002 ncwrm 2011_quteishat
DESCRIPTION
Regional Conference on Advancing Non Conventional Water Resources Management in the Mediterranean, 14-15 September 2011, Athens, GreeceTRANSCRIPT
JoDRA
JoDRA
Non Conventional Water A New Paradigm
1
by
Koussai Quteishat
Director
Jordan River Consultancy Services, JoDRA
President
Jordan Desalination and Reuse Association, JoDRA
Amman-Jordan
Regional Conference on Advancing Non-Conventional Water Resources Management
September 15, 2011
Athens, Greece
JoDRA
JoDRA
IntroductionNCWR
• Desalinated water
• Wastewater
• Water harvesting
• Aquifer recharge
2
JoDRA
JoDRA
IntroductionNCWR
Paradigm Change
COMPREHENSIVE MANAGEMENT of
NCWR
3
JoDRA
JoDRA
Introduction NCWR Management Issues
• Having the water to reuse
• Look ahead when designing for
treatment
• Energy
• Environment
• Political will
• Acceptability
• Funding options4
JoDRA
JoDRA
Prerequisite: Water Management Hierarchy (WMH)
WMH is a hierarchy of water conservation priorities:
• Elimination of the water demand
• Reduction of the demand
• Explore all water-saving options
• Outsourcing/reuse/regeneration - such as
rainwater harvesting, wastewater treatment and
reuse
THEN, Consider new supplies
5
JoDRA
JoDRA
Policy Options
Paradigm Change
INTRODUCE POLICY OPTIONS
6
JoDRA
JoDRA
Iterative Policy Options
• Put the right price tag on water
• Allocate water and water-related funding more
efficiently
• Improve drought risk management
• Foster water efficient technologies and practices
• Foster the emergence of a water-saving culture
• Improve knowledge and data collection
THEN,
Consider additional water supply infrastructure7
JoDRA
JoDRA
8
Project Development
Finance and delivery
• Private Sector Investments
• IWP and BOO
• Hybrid mixes of finance
JoDRA
JoDRA
PSP in Project Development
Paradigm Changes
CONTRACTORS, CONSULTANTS, AND
SUPPLIERS AS DEVELOPERS
USERS BUY WATER NOT PLANTS
9
JoDRA
JoDRA
Sustainable Financing of Projects
Essentials:
• Recover Cost of Water
• Encourage Local Banks to be involved
• Establish Local Water Funds and
Bonds
10
JoDRA
JoDRA
Types of Projects
• Desalination
• Wastewater Reuse
• Aquifer Storage and Recovery
11
JoDRA
JoