip™p-t]mepw hni∂v Dd-ßm-t\m, Hcp a\p-

jy-s‚bpw imco-cnItam am\-kn-Itam Bb hf¿® apc-Sn-°p-hmt\m ]mSn-√.''

A[ymbw aq∂v

`£y-kp-c£

37temI- -£y-k-tΩ-f\w 1996 ¬ ho≠pw tdman¬ Xs∂ \S-∂-t∏mƒ temIØv hni-∂p-d-

ßp-∂-h¿ 70 tImSnbpw t]mj-Im-lm-c-°p-dhv A\p- -hn-°p-∂-h¿ 80 tImSn-bp-am-bn-cp∂p.

Cu Ah-ÿbv°v ]cn-lmcw D≠m-°p-∂-sX-ßs\?

temI-Øp≈ F√m a\p-jy-cp-sSbpw Bh-iy-Øn-\p≈ t£ym¬]∂w D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°-

s∏-Sp-∂pt≠m? Ds≠-¶n¬ AXv F√m a\p-jy¿°p-ambn hnX-cWw sNø-s∏-Sp-∂pthm?

`£y-[m\yw hnX-cWw sNø-s∏-Sp-∂n-s√-¶n¬ `£y kpc£ t\Sn F∂v ]d-bm-\m-

hn√. temI £y ktΩ-f\w £y-kp-c-£-sb-]‰n ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂Xv t\m°q.

""F√m P\-߃°pw F√m- Im-eØpw kPo-hhpw Btcm-Ky-I-c-hp-amb Pohn-

Xw \bn-°m-\m-h-iy-ambXbpw `£Ww e`n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ `uXn-Ihpw

kmº-Øn-I-hp-amb ]m]vXn Dd-∏p hcp-Øp∂ Ah-ÿ-bmWv £y kpc£''

`£y-kzbw]cym-]vXXbpw `£y-kp-c-£bpw

Hcp cmPy-Øn\m-h-iy-amb £y-h-kvXp-°ƒ B cmPyØp-Xs∂ D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-

∂XmWv £y-kz-bw-]-cym-]vX-X.

a\p-jys‚ Blm-c-Ønse apJy-bn\w [m\y-ß-fm-Wv. t]mj-I-KpWw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-

∂-Xn\v ]®-°-dn-Iƒ, ]g-h¿K-߃, ]m¬, ap´, a’yw, amwkw F∂n-hbpw D]-tbm-K-

s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. Chbp-sS D¬]m-Z\w £y-kz-bw-]-cym-]vX-X-bpsS mK-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-

°p-∂p. C¥y £ykzbw-]-cym-]vXX t\Snb cmPy-amWv.

F∂m¬ temIsØ F√m cmPy-ßfpw £y-kz-bw-]-cym-]vX-a-√. Ah¿°v £-W-Øn-

\mbn a‰p cmPy-ßsf Bi-bn-t°-≠n-h-cp-∂p. C¥y- -£y-kzbw]cym-]vXX t\Snb

cmPy-am-sW-¶nepw \ΩpsS F√m kwÿm-\-ßfpw £y-kz-bw-]-cym-]vX-a-√. DZm-l-c-

W-ambn tIc-f-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb ]e

`£yh-kvXp-°fpw \mw a‰p kwÿm-\-ß-

fn¬ \n∂mWv sIm≠p-h-cp-∂-Xv.

$ \ΩpsS \m´nse ][m\ £-W-߃

]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-I. Ah-bv°m-h-iy-amb

`£y-h-kvXp-°fpw Ah -F-hnsS

\n∂pw sIm≠p-h-cp-∂-psh∂pw I≠p-

]n-Sn-°q. Nm¿´v \n¿Ωn®v ¢mkn¬

]Z¿in-∏n-°q.

DØ¿]tZiv ˛ Hc-\p- h ]mTw

temI-Øn-se- G‰hpw e- q-bn-jvT-amb ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ H∂mWv KwKmka-Xew. KwKm-

k-a-X-e-Ønse DØ¿]-tZipw ]©m_pw lcn-bm-\bpw tN¿∂m¬ C¥y≥

Im¿jnItaJ-e-bpsS lrZ-b-am-bn. e- q-bn-jvT-amb aÆv, \nc-¥c Pe-e- yX, A\p-

IqeImem-hÿ F∂nh DØ¿]-tZ-ins\ £y-[m-\y- D¬]m-Z-\-Øn¬ ap≥]-¥n-bn¬

C¥y-bn-¬ 23 tImSn P\-߃ t]mj-Im-

lm-c-°p-dhvA\p-`-hn-°p-∂p. temIØv

t]mj-Im-lm-c-°p-hv A\p- -hn-°p∂ P\-ß-

fn¬ 27 iX-am -\hpw C¥y-bn -em -Wv.

cmPysØ inip-a-c-W-\n-c-°n¬ ]Ip-Xnbpw

t]mj-Im-lm-c-°p-d-hp-aq-e-am-sW∂v KmaoW

C¥y-bnse `£y-kp-c-£-sb-°p-dn-®p≈

sFIy-cm-jvS-k-`-bpsS dnt∏m¿´v shfn-s∏-

Sp-Øp-∂p.

¢mkv Bdv

kmaq-ly-imkvXw

38FØn-°p∂p. cmPysØ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ tKmXºp¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ kwÿm-\w,

s\√p¬]m-Z-\-Øn¬ C¥y-bn¬ c≠mw ÿm\w F∂nh DØ¿]-tZ-in\v A¿l-X-s∏-

-Xm-Wv. ]mep¬]m-Z-\-Ønepw ]g-h¿K-߃, ]®-°dn F∂n-h-bpsS D¬]m-Z-\-Ønepw

Cu kwÿm\w anIhp ]pe¿Øp-∂p.

C¥y-bpsS BsI P\-kwJybpsS 16 iX-am\w DØ¿]-tZ-in-emWv A[n-h-kn-°p-∂-

Xv. cmPy-Øns‚ BsI `£y-[m\y D¬]m-Z-\-Øns‚ 22 iX-am\w Cu kwÿm-\-

Øns‚ hI-bm-Wv. [m\y-߃, Ing-ßpIƒ, ]©-km-c, ]®--°dn F∂nh kwÿm-\-

Øn\v Bh-iy-am-b-Xnepw IqSp-X¬ D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v.

`£y-kzbw]cym-]vX-amWv DØ¿]-tZiv F¶nepw C¥y-bn¬ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬

ZmcnZytcJbv°p Xmsg-bp≈ IpSpw-_-߃ A[n-h-kn-°p-∂Xpw Chn-sS-bm-Wv. P\-

kw-Jy-bpsS 31.6 iX-am-\hpw ZmcnZytcJ-bv°p-Xm-sg-bm-sW∂v C¥ym-K-h¨sa‚ns‚

]T-\-߃ ImWn-°p-∂p. £y Dev]m-Z-\-Øn¬ ap∂n-em-sW-¶nepw hnX-c-W-Ønepw

e`y-X-bnepw henb Ak-aXzw \ne-\n-ev°p-∂p. ]tXyI ÿe-ß-fn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂-

h¿°v £y-[m-\y-e- yX Ipdhm-Wv. CXns‚ hnjaw A\p- -hn-°p-∂ IqSp-X¬ t]cpw

kvXoIfpw Ip´n-Ifpw ]´n-I-PmXn˛]´n-I-h¿K-Øn¬s∏-Sp-∂-h-cp-am-Wv.

`£y kzbw-]-cym-]vXX D≠m-bn´pw £y-kp-c£ Dd-∏m-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂n√ F∂v \mw

a\- n-em-°n. CXp-t]mse £y-kz-bw-]-cym-]vX-X-bnepw kwÿm-\-߃ XΩn¬Xs∂

hyXymkw D≠v. £y-kp-c-£bpsS ][m-\-s∏´ LS-I-amWv £y-kz-bw-]-cym-]vXX.

`£y-kp-c£ Xmsg-]-d-bp∂ aq∂v LS-I-ßsf Bi-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p:

D¬]m-Z\w

P\-ß-fpsS £ym-hiyw \nd-th-‰p-hm≥ th≠ Af-hn¬ t£ym¬]m-Z\w \S-t°-≠-

Xp-≠v. P\-kw-Jy-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ temIsØ c≠mw-ÿm-\-Øp≈ C¥ybv°v £ym-

h-iy-Øns‚ Afhv hfsc IqSp-X-em-Wv. ][m-\-ambpw Acnbpw tKmX-ºp-amWv \ΩpsS

apJy- -£y-[m-\y-߃. Ch C¥y-bn¬ ]e-]-tZ-i-ß-fn-em-bmWv D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

KwKm-k-a-X-e-Øn¬ s\√pw tKmXºpw hnf-bp-tºmƒ B‘m-k-a-X-e-Øn¬ ][m-\-

ambpw s\√mWv Irjn-sN-øp-∂-Xv. Im¿jn-I-ta-J-e-bn¬ hcp-Ønb kwL-Sn-Xhpw Bkq-

Xn-X-hp-amb ]cn-jvI-c-W-ß-ƒ aptJ\ £y-kz-bw-]-cym-]vXX ssIh-cn-°m≥ \ap°v

km[n-®p.

kw -cWw

C¥y-bnse F√m ]tZ-ißfpw Hcp-t]mse t£ym¬]m-Z-\-Øn\v tbmPn-®-X-√. AXp-

sIm≠v IqSpX¬ D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ ]tZiß-fn¬ \n∂pw `£y-[m-\y-߃ tiJ-cn-

°p-Ibpw kq£n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXmte C¥y-bn-se-√m-bn-SØpw FØn-°m≥ Ign-bq.

amX-a√ F√m hnf-Ifpw F√m-°m-

eØpw D≠mhp-Ibpan√. `£y-[m-\y-

߃ imkvXo-b-am-bn kw -cn®v kq£n-

°p∂p. CXn-\mbn pUv tIm¿∏-td-j≥

Hm^v C¥y (F^v.-kn.-sF) bpsS

tKmUu-Wp-Iƒ cmPyØv ]e-bn-SØpw

A[ymbw aq∂v

`£y-kp-c£

39D≠v. cmPysØ I¿j-I-cn¬\n∂v tIµ-k¿°m¿ tiJ-cn-°p∂ £y-[m-\y-߃ Cu

tKmUu-Wp-I-fn¬ kw -cn-°p-∂p. £y-[m\yw ChnsS \n∂mWv £y-Zu¿e- y-ap≈

kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ hnX-cWw sNøp-∂-Xv.

hnX-cWw

`£y-kp-c£ Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn¬ hnX-cWw kp]-[m-\-am-Wv. F√m ]tZ-i-sØbpw F√m

hn`m-K-ß-fnepw s]´ P\-߃°m-h-iy-amb Af-hn¬ £-Ww e`n-t°≠-Xp-≠v. CXn\v

^e-]-Z-amb hnX-c-W-Iaw Bh-iy-amWv. s]mXphnX-cW kwhn-[m-\-Øn-eqsS CXv km[y-

am-Ip-∂p. Hcp \n›nX Af-hn¬ £y[m\y-߃ Hmtcm BgvN-bnepw Hmtcm IpSpw-_-

Øn\pw e`y-ambn F∂v Dd-∏m-°-emWv Cu kwhn-[m-\-Øn-eqsS sNøp-∂-Xv. _n.]n.-

F¬, F.]n.-F¬ hn`m-K-߃°v £y-[m-\y-ß-fpsS hnX-c-W-Øn¬ hyXymkw D≠v.

cmPyØv kw`-cn-°p∂ `£y-[m\yw F^v.-kn.sF tKmUu-Wp-I-fn¬ \n∂v

tdj≥samØ-hym-]m-cn-Iƒ°v e`n-°p-∂p. Ahn-sS-\n∂v tdj≥hym]m-cn-Iƒ°pw

XpS¿∂v tdj≥Im¿Up-S-a-Iƒ°pw In´p-∂p.

cmPyØv t£ym¬]m-Z-\-Øn¬ G‰-°p-d-®n-ep-Iƒ D≠m-bm¬ i‡-amb kw -cW hnX-

cW kwhn-[m-\-Øn-eqsS k¿°m-cn\v CXv adn-I-S-°mw. AXym-h-iy-k-µ¿ -ß-fn¬ a‰p

cmPy-ß-fn¬ \n∂v Cd-°p-aXn sNbvXpw £y-[m\y hnX-cWw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm-dp≠v.

\nß-fpsS IpSpw-_-Ønse tdj≥Im¿Un¬ Fs¥√mw hnh-c-߃ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-

´p≠v? Ch \n߃°p e`n-°p∂ tdj≥ km[-\-ß-fpsS Af-hp-ambn Fßs\ _‘-

s∏- n-cn-°p-∂p? N¿®-sN-øq. \nK-a-\-߃ Ipdn-∏m-°q.

tIc-fhpw s]mXp-hn-X-cW kº-Zm-bhpw

tIcfØn-\m-h-iy-ap≈ `£y-[m-\y-ß-fn¬ ]Xn-aq-∂p-i-X-am\w amX-am-Wv ChnsS

D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. \ap-°m-h-iy-ap≈ £y-[m-\y-ß-fn¬ Gdn-b-]¶pw A\y-kw-ÿm-

\-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw sIm≠p-h-cp-∂p. £y-[m-\y-߃ amX-a√ ]®-°-dn- Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈

a‰p hn -h-ß-fpw a‰p kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v sIm≠p-h-∂mWv \mw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-

Xv. £y-kp-c£ Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn\v k¿°m¿ s]mXp-hn-X-c-W-tI-µ-߃ ]h¿Øn-∏n-

°p-∂p-≠v. apºv Ch Adn-b-s∏- n-cp-∂-Xv \ymb-hne tIµ-߃ F∂m-bn-cp-∂p. tIc-f-

Øn¬ Ct∏m-ƒ 14,274 s]mXp-hn-X-cW tIµ-߃ \ne-hn-ep-≠v. CtXm-sSm∏w ]©m-b-

Øp-X-e-Øn¬ amth-en-tÃm-dp-Iƒ,

i_cn tÃmdp-Iƒ, kssπtIm

tÃmdp-Iƒ F∂n-hbpw ]h¿Øn-

°p-∂p. s]mXp-hn-X-cW tIµ-ß-

fn¬ _n.]n.-F¬ IpSpw-_-߃°v

kuP-\y-\n-c-°n¬ `£y-km-[-\-

߃ hnX-cWw sNøp-tºmƒ a‰v

F√m hn`m-Kw P\-߃°pw \nb-

¥n-X-hn-ebv°v `£y-[m-\y-ßfpw

¢mkv Bdv

kmaq-ly-imkvXw

40

ZmcnZy\n¿am¿P\w as‰mcp amXrI

Xriq¿ Pn√-bnse Hcp k¿°m¿ kvIqfnse

hnZym¿∞n-I-fpsS ]h¿Ø\w t\m°q. £-

W-sØ-°p-dn®pw `£y-kp-c-£psS Bh-

iy-I-X-sb-°p-dn®pw ]Tn-°p∂ kµ¿ -Øn-

emWv Ah¿ Hcp t\csØ £-W-Øn\v

hnj-an-°p-∂-h¿ Xß-fpsS Np‰p-]m-Snep-

s≠∂v Is≠-Øn-b-Xv. kz¥w \ne-bn¬

sNøm-hp∂ ]cn-lmcw F∂-\n-e-bn¬

kvIqfnse HmWm-tLm-j-Øn\v kzcq-]n®

XpI-sIm≠v A\m-Ym -e -b -Ønse

At¥hmkn -Iƒ°v Hcp t\csØ

`£Ww \¬In. CtX hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ

as‰m-cm-tLm-j-s®-ehv sXcp-hp-_m-ey-

߃°v s]mXn-t®m-dp-\-¬Im≥ D]-tbm-

K-s∏-Sp-Øn.

a‰p-h-kvXp-°fpw hnX-cWw sNbvXp-h-cp-∂p.

s]mXp-hn-X-cW kwhn-[m-\-Øn-eqsS F√m

hn`mKw P\-߃°pw `£-W-km-[-\-ß-

fpsS e`yX Dd-∏m-°m-\p≈ k¿°m-cns‚

i‡-amb CS-s]-S-emWnXv. CXv `£y-kp-

c£ Dd-∏m°n kaq-l-Ønse ZmcnZyw C√m-

Xm-°p-∂-Xn\v klm-bn-°p-∂p.

`£y-kp-c£ t\Sp-∂-Xn\v temI-Øm-I-

am\w Kh¨sa‚p-Ifpw sFIy-cm-jvS-kw-L-

S-\bpsS hnhn[ GP≥kn-Ifpw ian-®p-sIm-

≠n-cn-°p-∂p. C¥y-bn¬ tIµ- -kw-ÿm\

k¿°m-cp-Iƒ hnhn[ \S-]-Sn-I-fn-eqsS Cu

e£yw ssIh-cn-°m≥ ian-°p-∂p. F¶nepw

hnX-c-W-Ønse A]m-I-X-Ifpw P\-ß-fpsS

A⁄-Xbpw Cu e£yw t\Sp-∂-Xn¬

XS w krjvSn-°p-∂p.

$ \nß-fpsS ]tZ-i-Øp≈ F.]n.-F¬/_n.]n.-F¬ hn`m-K-ß-fpsS FÆw

Is≠ØpI.

$ \nß-fpsS Ab¬ho-Sp-Iƒ kµ¿in®v Ah¿ s]mXp-hn-X-c-W- tI-µ-ßsf Bi-

bn-°p-∂pt≠m F∂p -I-s≠-Øq. Ds≠-¶n¬

˛ s]mXp-hn-X-c-W-tI-µ-ßsf Bi-bn-°p-∂-h-cpsS FÆw

˛ e`n-°p∂ km[-\-߃

˛ Ch e`n-°p∂ Af-hv, hne, KpW-ta∑

Ch Is≠Øn ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°q.

$ ]X-߃, a‰v B\p-Im-en-I-߃ XpS-ßn-b-h-bn¬ \n∂v ]´n-Wn, Zmcn-Zyw XpS-

ßnb `£y]iv\-߃ ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂ hm¿Ø-Ifpw NnX-ßfpw tiJ-cn®v

sImfmjv Xbm-dm-°q.

H´pw ]mgm-°-cptX...

D®- -£Ww Ign™v ]mXw Igp-Im≥ t]mb-t∏m-gmWv Ip´n-Iƒ `£Ww ]mgm-°p-

∂Xv A\p i≤n-®-Xv. FX Ip´n-I-fmWv ChnsS `£Ww If-bp-∂Xv. Hmtcm Znh-

khpw Itºm-Ãp-Ipgn tNmdp-sIm≠v \nd-bp-I-bm-Wv. A[n-Iw-h-cp∂ tNmdpw a‰pw tiJ-

cn-°m≥ Ab¬ ho´nse cmap-th- ≥ Hcp ]mXw sIm≠p-h-®n- p-≠v. F∂m¬ Bcpw

AXp i≤n-°m-dn-√. ]mX-Øn-\p-≈nepw Np‰nepambn [mcmfw £Ww NnX-dn-°n-S∏p≠v.

]g-Inb Blm-c-Øns‚ Zp¿K‘w Ak-l-\o-b-am-Wv. £Ww Ign-°m-\n-√msX FX-

tbm-t]¿ hnjan-°p-tºm-gmWv ChnsS CX-b-[nIw Blmcw \mw ]mgm-°p-∂Xv.

A[ymbw aq∂v

`£y-kp-c£

41\ΩpsS kvIqfn¬ ]mgm-bn-t∏m-

Ip∂ Blmcw IW-°m-°n-

bm¬ Hmtcm Znh -khpw

Hmt∂m ct≠m Intem Acn-

em-`n-°m-\m-Int√? Cßs\

Hmtcm kvIqfnepw Znhkw Hcp

IntemKw Acn em`n-°m-\m-

bm¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ Znhkw

FX IntemKmw Acn-bmWv

an®-ap-≠m-hp-I? CXv as‰-s¥√mw Xc-Øn¬ \ap°p]-tbm-Kn-°m-\mIpw?

kvIqfp-Ifn¬ amX-amtWm Cßs\ £Ww ]mgm-°p∂ Ah-ÿ-bp-≈Xv?

$ as‰-s¥√mw kµ¿ -ß-fn¬ £Ww ]mgm-°p-∂p≠v?

$ ho´n¬

$ k¬°mc thf-I-fn¬

$ BtLm-j-th-f-I-fn¬

$

$ \nß-fpsS kvIqfn¬ sa®-s∏´ D®- -£-Ww \¬Im≥ Hcp ]cn-]mSn Xbm-dm-°q.

]n.Sn.F, s]mXp ]h¿Ø-I¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS klmbw tXSmw.

$

¢mkv Bdv

kmaq-ly-imkvXw

42

hyh-km-bhntijw4

A[ymbw \mev

hyh-kmb hntijw

43

Hcp cmPy-Øns‚ ]ptcm-K-Xn-bn¬ Irjn°pw hyh-km-b-Øn\pw henb ]¶m-Wp-≈-Xv.

\nXy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ \mw \nc-h[n D¬]-∂-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. hkvX-߃, [m\y-

߃, ]®-°-dn-Iƒ, acp-∂p-Iƒ Cßs\ FX...FX? ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øq.

Ahsb Irjn-sN-bvXv D-≠m-°p-∂-h-sb∂pw hyh-kmbime-bn¬ \n¿an-°p-∂hsb∂pw

th¿Xn-cn-®p-t\m-°q.

Im¿jnI D¬]∂-߃ hymh-km-bnI D¬]-∂-߃

II

I

hymh-km-bnI D¬]∂-߃ \n¿an-°p-∂-Xv hyh-km-b-im-e-I-fn-em-W-t√m. hyh-km-b-

im-e-I-fpsS ÿm]\w, ]h¿Ø\w F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v \ap°v Cu A[ym-b-Øn¬

N¿®-sN-ømw.

hyh-km-b-ß-ƒ tIc-f-Øn¬

tIc-f-Øn¬ sNdpXpw hep-Xp-amb At\Iw hyh-kmbime-Iƒ D≠v. hyXy-kvX-ß-

fmb D¬]-∂-߃ ChnsS D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂p-. hnhn[ Pn√-I-fn-embn \nc-h[n hyh-

kmbime-Iƒ ]h¿Øn-°p-∂p≠v F∂v A©mw Xc-Øn¬ ]Tn-®n- p-≠-t√m. GsX-√m-

am-Wv Ah?

shtè C¥y ssπhpUv enan-‰Uv

sS¬Iv

¢mkv Bdv

kmaq-ly-imkvXw

44

hyh-kmbime-I-fpsS NnX-߃ ]cn-tim-[n-°q.

NnX-ß-fp-sSbpw A©mw- X-c-Ønse "\mSn-\p- tN¿∂ hyh-kmbw' F∂ ]mT- m-

KØns‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ tIc-f-Ønse ][m-\-s∏´ hyh-km-b-ime-Iƒ

Is≠Øq.

hyh-kmbime-I-fn¬ D¬]m-Z\w \S-Øp∂-Xn-\v ]e LS-I-ß-fp-sSbpw IqSn-t®-c¬

Bh-iy-am-Wv. Ch-bn¬ NneXns\-°p-dn®v A©mw- X-c-Øn¬ I≠p-h-t√m. ]´n-I-s∏-

Sp-Øq.

$ ............................................................................................................................

$ ............................................................................................................................

Hcp hyh-km-b-ime \S-Øp-hm≥ Fs¥√mw LS-I-߃ Bh-iy-amWv?

tIcf an\-d¬kv & sa‰¬kv enan-‰Uv ae-_m¿ kna‚ vkv

hnhn-[- LS-I-߃ Hcp hyh-km-b-im-e-bn¬ Fßs\ ]h¿Øn-°p∂p F∂p ]cn-

tim-[n-°mw.

Akw-kvIr-X-h-kvXp-°ƒ

D¬∏∂w \n¿an°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hkvXp-hn-s\-bmWv Akw-kvIrXhkvXp F∂p-

]-d-bp-∂-Xv. ]Ir-Xnbn¬ \n∂v t\cn´pw A√m-sXbpw Akw-kvIr-X-h-kvXp-°ƒ e`y-

kmt¶-Xn-I-hnZy

hm¿Øm-hn-\n-abw

Du¿Pw

aqe-[\w

Akw-kvIrX

hkvXp

sXmgn-emfn

hn]-W\w kwLm-S\w

KXm-KXw

hyh-kmbw

A[ymbw \mev

hyh-kmb hntijw

45am-Wv. XpWn s\øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ \qepw \q¬ D≠m-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ ]cpØnbpw Akw-

kvIr-X-h-kvXp-°fm-Wv. Ccp-º-bncv Ccp-ºm°n am‰p-∂Xv hyh-km-b-im-e-Ifn-em-Wv.

Ccpºv D]-tbm-Kn®v b¥-km-a-Kn-Iƒ \n¿an°p-∂Xv as‰mcp hyh-km-bam-Wv. ChnsS

Ccp-º-bncpw Ccpºpw hyXykvX D¬∏-∂-߃ \n¿an-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Akw-kvIr-X-h-

kvXp-hm-bn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.

FACT

cmk-h-f-߃

$ ^mIvSwt^mkv

$ Atam-Wnbw kƒt^‰v

$ _tbm -s^¿´n -sse -

tkgvkv

tIc-f-Ønse Hcp ]apJ hyh-km-b-ÿm-]-\-amWv s^¿´n-sse-tkgvkv B≥Uv sIan-

°¬kv Hm^v Smh≥Iq¿ enan-‰Uv (FACT). CXv Fd-Wm-

Ipfw Pn√-bn¬ DtZym-Kafi-enepw sIm®n-bn-ep-ambn

ÿnXnsNøp-∂p. C¥y-bpsS Im¿jnI taJebpsS hnI-

k-\-Øn-\v Bhiy-amb Kth-j-Whpw cmk-hf\n¿am-W-

hp-amWv Cu hyh-km-b-im-ebpsS apJy-]-h¿Ø-\w.

cmPysØ GsXmcp I¿j-I\pw CXns‚ tkh\w e`y-

amWv. cmk-hf\n¿am-W-cw-KØv temIØn¬ aq∂mw

ÿm\-amWv CXn-\p-≈Xv.

GsX√mw cmk-h-f-ß-fmWv ]´n-I-bn¬ ImWn-®n- p-≈Xv?

Cu hf-߃ At\Iw cmk-h-kvXp-°ƒ Iq´n-t®¿Øv hyh-

km-b-im-e-bn¬ D≠m-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv. \m vX, ^¿Wkv

Hmbn¬, kƒ^¿, tdm°vt^m-kvt^-‰v, s_≥ko≥,

t^mkvt^m-dnIv BknUv F∂nh hfw \n¿am-W-Øn-\mbn

D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. cmk-hf\n¿am-W-Øn\v Bh-iy-amb Akw-kvIrXhkvXp-°-fmWv Ch.

sXmgn¬

hy-h-km-b-im-e-bn¬ [mcmfw t]¿ tPmen-sN-øp-∂p. D¬]m-Z-\-Øn¬ Ch¿°pw ][m-

\-]-¶p-≠v. sXmgn¬ sNøp∂ BfmWv sXmgnemfn. am-\-kn-Im-[zm-\hpw Imbn-Im-[zm-

\hpw tNcp-∂-Xm-Wv sXmgn¬. A[zm-\-Øn\p ]I-c-ambn sXmgn-em-fn°v Iqen e`n-

°p∂p. Hmtcm sXmgn-em-fnbpw Xs‚ sXmgnen¬ th≠X ]cn-Nbw t\Sn-bn-cn-°pw.

^mIvSn¬ hnhn[ ka-b-ß-fn-embn aqhm-bn-cØn Fgp-∂q-tdmfw Bfp-Iƒ tPmen-sN-

øp∂p. 24 aWn-°qdpw ]h¿Øn-°p∂ Cu hyh-km-b-im-e-bn¬ hnhn[ jn^v‰p-I-fn-

em-bmWv sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ tPmen sNøp-∂-Xv. b¥-߃ ]h¿Øn-∏n-°p∂ kmt¶-XnI

¢mkv Bdv

kmaq-ly-imkvXw

46

]cn-⁄m-\-ap-≈-h¿, Ib-‰n-d°p tPmen-bn¬ G¿s∏- n-cn-°p∂h¿, sIan-°¬ F©n-

\o-b¿am¿, sa°m-\n-°¬ F©n-\o-b¿am¿, Iºyq- ¿ hnZ-Kv[¿ F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ hnhn[

hn`mKw sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ CXn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p.

kvIq apX¬ Iºyq- ¿ hsc

\mw D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ]e hymh-km-bnI

D¬∏-∂-ß-fp-sSbpw \n¿amWw Hcp hyh-

km-b-ime tIµo-I-cn®v amX-a√ \S-°p-

∂-Xv. At\Iw hyh-km-b-im-e-I-fn¬

D¬∏mZn-∏n-°p∂ sNdpXpw hep-Xp-amb

D¬∏-∂-߃ Iq´n-t®¿ØmWv ]pXnb

D¬∏∂w D≠m-°p-∂Xv. sSen-hn-j≥,

Iºyq- ¿, tdUn-tbm, samss_¬ t^m¨

XpS-ßnb CeIvtSmWnIv D]-I-c-W-ß-

fpsS Hmtcm `mKhpw hyXykvX hyh-

kmb-im -e -I -fn¬ D¬∏m-Zn -∏n -°p -

∂hbmWv.

D¬]m-Z-\-]-In-bbv°v b¥-߃, D]-I-c-W-߃, sI´n-S-߃ F∂nh Bh-iy-am-Wv.

hyh-km-b-imeIƒ D¬]m-Z\Øn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb b¥-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂p.

Ch-bn¬ NneXv \ΩpsS cmPyØp Xs∂ \n¿an-°p-∂p-. NneXv hntZ-i-cm-Py-ß-fn¬

\n∂v Cd-°p-aXnsNøp∂-p.

hyh-kmbw XpS-ßm≥ ]Ww

hyh-km-b-im-e-IfpsS ]h¿Ø-\-Øn\v ]Ww AXym-hiy LS-I-am-Wv. hyh-km-b-

ime ]Wn-bp-∂-Xn-\p≈ qan hmßp-∂-Xn-\v, sI´n-S-߃ \n¿an-°p-∂-Xn\v, b¥-߃

hmßp-∂-Xn-\v, Akw-kvIrX hkvXp-°ƒ FØn-°p-∂-Xn-\v, sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°p thX\w

\¬Ip-∂-Xn\v Ch-bvs°√mw ]Ww IqSntb Xocq. k¿°mtcm -hy-‡n-Itfm hyh-km-

b-ime-Iƒ ÿm]n°m≥ ]Ww apS-°p∂p. Cu ]W-amWv aqe-[\w.

jn v‰v kº-Zmbw

cm∏-I¬ hyXym-k-an-√msX ]h¿Øn-

°p∂ ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ tPmen sNøp-∂-

h¿ Htc ka-b-Ø√ tPmen°v lmP-cm-Ip-

∂-Xv. Nne¿ cmhnse tPmen-s°Øn

sshIp-t∂-c-tØmsS Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-

tºmƒ as‰m-cp-Iq- ¿ cmXn-bn-em-bn-cn°pw

tPmen-s°-Øp-∂-Xv. F∂mepw F√m-hcpw

8 aWn-°q¿ t\c-amWv tPmen-sN-øp-I.

Ch¿°v BgvN-bn¬ Hcp Znhkw Ah-[n-

bm-bn-cn-°pw.

A[ymbw \mev

hyh-kmb hntijw

47

hyh-km-b-Øns‚ t]cv D¬∏∂wAkw-kvIrX

hkvXpDS-a-ÿX

hnf-°n-t®¿°¬

D¬∏-∂-w \n¿an-°p-∂-Xn\v Akw-kvIr-X-

h-kvXp-°ƒ, sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ, b¥-߃,

D]-I-c-W-߃ F∂nh Bh-iy-am-sW∂v

\mw I≠-t√m. Ch ]e-bn-S-ß-fnembn In-

S-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv. Ch e-]-Z-ambn GtIm-

]n-∏n-°p-hm≥ Hcp LSIw IqSn Bh-iy-

amWv˛kwLm-S-\w. km[m-c-W-bmbn

CØcw ]h¿Ø\߃ Gs‰-SpØp \S-

Øp-∂Xv hy-‡n-Itfm ÿm]-\-ß-tfm, kl-I-cWÿm]-\-ßtfm k¿°mtcm BWv.

Nne Ah-k-c-ß-fn¬ -hy-‡n-Ifpw k¿°mcpw tN¿∂v kwbp-‡-ambn hyh-km-b-im-e-

Iƒ Bcw- n-°mdp-≠v. \ΩpsS \m´n¬ CØcØnep≈ hyh-km-b-im-e-Iƒ ImWm-hp-

∂-Xm-Wv. Xmsg sImSpØncn-°p∂ Nm¿ v ]cn-tim-[n-°q.

Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ almcmPmhmbn-cp∂ io.

NnØnc-Xn-cp-\mƒ _me-cm-a-h¿abpsS ImeØv

1944 ¬ DtZym-K-a-fi-en¬ Bcw-`n® hyh-

kmbime-bmWv FACT. cmPy-Øns‚ kmº-

ØnI ]ptcm-KXn Dd∏phcp-Øp-I, Im¿jnI

taJ-esb ]pjvSn-s∏-Sp-ØpI XpS-ßn-b-h-bm-bn-

cp∂p Cu hyh-km-b-ime XpS-ßn-b-Xn-s‚ -D-

t±iy߃. 1960 ¬ CXv tIµ-k¿°m¿ DS-a-ÿ-

X-bn-em-bn.

hyh-kmbime-Iƒ DS-a-ÿX

kl-I-c-W-ta-Jekwbp-‡-ta-JekzIm-cy-ta-Je

k¿°m-¿ DSaÿX

DZm:˛ ae-_m¿

kna‚ vkv,

Smh≥Iq¿ sIm®n≥

sIan-°¬kv

Ipsd BfpIƒ

tN¿∂v kl-I-c-W-

kw-L-߃ cq]o-I-

cn®v ]h¿Øn-°p-

∂p. DZm:˛ an¬a

kzImcy-hy-‡n-Iƒ

t\cn´v \S-Øp-∂Xv

DZm:˛ shtè

C¥ym ssπhpUvkv

k¿°m-cn -s‚bpw

hy-‡n-I-fp -sSbpw

Iq´mb DS-a-ÿX

DZm:˛ sS¬°v

s]mXp-ta-Je

$ \nß-fpsS ]tZ-i-Øp≈ GsX-¶nepw hyh-km-b-ime kµ¿in®v apºp hnh-cn®

LS-I-߃ Fß-s\-bmWp ]h¿Øn-°p-∂-sX∂v Is≠Øn Ipdn∏pX-bm-dm-°q.

$ So®-dpsS klm-b-tØmsS \nß-fpsS Pn√-bnse ][m\ hyh-km-b-߃ Xmsg

]d-bp∂ ]´n-I-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.

$ GsX√mw DS-a-ÿ-X-bnep≈ hyh-km-b-ß-fmWv \nß-fpsS Pn√-bn¬ D≈Xv?

$ Fs¥√mw Akw-kvIrXhkvXp -°-fmWv Cu hyh-km-bime-Ifn¬

D]tbmKn°p∂Xv?

¢mkv Bdv

kmaq-ly-imkvXw

48

hn]-W\w

\Ωƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ D¬]-∂-ßsf√mw \ΩpsS \m´n¬ D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-h-bmtWm?

C¥y-bnse hnhn-[ kwÿm-\-ß-fnepw C¥ybv°v ]pdØpw D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ D¬∏∂-

߃ \mw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂nt√?

\n߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ D¬]-∂-߃ GsX√mw \mSp-I-fn¬ D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-h-bmWv?

D¬]∂w D¬]m-Zn-]n-°p∂ ÿew

Ce-IvtSm-WnIv D]-I-c-W-߃

hm®v

acp∂v

t]\

tkm∏v

$ C¥ybv°p ]pdta GsX√mw cmPy-ßfn¬ \n¿an® D¬∏-∂-ß-fmWv \n߃ D]-

tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv?

AkwkvIrXhkvXp-°ƒ hyh-kmb ime-I-fnte°pw D¬∏-∂-߃ Ahn-sS-\n∂v

\ΩpsS ssII-fnte°pw FØn°p-∂-Xv Fßs\?

$ KXmKXw

$ hm¿Øm-hn-\n-abw

$ I®-hSÿm-]-\-߃

$ ...........................................................

$ hyh-km-b-im-e-Iƒ GsX√mw KXm-K-X-am¿K-ß-sfbmWv Bi-bn-°p-∂Xv?

hyh-kmb-im-e-Iƒ D¬∏-∂-߃ hn¬°m≥ hn]-Wnsb Bi-bn-°p-∂p. \n¿an-°p∂

D¬∏-∂-߃°v Bh-iy-°msc D≠m-°n-sb-Sp-°m≥ hyh-km-b-im-e-Iƒ ]e -co-Xn-Ifpw

kzoI-cn-°p-∂p. hn¬]-\-bpsS tXmX-\p-k-cn-®mWv hyh-km-b-im-e-bpsS em -\-jvS-߃

IW-°m-°p-∂-Xv.

hyh-k-mbime-I-ƒ hyXy-kvX-ß-fmb D¬]∂-ß-fmWv \n¿an-°p-∂Xv F∂p \ap-°-

dn-bm-a-t√m. am[y-a-ß-fn¬ hcp∂ ]c-ky-߃ i≤n-°q. Fs¥-√mw D¬]-∂-ß-fpsS

]c-ky-ß-fmWv D≈-Xv? -am-[y-a-ß-fn¬ hcp∂ ]c-ky-ß-f-√msX t\cn v D¬∏-∂-ß-sf-

°p-dn®p ]Nm-cWw \S-Øp-∂Xv I≠n- pt≠m? ]c-ky-t_m¿Up-Iƒ, t\m´o-kp-Iƒ,

t_mj-dp-Iƒ Ch-sb√mw D¬∏-∂-ß-fpsS ]Nm-c-W-Øn\v Fß-s\-bmWv D]-tbm-K-

s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv? hyh-km-b-im-ebpsS ]tXyI D¬∏-∂-߃ amXw hn‰-gn-°p∂ IS-

Iƒ I≠n- nt√?

$ hyh-km-b-im-e-Iƒ CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ ]c-ky-X-¥-߃ kzoI-cn-°p-∂Xv F¥n-\m-

bn-cn-°pw

A[ymbw \mev

hyh-kmb hntijw

49$ hyh-kmbime-Iƒ hm¿Øm-hn-\n-ab

kuI-cy-߃ Fß-s\-bmWv D]-tbm-K-s∏-

Sp-Øp-∂Xv?

$ sXmgn-em-fn-Isf Is≠-Øm≥

$ D¬]-∂-ß-ƒ hn‰-gn-°m≥

$ Akw-kvIr-X-h-kvXp-°ƒ Is≠-

Øm≥

$ hyh-km-b-ß-fpsS hf¿® Hcp ]tZ-i-

Øns‚ hnI-k-\sØ Fß-s\-sb√mw

kzm[o-\n-°p∂p? Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°pI.

Du¿Pw

Du¿Pw hyh-km-b-Øns‚ hf¿®bv°v \n¿Wm-

b-I-amb ]¶p- h-ln-°p∂ LS-I-am-Wv. hyh-

km-b-im-e-Iƒ hyXykvX Xc-Øn-ep≈ Du¿Pw D]-tbm-Kn-

°p-∂p≠v. sshZypXn D]-tbm-Kn®pw C‘-\-߃ IØn®pw

Du¿Pw D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂p.

hyh-km-b-ßfpsS ]m[m\yw

Im¿jnItaJesb Bi-bn-®p-≈Xpw A√m-Ø-Xp-amb hyh-

km-b-߃ \ΩpsS cmPy-Øp-≠v. tXß, d_¿, ]cp-Øn, [m\y-

߃, NWw F∂n-hsb Bibn®v [mcmfw hyh-km-b-

imeIƒ ]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-≠v. Im¿jn-I-ta-J-e-bv°v B-h-iy-

amb cmk-hfw, SmIvS¿, ]h¿ Sn√¿, sImbvØpb¥w,

\So¬b¥w, hnhn[ Im¿jnI D]-I-c-W-߃ F∂nh \n¿an-

°p∂ hyh-km-b-im-e-Iƒ D≠v.

Ccp-ºp-cp-°v, s]tSm-fn-bw, J\n-hy-h-km-b D¬]∂-߃,

πmÃn-Iv, kna‚ v F∂n-ßs\ [mcmfw D¬∏-∂-߃ \nXy-

Po-hn-X-Øn¬ ]tbm-P\-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. D¬∏-∂-߃ Ib-‰p-aXn

sNbvXv At\-Iw tImSn cq] \mw hntZ-i-\m-Wy-ambn t\Sp-

∂p-ap≠v. e£-°-W-°n-\p-t]¿ hyh-km-b-im-e-I-fn¬ sXmgn-se-Sp-°p-∂p. KXm-K-Xw,

hm¿Øm-hn-\n-a-bw, \K-c-ß-fpsS hnI-k-\w F∂nh hyh-kmbime-I-fpsS mK-ambn

hnI-kn-®p-h-cp∂ a‰p -ta-J-e-I-fm-Wv.

KXm-K-X-taJe hnIkn-°p-∂-Xns‚ mK-ambn tdmUv, sdbn¬sh, Pe-K-Xm-KXw F∂nh

hnI-kn-°p-∂p. kvIqfp-Iƒ, Bip-]-Xn-Iƒ, hnt\m-Z-tI-µ-߃, I®-hS ÿm]-\-߃

F∂n-h-bpsS hf¿® \K-c-h¬°-c-W-Øn-te-°p \bn-°p-∂p.

¢mkv Bdv

kmaq-ly-imkvXw

50kmt¶-XnIhnZy

hyh-kmbkwcw- -ß-fn¬ ][m-\- ]-¶p-h-ln-°p∂ Hcp LS-I-amWv -km-t¶-XnIhnZy. CXn\v

D¬∏m-Z\˛hn]W\ cwKØv \n¿Wm-b-I-amb ÿm\-ap-≠v. k¶o¿W-amb D¬∏m-Z-\-]-

In-b-bn¬ G¿s∏-Sm\pw D¬∏∂hnX-c-W-Øn\pw hn]-W-\-Øn\pw C∂v km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-

Zy ]tbm-P-\-s∏Sp-∂p.

io\-K¿

]m\n-∏ v

\m¶¬

U¬lnZmZn

aYpc

khmbn am[hv]q¿

tLm´hmcm-Wkn

Im¨]q¿

Al-Ω-Zm-_mZv

htUm-Zc

t]m¿_-¥¿

C≥tUm¿

t`m∏m¬

_duWn

UnKvt_mbv

apwss_

tSmws_

]q\

]\mPn

awK-em-]pcw

ZZm-hXn

BephsIm®n

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

tImb-º-Øq¿

sNss∂

s\bvthen

hnP-b-hmU

hnim-J-]- Ww

dq¿t°esIm¬°Ø

Zp¿Km-∏q¿

C¥y˛ hyh-kmb`q]Sw ˛ 1

kna‚ v

s]tSm-fnbw

sIan-°¬kv˛cmk-h-kvXp-°ƒ

cmk-hfw

]me-°mSv

A[ymbw \mev

hyh-kmb hntijw

51

io\-K¿

eIv\u

Al-Ω-Zm-_mZv

`h≥ \K¿

apkm- n¿]q¿

apwss_

ta´q¿

sNss∂

sIm¬°Ø

tKml´n

C¥y˛ hyh-kmb`q]Sw ˛ 2

KwKm-\-K¿

k‰md

Hudw-Km-_mZv

tjmem-∏q¿

jntamK

_wK-fqcp

tkew

tIm´bwXncp-®n-d-∏≈n

t]m≠n-t®cn

Im°n-\S

ioIm-Ipfw

t]∏¿

]©-kmc

d∫¿

¢mkv Bdv

kmaq-ly-imkvXw

52

io\-K¿

]m\n-∏ v

tLm´hmcm-Wkn

Im¨]q¿

Al-Ω-Zm-_mZv

`h≥ \K¿C≥tUm¿

apwss_

tImb-º-Øq¿

Im©o-]pcw

hnP-b-hmU

I´Iv

sIm¬°Ø

XpWn-

kn¬°v

C¥y˛ hyh-kmb`q]Sw ˛ 3

ep[n-bm\tamUn \K¿

tPm[v]q¿

Pmw\-K¿

_wK-fqcp

Xr»q¿

a[pc

A\-¥-]q¿

sslZ-cm-_mZv

\mKv∏q¿

aq¿jn-Zm-_mZv

tKml´n

_√mcn

Iºnfn

A[ymbw \mev

hyh-kmb hntijw

53$ C¥y-bn¬ Irjn ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈ hyh-km-b-߃ IqSp-X-embn hym]n®p

In-S-°p-∂Xv GsX√mw kwÿm-\-ß-fn-emWv?

$ A‰ve- ns‚ klm-b-tØmsS C¥y-bnse a‰p hyh-km-b-߃ Is≠Øn `q]-

SØn¬ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-ØpI.

$ C¥ybpsS hyh-km-b- q-]Sw \nco-£n®v GsX√mw kwÿm-\-ß-fn-emWv hnhn[

hyh-km-b-߃ hym]n-®p-In-S-°p-∂-sX∂v Is≠-Øp-I.

Hcp ]tZ-iØv hyh-km-b-ime Bcw- n°p-∂tXmsS P\-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ Imcy-amb am‰w

D≠m-Ip-∂p. h¿[n® tXmXn¬ P\-߃ B ]tZ-i-Øv Xma-k-am-cw`n-°p-∂p. hyh-

kmbime-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈ aen-\o-I-c-W-Øn-\p-]p-dta P\-ß-fpsS Pohn-X-co-Xn-bn¬

hcp∂ am‰hpw henb tXmXn¬ aen-\o-I-c-WØn\p- Im-c-W-am-hp-∂p. hyh-km-b-am-en-

\y-ßfpw ]mgvh-kvXp-°fpw Ip∂p-Iq-Sp-∂-Xpaq-e-ap≈ aen-\o-I-cWw, h¿[n® hml\

D]-tbm-KØns‚ mK-am-bp≈ hmbp-a-en-\o-I-c-Ww, Pe-a-en-\o-I-cWw F∂nh DZm-l-c-

W-ß-fm-Wv. CØcw aen-\o-I-c-W-߃ \nb-¥n-°p∂-Xn\v B[p-\n-I-im-kvX-km-t¶-

XnI kwhn-[m-\-߃ D≠v.

aen-\o-I-cW\nb-¥Ww km[y-amWv

Pew, hmbp, aÆv F∂nhbmWv hyh-km-b-im-e-Iƒ aqew aen-\o-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.

CØcw aen-\o-I-c-W-߃ a\p-jy¿°pw a‰p- Po-h-Pm-e-߃°pw tZmj-I-c-ambn

Xocm-dp-≠v. ]e hyh-km-b-im-e-Ifpw kz¥w\ne-bn¬ aen-\o-I-cW\nb-¥Wkwhn-

[m-\-߃ G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≠v.

aen-\o-I-c-W-Øns‚ tXmXv \n¿W-bn-°p-Ibpw \nb-¥n-°p-∂-Xn\v Bh-iy-amb

\n¿tZi-߃, klm-b-߃ F∂nh \¬Ip-I-bp-amWv aen-\o-I-cW\nb-¥W

t_m¿Uv sNøp-∂Xv. kwÿm\ XeØnepw tIµ Xe-Ønepw aen-\o-I-cW\nb-

¥W t_m¿UpIƒ ]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-≠v.

aen-\o-I-cW\nb-¥-W-Øn\v imkvXo-b-

amb kwhn-[m-\-߃ hnhn[ ÿm]-\-߃

G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≠v. FACT Hcp DZm-l-c-W-

am-Wv. th≠X AIew ]men-®p-sIm≠mWv

Hmtcm \n¿amWbqWn-‰pw- ÿm]n-®n-´p-≈-Xv.

[mcmfw ac-߃ h®p-]n-Sn-∏n-®v aen-\o-I-

cWsØ ]Ir-Xym-\n-b-¥n-°m-\p≈ iaw

Hcp]cn-[n-hsc hnP-bn®n-´p-ap≠v. Cu kwhn-

[m -\ -߃ th≠-hn[w ]h¿Øn-°p -

∂pt≠msb∂pw ]pd-Øp-h-cp∂ sh≈hpw hmX-I-ßfpw \n›nX\ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øp-

∂pt≠msb∂pw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ Npa-Xe kwÿm\ aen-\o-I-cW\nb-¥W

t_m¿Un-\m-Wv.

DtZymKafi-en¬ ]h¿Øn-°p∂ kƒ^yq-cnIv BknUv πm‚n¬ \n∂v D≠m-Ip∂

amen-\y-߃ kwkvI-cn-°m≥ Bh-iy-amb kwhn-[m\w AhnsSbp≠v. Jc-am-en-\y-߃

kwkvI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v tIµ-a-en-\o-I-cW\nb-¥W t_m¿Uns‚ ta¬t\m-´-Øn¬ Jc-

am-en\ykwkvI-c-W-im-ebpw ÿm]n-®n-´p-≠v.

FACT (sIm®n-) aen-\o-I-cW\nb-¥-W- πm‚ v

¢mkv Bdv

kmaq-ly-imkvXw

54CØ-c-Øn¬ \ΩpsS \m´nse ]e hyh-km-b-ßfpw aen-\o-I-cW\nb-¥-W-Øn-\m-h-

iy-amb ap≥I-cp-X-ep-Iƒ FSp-Øn- p-≠v. F∂m¬ Nne hyh-kmbime-Iƒ ]cnÿn-

Xn°v i‡-amb BLm-Xw G¬∏n-°p-∂p-ap≠v. a\p-jy¿ Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ Poh-Pm-e-

߃°v CXv henb oj-Wn-bm-Wv.

$ D¬]m-Z\LS-I-߃, ]›m-ØekuI-cy-߃ F∂n-h-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-¬

Hcp hyh-kmbime-bpsS ]h¿Ø-\-sØ-°p-dn®v Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-I.

$ \nß-fpsS ]tZ-isØ sNdpXpw hep-Xp-amb hyh-km-b-im-e-Iƒ B ]tZ-i-Øns‚

hnI-k-\sØ Fß-s\-sb√mw klm-bn-®n- p-≠v? N¿®sNøp-I.

$ \nß-fpsS ]tZ-iØv hyh-kmbamen-\y-߃ th≠hn[w kwkvI-cn-°msX ]pd-

Øp-hn-Sp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v Fs¥-¶nepw ]iv\-߃ D≠m-hp-∂pt≠m? At\z-jn®v

dnt∏m¿´p Xbm-dm-°p-I.

$

`qan-bn¬ \ΩpsS ÿm\w5

¢mkv Bdv

kmaq-ly-imkvXw

56

Ko°p-]p-cm-W-Ønse tZh-\m-bn-cp∂p A‰vekv. At±lw Hcn-°¬ kobqkv tZh-\p-

ambn G‰p-ap- n. bp≤-Øn¬ kobqkpw Iq´p-Imcpw tN¿∂v A‰ve-kn-s\bpw Iq -

tcbpw Atº ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øn. ]Xn-Im-c-Zm-ln-bmb kobqkv A‰ve-kns\ in£n-

°m≥ \n›-bn-®p. in£-sb-¥m-sW-∂t√? BIm-isØ F°m-ehpw Npa-en-te‰n

\n¬°p-I. hni∏pw Zmlhpw kln®v A‰vekv BIm-ihpw Npa-∂-ßs\

\n¬°m≥ XpS-ßn.

klm-b-Øn-\m-sc-sb-¶nepw In´n-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬... A‰vekv AXn-bmbn BK-ln-®p.

Aß-s\-bn-cns° Hcp-Zn-hkw sl¿°p-eokv tZh≥ A‰ve-kns\ kao-]n-®p.

A‰ve-kn\v Bizm-k-am-bn. Hcm-sf-¶nepw Xs‚-b-Sp-sØ-Øn-b-t√m.

""t\m°q A‰vekv kz¿W-B-∏n-ƒ ]dn-°m≥ \osbs∂ klm-bn-°ptam?''

CXp-Xs∂ Ah-kcw. A‰vekv D≈n¬ Icp-Xn.

""AXn-s\¥m, klm-bn-°m-a-t√m. CsXm∂p ]nSn-°q.''

]bm-k-s∏- m-sW-¶nepw A‰vekv DØcw ]d-™p. sl¿°p-eokv kt¥m-j-tØm-Sp-

IqSn B A`y¿∞\ sNhn-s°m-≠p. ASpØ \nanjw A‰vekv sl¿°p-eo-kns‚

Npa-en-tebv°v AIm-isØ h®p-sIm-Sp-Øp. ssIIƒ IpS™v A‰vekv thZ-\-b-I-‰n.

slm! CXv alm-N-Xn-bm-b-t√m. sl¿°p-eokv a\- n-tem¿Øp.

C\n-sb-X-Imew Xm\nXpw Xmßn \n¬t°-≠n-h-cpw.

sRmSn-bn-S-bn¬ A‰vekv A]-Xy-£-\m-bn.

A‰vekv hm°p-]m-en-®p. B∏n-fp-ambn Abmƒ sl¿°p-eo-kns‚ ASp-sØ-Øn.

B∏nƒ \¬In AXn-thKw Xncn-®p-t]mIWw Abmƒ a\- n-tem¿Øp.

""A‰vekv, A¬]-t\cw CsXm∂p ]nSn-°q. Rms\m∂v icn-bmbn \n¬°s´''

sl¿°p-eokv ]d-™p.

as‰m-∂p-tam¿°msX A‰vekv BImiw Npa-en-te-‰n.

Xncn-™p-t\m-°msX kz¿W -B-∏n-fp-sa-Sp-Øv sl¿°p-eokv ÿew- hn- p.

Ko°q ]pcm-W-Ønse Cu IY-bn¬ \n∂mWv C∂v \mw D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ A‰ve-kn\v

B t]cv e`n-®-Xv.

A‰vekv ]cn-tim-[n-°q. GsX√mw Xc-Øn-ep≈ q]-S-߃ ImWm≥ Ignbpw?

A[ymbw A©vv

`qan-bn¬ \ΩpsS ÿm\w

57apI-fnepw Xmsgbpw

`qan°v tKmfm-Ir--Xn-bm-sW-∂-dn-bm-at√m? `qan-bn¬ a\p-j-ys‚ ÿm\w Xmsg-sIm-Sp-

Øn- p≈ NXp-c-Øn¬ NnXw hc®p ImWn-°p-I.

Hcp ¢mknse Ip´n-Iƒ hc® Nne NnX-ß-fmWnh. \n߃ hc® NnX-Øn\v CXn¬

GXn-t\m-sS-¶nepw kma-y-apt≠m?

t•m_n¬ \nß-fpsS ÿm\w Xos∏- n-s°m≈n H´n®v ImWn-°p-I.

CXn¬ Xmsg H´n® Xos∏´ns°m≈n-

Iƒ t]mse a\p-j-y\p \n¬°m≥

Ign-bptam? ¢mkn¬ N¿® sNøq.

Fs‚ Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ

$ .................................................................

$ .................................................................

$ .................................................................

t•m_n¬ h≥I-c-Ifpw alm-k-ap-Z-

ßfpw Is≠-Øm-\mIpw. Ahsb

ASpØ t]Pn¬°m-Wp∂ coXn-bn¬

NnXo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xp i≤n-°q.

NnXØn¬ Ggv h≥I-c-I-fm-Wp-≈-

Xv. alm-k-ap-Z-߃ \mse-Æ-hpw. Ah t•m_v/NnXw t\m°n ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øq.

¢mkv Bdv

kmaq-ly-imkvXw

58

-h≥I-c-Iƒ alm-k-ap-Z-߃

$ hSt° Ata-cn° $ C¥y≥ almkapZw

$ $

sNbvXp t\m°q

NnXØn¬ ImWp-∂-Xp-t]mse Hcp ]¥v FSpØv AXns‚

D≈n¬°qSn Hcp Zfiv ISØq. Zfiv IS-∂p-t]m-Ip∂ c≠v

_nµp-°-tfbpw _‘n-∏n®v t\¿h-c-bn¬ hnhn[ \nd-Øn-

ep≈ s]m´p-Iƒ H´n-°q. ]¥v Hcp ]mh-iyw Id-°p-I. F√m

s]m´p-Ifpw Htc Zqc-amtWm k©-cn-®Xv? Hmtcm s]m´ns‚bpw

k©mcw \nco-£n°pI. GXv s]m´mWv IqSp-X¬ Zqcw k©-

cn-®-Xv? Npht∏m \oetbm?

H´pw k©-cn-°msX \n∂n-S-Øp-\n∂pXs∂ Id-ßp∂ c≠p s]m´p-I-fp-≠-t√m (]®

\ndw). CXmWv ]¥ns\ kw_-‘n®v AXns‚ [ph-߃. CXp-t]mse t•m_v \nco-

£n®v qan-bpsS [ph-߃ Is≠Øq. hS-°p- m-KsØ [phsØ DØc [ph-sa∂pw

sX°p- mKsØ [phsØ Z£n-W-[p-h-sa∂pw hnfn-°p-∂p.

A®p-X≠v

NnX-Øn¬ ImWn-®Xp-t]mse DØ-c-[p-h-sØbpw Z£n-

W-[p-h-sØbpw _‘n-∏n-®v `qan-bpsS tIµ-Øn¬°qSn

IS-∂p-t]m-Ip∂ Hcp Zfiv k¶¬]n-°pI. Cu km¶¬]nI

ZfimWv `qan-bpsS A®p-X-≠v. Ncn™ A®p-X-≠ns\

B[m-c-am-°n-bmWv qan `aWw sNøp-∂Xv.

BkvtS-enb

A‚m¿´n°

bqtdm∏vGjy

B^n°

hSt° Ata-cn°

sXt° Ata-cn°

im¥- a-lm-k-apZw

A‰vem‚nIv

B¿´nIv kapZw

C¥y≥ alm-k-apZw

DØ-cm-b-\ -tcJ

Z£nWm-b-\ -tcJ

`qa[y-tcJim¥- a-lm-k-apZw

DØc

[phw

Z£nW

[phw

A[ymbw A©vv

`qan-bn¬ \ΩpsS ÿm\w

59A¿[-tKm-f-߃

`qa[ytcJ qansb c≠v A¿[-tKm-f-ß-fmbn Xncn-°p-∂p. qa-[y-tc-J-bpsS hS°p`m-

KsØ A¿[-tKm-fsØ DØ-cm¿[-tKmfw F∂pw sXs° A¿[tKmfsØ Z£n-Wm¿[-

tKmfw F∂pw ]d-bp-∂p.

$ C¥y GXv A¿[-tKm-f-Øn-emWv?

$ IqSp-X¬ cmPy-߃ GXv A¿[-tKm-f-Øn-emWv v?

$ c≠v A¿[-tKm-fßfnep-ambn ImWp∂ h≥I-c-Iƒ Gh?

$ A‚m¿´n° h≥Ic GXv A¿[-tKm-f-Øn-emWv?

sNbvXp-t\m°mw

NnXØn-te-Xp-t]mse sh≈-°-S-em-kn¬ Hcp I∏-ens‚

NnXw hc-®p- tN¿°q. IS-em-kn¬ Fhn-sS-bmWv B I∏-

se∂v IrXy-ambn ÿm\\n¿Wbw \S-Øq. Fs¥-¶nepw

_p≤n-ap v A\p- -h-s∏-Sp-∂pt≠m? F¶n¬ C\n NnX-Øn¬

sImSp-Ø-Xp-t]mse B IS-em-kn¬ IrXy-ambn s\Sp-sIbpw

Ipdp-sIbpw Hcp sk‚o-ao-‰¿ AI-e-Øn¬ hc-Iƒ hc-bv°q.

CS-Øp-\n∂v he-tØm´v 0,1, 2, ... F∂n-ßs\ A°-߃

tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øq. apI-fn¬ \n∂pw Xmtgbv°v Ia-ambn A, B, ...F∂nß-s\bpw. C\n I∏-ens‚ ÿm\-\n¿Wbw \S-Øm≥

ian-°q. Ffp∏w km[n-°nt√? I∏-ens‚ ÿm\w A, BtcJ-Ifpw 3, 4 tcJ-Ifpw XΩn¬ ]c-kv]cw Jfin-®p-

≠mb NXp-c-Øn-\-I-Øm-sW∂v IrXy-am-bn ]d-bm-a-t√m.

C\n CjvS-ap≈ ÿeØv ho≠pw Hcp I∏¬ hc-®p-tN¿Øv

ÿm\-\n¿Wbw \SØq.

I∏-ens‚ ÿm\-\n¿Wbw \S-Øm≥ klm-bn® LSIw GXm-sW∂v Xncn-®-dn-™nt√?

A£mwitcJ-Iƒ

23½ UnKn hS°v

66½ UnKn hS°v

90 UnKn hS°v

66½ UnKn sX°v

90 UnKn sX°v

B¿´nIv hrØw

DØ-cm-b\ tcJ

`qa[y tcJ 0 UnKn

Z£nWm-b\ tcJ

A‚m¿´nIv hrØw

DØc [phw

Z£n-W-[phw

60 UnKn hS°v

30 UnKn hS°v

60 UnKn sX°v

30 UnKn sX°v

23½ UnKn sX°v

A

1

B

C

D

E

2 3 4 50

¢mkv Bdv

kmaq-ly-imkvXw

60`qa-[ytcJbv°v kam-¥-c-ambn Ccp`mKtØ°pw hc-

®n-cn-°p∂ Nne tcJ-Iƒ t•m_n¬ ImWm-a-t√m. Cu

tcJ-IfmWv A£mwi tcJ-Iƒ. A£mw-i-tc-J-Iƒ

UnKn Af-hn-emWv AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

Ch hS-t°m´pw sXt°m´pw 0° apX¬ 90° hscbmWv.

90° hS°v A£mw-i-amWv DØ-c-[p-hw, 90° sX°v A£mw-iamWv Z£nW[p-hhpw.

][m-\-s∏´ Nne A£mw-i-tc-J-Iƒ ap≥ t]Pn¬ \evInb NnX-Øn¬ ImWn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

$ NnX-Ønse A‰ve-kn¬ GXp- tc-J-bmWv C¥y-bn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂Xv?

$ C¥y GsX√mw A£mw-i-tc-J-Iƒ°nS-bn-emWv ImWs∏Sp∂Xv? t•m_v t\m°n

Is≠Øq.

t•m_v ]cn-tim-[n®v Rm≥ Is≠-Øn-bXv

$ .........................................................................................................................................

$ .........................................................................................................................................

$ .........................................................................................................................................

$ .........................................................................................................................................

tcJmwitcJ-Iƒ

t•m_n¬ A£mw-i-tc-JIƒ°v ew_-ambn Nne tcJ-

Iƒ hc-®n- p-≠v. DØc[ph-sØbpw Z£nW[ph-

sØbpw tbmPn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠mWv Cu tcJ-I-sf√mw

hc-®n- p-≈-Xv. Chsb tcJmwitcJ-Iƒ F∂p hnfn-

°p-∂p.

t•m_v t\m°n 0° tcJmwi-tcJ Is≠-Øq.

CXn\v Ko\n®v tcJ F∂pw t]cp-≠v. Cu

tcJbv°v t\sc FXn¿`m-K-Øp-Im-Wp∂ tcJ-

bmWv A¥¿tZ-iob Zn\m¶ tcJ. CXv 180°tcJmw-i-tc-J-bm-Wv. Cu c≠p tcJ-Iƒ ]cn-K-

W-n®v qansb c≠v A¿[-tKm-f-ß-fmbn IW-°m-

°p-∂p. t•m_n¬ Ko\n®v tcJbv°v Ing-°p≈

A¿[-tKm-fsØ Ings° A¿[-tKm-f-sa∂pw ]Sn-

™m-dp≈ A¿[tKm-fsØ ]Sn-™msd A¿[-tKm-

f-sa∂pw ]d-bp-∂p.

$ CXn¬ GXv A¿[-tKm-f-Øn-emWv C¥y?

$ _ko¬ GXv A¿[-tKm-f-Øn-emWv?

$ c≠v A¿[-tKm-f-ß-sfbpw XΩn¬ Xmc-Xayw

sNbvXm¬ Fs¥√mw Is≠-Øm-\mIpw?

`qan-bpsS DØ-c-[p-h-sØbpw

Z£n-W-[p-h-sØbpw XΩn¬

_‘n-∏n-°p∂ km¶ev∏nI

tcJ-I-fmWv tcJmwi-tc-J-Iƒ.

]Sn™

mtd A

¿[

-tKmf

w

Ing

t°

A¿[

-tKmf

w

`qa-[y-tc-Jbv°p kam-¥-c-ambn

hrØm-Ir-Xn-bn-ep≈ km¶ev∏nI

tcJ-I-sf-bmWv A£mw-i-tc-J-

Iƒ F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv.

DØc [phw

]Sn™

msd A

¿[

-tKmf

w

Z£nW [phw Ingt°

A¿[

-tKmf

w

A[ymbw A©vv

`qan-bn¬ \ΩpsS ÿm\w

61Ko\n®v tcJ-bv°v Ingt°m v A¥¿tZ-iobZn\m¶tcJhsc-bp≈ (0° apX¬ Ing°v

180° hsc) F√m tcJmw-i-tcJ-I-sfbpw Ings° tcJmw-i-tcJIƒ F∂pw Ko\n®v

tcJ-bn¬ \n∂v ]Sn-™mtdm´v A¥¿tZiobZn\m-¶-tcJhsc-bp≈ (0° apX¬ ]Sn-

™mdv 180° hsc) tcJmw-i-tcJ-Iƒ ]Sn-™msdtcJmw-i-tcJ-I-fmWv.

$ NnX-Ønse 180° tcJmw-i-tc-J-bn¬ Zn°v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- pt≠m? F¥psIm≠v?

t•m_n¬ Hcp ÿe-Øns‚ ÿm\w \n¿W-bn-°p-∂-Xn\v A£mw-i-tc-J-I-fpw tcJmw-

i-tc-J-Ifpw Bh-iy-am-Wv.

]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°q

c≠v A¿[tKm-f-ßfnepambn

hym]n-®p-In-S-°p∂ almkap-Z-߃

Ings° A¿[tKm-f-Ønse

almkap-Z-߃

]Sn-™msd A¿[tKm-f-Ønse

almkap-Z-߃

$ ao\ tImh-f-Øp-sh®v hnhn[ cmPy-°m-cmb Ip´n-Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏- p˛ eoPn≥

bphm≥, am¿Kc‰v, Ha¿, sska¨. C-h-cpsS cmPy-ßsf°pdn®v [mcmfw hnh-c-

߃ ao\bv°p e`n-®p.

ao\ \ap°v Nne kqN\Iƒ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. Ah-fpsS ]pXnb Iq´pIm¿

GsXms° cmPy-Øp-≈-h-cm-sW∂v A‰ve-kns‚ klm-btØmsS ]d-bmtam?

$ eoPn≥ bphm≥ 40 UnKn hSs° A£mw-i-tc-Jbpw 90 UnKn Ings°

tcJmwi-tc-Jbpw Iq´n-ap- p∂ cmPy-sØ Ip´n-.

cmPyw: ................................................................

$ am¿Kc‰v 10 UnKn sXs° A£mw-i-tc-Jbpw 60 UnKn ]Sn-™msd

tcJmwi-tc-Jbpw Iq´n-ap- p∂ cmPy-sØ Ip´n-bm-Wv.

cmPyw: ................................................................

$ Ha¿˛ 25 UnKn hSs° A£mw-i-tc-Jbpw 45 UnKn Ings° tcJmwi-

tc-Jbpw Iq´n-ap- p∂ cmPy-sØ Ip´n-.

cmPyw: ................................................................

c≠v A¿[tKm-f-ßfnepambn

hym]n-®p-In-S-°p∂ h≥I-c-Iƒ

Z£nWm¿[tKm-f-Ønse

h≥I-c-Iƒ

DØ-cm¿[tKm-f-Ønse

h≥I-c-Iƒ

¢mkv Bdv

kmaq-ly-imkvXw

62$ sska¨˛ 20 UnKn sXs° A£mw-i-tc-Jbpw 135 UnKn Ings° tcJmwi-

tc-Jbpw Iq´n-ap- p∂ cmPy-sØ Ip´n-.

cmPyw: ................................................................

Is≠Øq

$ Xmsg ]d-bp∂ kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ Iq-´nap´p∂ A£mw-i-˛-tc-Jmw-i-tc-J-Isf

ASpØ t]Pn¬ sImSp-Øn- p≈ C¥y-bpsS q]Sw t\m°n Is≠-Øq.

1. B‘m-]-tZiv 4. Hdok 7. alm-cmjvS

2. KpP-dmØv 5. DØ¿]-tZiv 8. I¿Wm-SIw

3. cmP-ÿm≥ 6. Acp-Wm-N¬ ]tZiv 9. PΩp-Im-ivao¿

`qtKm-fhpw `q-]-S-ßfpw

t•m_n¬ \ΩpsS kwÿm-\-amb tIcfw Is≠-Ømtam? ]bm-k-at√. F∂m-¬

A‰vekv ]cn-tim-[n®v tIc-fw Is≠-Øq.

hyXykvX `q]-S-ß-fpsS kamlm-c-amWv A‰ve-kv. GsX√mw Xc-Øn-ep≈ `q]-S-ß-

fmWv A‰veknep-≈sX∂p Is≠Øn ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øq.

$ t•m_pw A‰vekpw XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-k--ß-sf-°pdn®v Hcp Ipdn∏p Xbm-dm-°q.

A‰-vekv t]mse ]T-\m-h-iy-߃°p-th≠n Xbm-dm-°p-∂-h-bmWv Npa¿`q-]-S-߃ (Wallmaps). Npa¿`q-]-S-߃ GsX-¶nepw Hcp hnj-b-Øn¬ (Theme) A[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-cn°pw.

`q]-S-߃ ]e-Xcw

cmjvSo-b- q]Sw (Political Maps)

cmPy-߃, kwÿm-\-߃, Ah-bpsS Xe-ÿm-\-߃, a‰v ][m\ ÿe-߃ F∂n-

hbv°pw Ah-bp-sS AXn¿Øn°pw ]m[m\yw \¬In- h-c-bv°p-∂-h-bmWv cmjvSob

`q]-S-߃.

`uXnI q]Sw (Physical Maps)

ae-Iƒ, ]pg-Iƒ, Imb-ep-Iƒ XpSßnb q]-c-amb khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ°v ]m[m\yw \¬In

hc-bv°p-∂-h-bmWv uXnI q]-S-߃.

a‰v q]-S-߃

P\-kw-Jy, Irjn, hyh-km-b-߃, [mXp-°ƒ XpSßn hyXykvX Bi-b-߃°v

Du∂¬ \¬In hc-bv°p-∂-h-bmWv Ch.

$ A‰ve-kn¬ C¥ybpsS aq∂p-Xcw q]-S-߃ ]cn-tim-[n®v Ahbnse hyXykvX

hnh-c-߃ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øq.

A[ymbw A©vv

`qan-bn¬ \ΩpsS ÿm\w

63

68° E 72° E 76° E 80° E 84° E 88° E 92° E 96° E

36° N

32° N

28° N

24° N

20° N

16° N

12° N

8° N

72° E 76° E 80° E 84° E 88° E 92° E

Xeÿm\wkwÿm\w

`uXnI`q]Sw cmjvSob`q]Sw a‰p`q]-S-߃

$ lnam-e-b-]¿hXw $ tIcfw $ Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw $ tKmXºv Irjn-sN-øp∂

$ KwKm-\Zn $ ]©m_v $ kwÿm-\-߃

$ $ $

$ $ $

¢mkv Bdv

kmaq-ly-imkvXw

64

A[n-Imcw P\-߃°v6

A[ymbw Bdv

P\-Iob cWw Pn√-bn¬

65

]me-°mSv Pn√-bnse IÆmSn ]©m-b-Øn¬ Ipd-®p-\mƒ apºp-hsc th\¬°m-e-am-

bm¬ IpSn-sh≈£maw cq£-ambn A\p- -h-s∏- ncp-∂p. mc-X-∏p-g-bpsS XocØp \n¿an®

InW-dp-Ifn¬ \n∂m-bn-cp∂p Chn-tS°v sh≈w ]ºp-sN-bvXn-cp-∂-Xv. am¿®v amk-tØmsS

]pg-bnse sh≈w h‰p-Ibpw InW-dp-I-fnse Pe-\n-c∏v Ipd-bp-Ibpw sNøpw. kzm`m-hn-

I-ambpw sh≈w ]ºp-sN-øm≥ Ign-bmØ Ah-ÿ-bp-≠m-Ipw.

IpSn-sh≈£ma-hp-ambn _‘-s∏ v \nc-h[n ]cm-Xn-Iƒ Kma-k- -Ifn¬ Db¿∂p. ]©m-

bØv Cu ]iv\w Gs‰-Sp-°p-Ibpw ]cn-lm-c-am¿K-ß-ƒ hnZ-Kv[-cp-ambn N¿® sNøpIbpw

sNbvXp. ]pg-bpsS adp-h-iØv ]me-°mSv \K-c-k- bnse bm°c `mKØpw CtX

]iv\ap≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]pg-bpsS IpdpsI XS-b-W- sI´n Pe-\n-c-∏p-b¿ØpI F∂-Xm-

bn-cp∂p hnZ-Kv[¿ Is≠-Ønb ]cn-lm-c-am¿Kw. k∂≤]h¿Ø-I¿ ]iv\w Gs‰-Sp-

Øp. Nm°p-I-fn¬ aW¬ \nd®v XS-bW \n¿an-®p. ]t£ AXv imiz-X-]-cn-lm-c-am-

bn√. ÿncw XS-bW sI´p-∂-Xn\v e£-°-W-°n\v cq]- thW-ambn-cp-∂p. CXv Kma-]-

©m-b-Øn\p hln-°m-hp-∂-Xnepw A∏p-d-am-Wv. IÆmSn Kma-]-©m-bØv, Ipg¬aµw

tªm°p ]©m-bØv F∂n-h-bpsS kl-I-cW-tØmsS ]me-°mSv Pn√m]©mb-Øns‚

t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ bm°-c-bn¬ mc-X-∏p-gbv°p IpdpsI ÿncw XS-bW \n¿an-®p.

C∂v IÆmSn Kma]©m-b-Øn¬ IpSn-sh≈£ma-an-√. amX-a√ Ipg¬aµw, tX¶p-

dn»n F∂o Kma-]-©m-b-ØpI-fp-sSbpw ]me-°mSv \K-c-k -bpsSbpw Nne ]tZ-i-ß-

fn-te-°p-IqSn ChnsS \n∂p sh≈w FØn-°p-∂p.

$ IpSn-sh≈£ma-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]iv\-߃ P\-߃ D∂-bn-®Xv FhnsS?

$ ]iv\-]-cn-lm-c-Øn\mbn P\-ß-fpsS ]h¿Ø\w F¥m-bn-cp∂p?

]me-°mSv Pn√m]©m-bØv \n¿an® XS-bW

¢mkv Bdv

kmaq-ly-imkvXw

66

Kma-k`

Kma-k- bpsS \S-°p-∂-Xns‚ NnX-amWv apI-fn¬. F¥mWv Kma-k`? Bscm-s°-

bmWv CXn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-∂Xv? Fs¥m-s°-bmImw D∂-bn-°-s∏-Sp∂ Bh-i-y-߃?

\nß-fpsS ]tZ-iØv Kma-k` \S-°p-∂Xv I≠n- pt≠m? Xmsg- sIm-SpØ `mKw

hmbn°q.

Hmtcm ]©m-bØpw hm¿UpIfmbn hn -Pn-®n- p-≠.v hm¿Unse thm -¿am¿ Xnc-s™-

SpØ ]Xn-\n-[n-bmWv hm¿Upsa-º¿. hm¿Up-sa-º-dpsS t\Xr-X-z-Øn¬ F√m

thm´¿amcpw IqSn-t®-cp∂ tbmK-amWv Kma-k- . hm¿Up-sa-º-dmbncn°pw CXns‚

I¨ho\¿.

]©m-bØv \S-∏n-em-°p∂ hnI-k-\-]-h¿Ø-\-߃°p≈ \n¿tZ-i-߃ kzo-I-cn-°p-

I-bpw ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS ]ptcm-KXn hne-bn-cp-Øp-I-bpw sNøp-∂Xv Kma-k- -I-fm-Wv.

ap≥h¿j-Øn¬ \S--∏n-em-°nb ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fpsS Ah-tem-I-\w, \S-∏p-h¿j-Øn¬ Gs‰-

Sp-°p∂ hnI-k-\-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ, Ah- kw_-‘n® dnt∏m¿´pIƒ F∂nh I¨ho-\¿

Kma-k- -bn¬ Ah--X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.

hb-dnwKv sNbvXv c≠ph¿j-ambn

sshZypXn ImØn-cn-°p∂p

amen-\y-߃ kwkvI-cn-°m-

\p≈ kwhn-[m\w Hcp-°Ww

kvIqfn-te-°p≈

tdmUv Sm¿ sNø-Ww

A[ymbw Bdv

P\-Iob cWw Pn√-bn¬

67

Kma-kz-cmPv

""C¥y-bpsS kzX-¥y-sa-∂m¬ Hmtcm C¥y-°m-c-t‚bpw

kzX-¥y-am-Wv. kzmX¥yw Xmsg-Ø-´n¬ \n∂v XpS-tß-

≠-Xm-Wv. AØ-c-Øn¬ Hmtcm Kmahpw kzbw ]q¿WX-

bp-≈-Xm-bn-cn-°Ww''. C¥ybpsS Bflmhv Kma-ß-

fnemWv IpSn-sIm-≈p-∂-sX∂pw Kma-߃ \in-®m¬ C¥y

\in-°p-sa∂pw Km‘nPn hn`m-h\w sNbvXp. At±-l-

Øns‚ Nnc-Ime A`n-em-j-am-bn-cp-∂p Kma-kz-cm-Pv. A[n-

Imc hntI-µo-I-cWw \S-∏n-em-°-W-sa∂pw P\m-[n-]Xyw

km[m-c-W-°m-cn-te°v Cd-ßn-s®-√p-Ibpw sNø-W-sa∂v

Km‘nPn Bflm¿Y-ambn BK-ln-®n-cp∂p. ap≥ ][m-\-

a¥n ]n.hn. \cknwldmhp A[n-Im-c-Øn-en-cn-s°-bmWv

]©m-b-Øo-cmPv \K-c-]m-enI \nb-a-߃ ]m¿e-sa‚ v

AwKo-I-cn-®-Xv.

IpSn-sh-≈w, sshZ-yp-Xn, ]m¿∏n-Sw, h\n-Xm-t£aw, KXm-K-Xw, Irjn, hnZ-ym- -ymkw,

Btcm-Kyw apX-emb taJ-e-I-fn¬ kz¥w ]tZ-iØv F¥p hnI-k-\-amWv \S-t°-

≠Xv F∂p Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂Xv B ]-tZ-isØ P\-ß-fm-Wv. Kmak- -bn¬ P\-߃

hnI-k-\ \n¿tZ-i-߃ ap≥K-W\mIa-Øn-em-°p-∂p.

hm¿Uv k`bpw hm¿Uv IΩn-‰nbpw

Kma-]©mb-Ønse Kma-k-`bv°v Xpe-y-ambn ap\n-

kn-∏m-en-‰n, tIm¿∏-td-j≥ F∂nhnS-ß-fn¬ IqSp∂

thm´¿am-cpsS tbmK-amWv hm¿Upk`. Xmc-X-tay\

IqSp-X¬ hm¿Up-Iƒ D≈ ap\n-kn-∏m-en‰n/tIm¿∏-

td-j\pI-fn¬ hm¿Up-k` IqSmsX ÿm]\ ta[m-

hn-Iƒ, dkn-U‚ vkv Atkm-kn-tb-j-≥ ]Xn-\n-[n-

Iƒ, hym]mcn hyh-kmbn ]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-

h¿ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ hm¿Uv IΩn-‰nbpw ]h¿Øn-°p-∂p.

Kma-k- -bpsS A[n-Im-cßfpw Npa-X-e-Ifpw

$ Kma-Øns‚ hnI-k\ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ \n¿tZ-in-°pI; AhbpsS \S-Øn-∏n\v t\XrXzw

\¬Ip-I.

$ km£-cXm ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpambn _‘-s∏´ \n¿tZ-i-߃ N¿® sNøp-Ibpw \n¿h-

l-W-Øn¬ klm-bn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I.

$ sXcp-hp-hn-f-°p-Iƒ, Sm∏p-Iƒ, s]mXp-In-W-dp-Iƒ F∂nh FhnsS ÿm]n-

°Wsa∂v \n¿tZ-in-°p-I.

$ Pe-tk-N-\-ku-I-c-y-߃, a‰p s]mXp Ah-i-y-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ F∂nh FhnsS ÿm]n°-

W-sa∂v \n¿tZ-in-°pI.

$ ipNn-X-zw, aen-\o--I-cW\nb-¥Ww F∂n-h-bv°p≈ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ Bkq-XWw

sNøpI.

$ hnI-k-\-]-≤-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw t£a-]-≤-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw KpW-t`m-‡m-°sf \n¿tZ-in-

°p-I.

Kmak` aq∂p-am-k-Øn-sem-cn-°-se-

¶nepw IqtS-≠-XmWv. tbmK-Øn¬

BsI thm´¿amcpsS ]ØpiX-

am\Øn¬ Ipd-bmsX Bfp-Iƒ ]s¶-

Sp-°Ww. F¶n¬ amXta Xocp-am-\-

߃ FSp-°m≥ Ignbp. Kma-k` hnfn-

®p-Iq- p-I, tbmK-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-

ØpI XpS-ßn-b-hbv°v hm¿Up-sa-ºsd

¢mkv Bdv

kmaq-ly-imkvXw

68klm-bn-°p-∂Xv Kma-]-©m-bØv DtZym-K-ÿ-cm-Wv. hnhn[ Kma-k- -I-fn¬ \n∂v hcp∂

\n¿tZ-i-߃ ]©m-bØv Xe-Øn¬ tImUo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. AXn-\m¬ Kma/hm¿Up-

k- -Iƒ°v ]©m-b-Øns‚ hnI-k-\-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ \n¿Wm-b-I-amb ]¶p≠v.

$ Kmak`/hm¿Uvk- -bn¬ hnI--k-\-]-h¿Ø-\-߃ Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠p≈

]tbm-P-\-sa-¥mWv?

$ kz¥w hm¿Unse Kma-k`/hm¿Up-k` kµ¿in®v Hcp Ipdn∏p Xbm-dm-°p-I.

$ ]¶m-fnØw $ A[y-£X $ N¿®-Iƒ $

$ kz¥w \mSns‚ hnI-k\ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-fm-Im≥ Kma-k` Ah-k-c-

sam-cp-°p-∂-sX-ßs\?

¢mkv hnIk\ skan-\m¿

\nß-fpsS ¢mkp-ambn _‘-s∏´v kvIqfn¬ DS-\Sn ]cn-l-cn-t°≠ Fs¥√mw Bh-

i-y-ß-fp≠v? Ah ]´n-I-bm°q. -F√m Bh-i-y-ßfpw Hcp-an®p ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ Ign-bptam?

Bh-i-y-ßsf ap≥K-W-\m-I-a-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-SpØq. Kq∏v Xncn™v ]iv\-߃

N¿®sNbvXv ]cn-lm-c-am¿K-߃ Xbm-dm-°n ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°q.

]©m-bØocmPv kwhn--[m\w

\ΩpsS cmPyØv tZiobXe-Øn¬ `cWw \n¿h-

ln-°p-∂Xv ][m-\-a-¥n-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈

tIµk¿°m-cm-Wv. kwÿm-\-`-cWw apJy-a-¥n-

bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-emWv \n¿h-ln-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. c-

W-]-In-b-bn¬ P\-ß-fpsS ]¶m-fnØw Dd-∏p-h-cp-

Øp-tºmƒ amX-amWv GsXmcp cWkwhn-[m\hpw

]q¿W-hn-P-b-Øn-se-Øp-∂-Xv. kwÿm-\-Øns‚

Hmtcm sNdnb ]tZ-i-Øn-s‚bpw hnI-k\ Bh-iy-ßfpw ]iv\-ßfpw hyXy-kvX-am-

bn-cn-°pw. Ch Is≠-Øm≥ kwÿm\ `c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-Øn\v Ht´sd ]bm-k-߃

D≠v. sshZypXn, hnZym- ymkw, IpSn-sh≈w, Irjn, KXm-KXw apX-emb taJ-e-I-fp-

ambn _‘-s∏´ ]mtZ-in-I-amb Bh-iy-ßfpw ]iv\-ßfpw Xncn-®-dnbm\pw ]cn-lmcw

\n¿tZ-in-°m\pw Ign-bp∂Xv B ]tZ-i-ß-fnse P\-߃°m-Wv. Cßs\ c-W-Øn¬

P\-ß-fpsS ]¶m-fnØw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ ]mtZ-in-I-k¿°m-cp-I-fmWv

Xt±ikzbw- -cWÿm]-\-߃. Kma -]-©m-bØv, tªm°p]©m-bØv, Pn√m]©m-

bØv F∂n-ßs\ Chbv°v aq∂p Xe-ß-fp-≠v. ]©m-b-Øo-cmPv kwhn-[m\w F∂mWv

CXv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

\K-c-ß-fpsS cWØn\v ]tXyI kwhn-[m-\-amWv \ne-hn-ep-≈-Xv. \K-c-ß-fn¬ Xma-

kn-°p∂ P\-ß-fpsS FÆw, \K-c-ß-fpsS hcp-am\w apX-em-b-hbpsS ASn-ÿm-\-

Øn¬ h≥\-K-c-ßsf tIm¿∏-td-j-\p-Iƒ F∂pw CS-Øcw ] -W-ßsf ap\n-kn-∏m-en-

‰n-I-sf∂pw Xncn-®n- p-≠v. tIm¿∏-tdj-\p-Ifpw \K-c-k`Ifpw hm¿Up-I-fmbn Xncn-®n-

´p≠.v

an° --kw-ÿm-\-ß-fnepw XnXe

]©m-b-Øp-Iƒ \ne-hn -ep -s≠-

¶nepw 20 e£-Øn¬°pdhv P\-kw-

J-y-bp≈ kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ tªm°v

]©m-b-Øp-Iƒ cq]o-I-cnt°≠

Bh-iy-an-√. tKmh, kn°nw, hS-°p-

In-g--°≥ kwÿm-\-߃ F∂n-hn-S-

ß-fn¬ Kma]©m-b-Øp-Ifpw -Pn-√m-

]-©m-b-Øp-Ifpw amX-ta-bp-≈q.

A[ymbw Bdv

P\-Iob cWw Pn√-bn¬

69\nß-fpsS ]tZiØv [mcmfw hnI-k-\-]-h¿Ø-\-߃ \S-°p-∂p-≠-t√m. Xmsgs°mSp-

Øn- p≈ tImf-߃ ]qcn∏n°q. Ch GsXms° Xt±i kzbw- -cW ÿm]-\-ß-fmWv

\S-Øp-∂-sX∂v Is≠-Øq.

hnI-k-\ Kma tªm°v Pn√ tIm¿∏-td-j≥/

-]-h¿Ø-\-߃ ]©m-bØv ]©m-bØv ]©m-bØv \K-c-k`

tdmUp-Iƒ

kvIqƒ sI´n-S-߃

IpSn-sh≈ kuI-cy-߃

sXcphv hnf°pIƒ

\nd-bp∂ `q]Sw ˛ Pn√

\nß-fpsS Pn√-bpsS cq]-tcJ sSbvkv sNbvXp tN¿°q. AXn¬ tªm°p-Iƒ AS-bm-

f-s∏-Sp-Øq. GXp tªm°n-emWv \nßfpsS ]tZiw Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-Xv? AXn¬ kz¥w

Kma-]-©m-bØv GXp- m-K-Øm-sW∂v AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øq. \n߃ \K-c-k`/tIm¿∏td-

j-\n-emWv Xma-kn-°p-∂-sX-¶n¬ B mKw AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øq.

¢mkv Bdv

kmaq-ly-imkvXw

70

\nd-bp∂ `q]Sw ˛ Kma-]-©m-bØv/ap\n-kn-∏m-en‰n/tIm¿∏-td-j≥

\nß-fpsS Kma-]-©m-bØv/ap\n-kn-∏m-en‰n/tIm¿∏td-j≥ cq]-tcJ ChnsS sSbvkv

sNbvXp-tN¿°q. hm¿Up-Iƒ th¿Xn-cn-°q. \nß-fpsS hoSpw hnZym-e-bhpw Htc hm¿Un-

emtWm? hm¿Unse s]mXpÿm]-\-߃ kqN-I-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øq.

A[ymbw Bdv

P\-Iob cWw Pn√-bn¬

71Xt±ikzbw- -cWÿm]-\-߃

tIc-f-Øn¬

Pn√m ]©m-b-Øp-Iƒ 14

tªm°p-]-©m-bØpIƒ 152

Kma-]-©m-b-ØpIƒ 999

\K-c-k -Iƒ 53

tIm¿∏-td-j-\p-Iƒ 5

]mtZ-in-I-ambn hnI-k-\-]-h¿Ø-\-߃°v t\XrXzw \¬Ip-∂Xv ]mtZ-inI k¿°m-

cp-I-fm-Wv. Ht´sd A[n-Im-c-ßfpw Npa-X-

e-Ifpw kwÿm\ k¿°m-cp-Iƒ ]mtZ-

inI `c-W-Iq-S-߃°v ssIam-dn. Kma,

tªm°v, Pn√m Xe-ß-fn¬ Bh-iy-amb

hnI-k\ ]h¿Ø-\-߃ \S-∏n-em-°p-

∂Xv bYm-Iaw Kma-]-©m-b-Øv, tªm°p

]©m-bØv, Pn√m ]©m-bØv F∂n-h-

bmWv.

tªm°p-]-©m-b-Øns‚ hnI-k-\-]-

h¿Ø-\-߃ Xocp-am-\n-°p∂ kan-Xn-

bn¬ Kma-]-©m-bØv ]kn-U‚p-am¿ ]s¶-Sp-°pw. AXp-t]mse Pn√m]©m-b-Øns‚

hnI-k-\-]-h¿Ø-\-߃ Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂-Xn¬ tªm°p-]-©m-bØp ]kn-U‚p-amcpw

]s¶-Sp-°pw. Cu coXn-bn¬ ]©m-bØocmPv kwhn-[m-\-Øn¬ P\-]m-Xn-\n[yw Dd-∏p-

h-cp-Øn-bn- p-≠v.

]©m-b-Øns‚ A[n-Im-c-ßfpw Npa-X-e-Ifpw

$ k¿°m¿ Km‚p-Iƒ, a‰p [\-k-lm-b-߃ F∂nh D]-tbm-Kn®v Kma-ß-fn¬

hnI-k-\-]-h¿Ø-\-߃ \S-Øp-I.

$ ]©m-b-Øns‚ A[n-Im-c-]-cn-[n-bn¬s∏-Sp∂ s]mXp-\n-c-Øp-Iƒ, ]me-߃,

Iep-¶p-Iƒ, InS-ßp-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS \n¿am-Whpw ]cn-]m-e-\-hpw.

$ s]mXp-P-\m-tcmKy ÿm]-\-ßfpw inip-t£-a-tI-µ-ßfpw ÿm]n-°p-I.

$ Kma-k`m \n¿tZ-i-߃ ]cn-K-Wn®v hnI-k-\-]-h¿Ø-\-߃°v [\-k-lmbw

\¬IpI

$ sXcp-hv hn-f-°p-Iƒ ÿm]n-°p-I, IpSn-sh≈kwhn-[m\w G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

$ amen-\y߃ \o°w sNøp-hm≥ G¿∏m-SpsNøpI.

$

]©m-b-Øns‚ Npa-X-e-Iƒ Fs¥-√m-am-sW∂v \Ωƒ a\- n-em-°n-b-t√m.

kzcmPv tSm^n

tIc-f-Øn¬ Xt±-i-kz-bw-`-cWÿm]-\-߃

anI® ]h¿Ø-\-߃ ImgvN-h-bv°p-∂-Xn\v

a’-c-at\m`m-h-tØm-sS-bmWv ]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xv.

hnI-k\ ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw t£a ]h¿Ø-\-

ßfpw anI® coXn-bn¬ \S-∏n-em-°p∂ Xt±-i-

kz -bw -` -cWÿm]-\ -ßsf kwÿm\

Kh¨sa‚ v F√m h¿jhpw kzcmPv tSm^n

\¬In BZ-cn-°p-∂p. CXv ÿm]-\-߃°v

IqSp-X¬ IcpØp ]I-cm\pw anI® ]h¿Ø\w

\S-Øm\pw t]c-I-am-Wv.

¢mkv Bdv

kmaq-ly-imkvXw

72$ \nß-fpsS ]tZ-iØv CØcw ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ ]©m-bØv FX-amXw CS-s]-

Sp-∂p-≠v? Hc-t\z-jWw \S-Øq. Is≠-Ønb Imcy-߃ Ipdn-∏m°q.

Pn√m Bkq-XW kanXn

Pn√-bpsS F√m Xe-Ønepw \S-°p∂ hnI-k\ ]h¿Ø-\-߃ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂-

Xn\pw GtIm-]n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ambn F√m Pn√-I-fnepw Pn√m Bkq-XW kan-Xn-Iƒ

D≠v. Cu kan-Xn-bpsS A[y-£≥ Pn√m ]©m-bØv ]kn-U‚pw skI- dn Pn√m

Ie-IvS-dp-am-Wv.

Xt±-i-k-z-bw- -c-W-ÿm-]-\-ßfpw hcp-am-\am¿K-ßfpw

Xt±ikzbw- -cW ÿm]-\-߃ A\-h[n hnI-

k-\-]-h¿Ø-\-߃ Gs‰-SpØv \S-Øp-∂-Xmbn

\mw a\- n-em-°n-b-t√m. CXn-s\ms° ]Ww Bh-

iy-am-Wv. Fhn-sS-\n-∂mWv Cu ÿm]-\-߃°v

]Ww e`n-°p-∂Xv? hnhn[Xcw \nIp-Xn-Iƒ,

k¿°m-cn¬ \n∂p≈ ]≤-Xn-hn-ln-X-߃, hmbv]-

Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh hgn-bm-Wv Xt±-i-kz-bw-`-cW

ÿm]-\-߃ [\w kzcq-]n-°p-∂Xv.

$ Xt±ikzbw- -cWÿm]-\-ß-ƒ aptJ\ \nß-

fpsS ]tZ-iØv e`n-®n- p≈ kuI-cy-߃

Fs¥-√m-am-sW∂v Is≠Øn Fgp-Xq. Cu

kuI-cy-߃ e`n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-apºv \nß-fpsS

]tZ-i-Øp-Im¿ A\p- -hn-®n-cp∂ ]bm-k-߃

Fs¥-√m-sa∂v apXn¿∂-h-tcmSv At\z-jn®v

Ipdn∏p Xbm-dm-°p-I.

\n¿a¬ Kma-]p-c-kvImcw

ipNnXzw ImØp kq£n-°pI F∂Xv

Xt±-i-kz-bw-`-cW ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS

kp]-[m\ Npa-X-e-bm-Wv. F√m hoSp-

I-fnepw I°q-kp-Iƒ \n¿an°pI,

Xpd- mb ÿeØv ae-hn-k¿P\w

sNøp∂ ioew C√m-Xm-°p-I XpS-

ßnb ]h¿Ø-\-߃ Imcy-£-a-am-

°p-∂-Xn-\mbn `mc-X-k¿°m¿ Xt±-i-

kz-bw-`-cW ÿm]-\-߃°v \¬-

Ip∂ _lp-a-XnbmWv \n¿a¬ Kma-

]p-c-kvImcw. Cu ]pc-kvImcw \¬In

BZ-cn -°p -∂-Xn -eqsS kºq¿W

ipNnXz ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ sa®-s∏´ coXn-

bn¬ \S-∏n-em-°m-sa∂v Kh¨sa‚ v

e£y-an-Sp-∂p.

$ \nß-fpsS ]tZ-i-Øn-s‚ hnI-k-\-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ Xt±i kzbw- -cW ÿm]-

\-߃°v e-]-Z-ambn CS-s]-Sm≥ km[n-°p-∂pt≠m? N¿® sNøq.

$

hcp-am-\am¿K߃

$ ]≤XnhnlnXw (Xt±-i-kz-bw- -c-W-ÿm-]-\-ßfpsS ]≤-Xn-Iƒ°v tIµ-k¿°mcpw

kwÿm-\-k¿°mcpw \¬Ip∂ kmº-ØnI hnln-X-amWv ]≤Xn hnln-Xw.)

$ sXmgn¬\nIpXn

$ ho´p-Icw

$ hnt\m-Z-\n-IpXn

$ ^okp-Iƒ

]Xn⁄

C¥y Fs‚ cmPy-am-Wv. F√m C¥y-°mcpw Fs‚ ktlm-

Z-co- ktlmZc-∑m-cm-Wv.

Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPysØ kvt\ln-°p∂p; kºq¿Whpw

sshhn-[y-]q¿W-hp-amb AXns‚ ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ Rm≥

A`n-am\w sIm≈p∂p.

Rm≥ Fs‚ amXm-]n-Xm-°-sfbpw Kpcp-°-∑m-scbpw apXn¿∂-

hscbpw _lp-am-\n-°pw.

Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPy-Øn-s‚bpw Fs‚ \m´p-Im-cp-sSbpw t£a-

Øn\pw sFiz-cy-Øn-\pw- th≠n ]bXv\n°pw.

C¥y≥ c-W-L-S\`mKw IV I

auenI I¿Ø-hy-߃

51 I. auenI I¿Ø-hy-߃ ˛ Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂h `mc-X-Ønse Hmtcm ]uc-

s‚bpw I¿Øhyw Bbn-cn-°p-∂-XmWv ˛

(I) `c-W-L-S-\sb A\p-k-cn-°p-Ibpw AXns‚ BZ¿i-ß-sfbpw ÿm]-\-ß-

sfbpw tZiob]Xm-I-sbbpw tZiobKm\-sØbpw BZ-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI;

(J) kzmX-¥y-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ \ΩpsS tZiobka-c-Øn\v ]tNm-Z\w \¬Inb

al-\o-bm-Z¿i-ßsf ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p-Ibpw ]n≥Xp-S-cp-Ibpw sNøpI;

(K) `mc-X-Øns‚ ]c-am-[n-Im-chpw sFIyhpw AJ-fi-Xbpw \ne-\n¿Øp-Ibpw

kwc-£n-°p-Ibpw sNøpI;

(L) cmPysØ ImØp-kq-£n-°p-Ibpw tZiob tkh\w A\p-jvTn-°p-hm≥ Bhiy-

s∏-Sp-tºmƒ A\p-jvTn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI;

(M) aX-]-chpw `mjm-]-chpw ]mtZ-in-Ihpw hn`m-Ko-b-hp-amb sshhn-[y-߃°Xo-

X-ambn `mc-X-Ønse F√m P\-߃°p-an-S-bn¬, kulm¿Zhpw s]mXp-hmb

kmtlm-Z-cy-a-t\m-`m-hhpw ]pe¿Øp-I. kvXoI-fpsS A¥- n\v Ipdhp hcp-

Øp∂ BNm-c-߃ ]cn-Xy-Pn-°pI;

(N) \ΩpsS kΩnikwkvIm-c-Øns‚ kº-∂-amb ]mc-º-cysØ hne-a-Xn-°p-

Ibpw \ne-\n-dp-Øp-Ibpw sNøpI;

(O) h\-ßfpw XSm-I-ßfpw \Zn-Ifpw h\yPo-hn-Ifpw Dƒs∏-Sp∂ ]IrXym D≈

]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£n-°p-Ibpw A`n-hr-≤n-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw Pohn-I-tfmSv ImcpWyw

ImWn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI;

(P) imkvXo -b -amb Img vN -∏mSpw am\-hn -I -Xbpw, At\z -j-W-Øn\pw

]cnjvIcWØn\pw D≈ at\m-`m-hhpw hnI-kn-∏n-°pI;

(Q) s]mXp-kzØv ]cn-c-£n-°p-Ibpw i]Yw sNbvXv AIaw Dt]-£n-°p-Ibpw

sNøpI;

(R) cmjvSw bXv\-Øn-s‚bpw e£y-]m-]vXn-bp-sSbpw D∂-X-X-e-ß-fn-te°v

\nc¥cw Db-c-Ø-°-hÆw hy‡n-]-chpw Iq´m-b-Xp-amb ]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚

F√m afi-e-ß-fnepw D¬Ir-jvS-X-bv°p-th≠n A[zm-\n-°p-I.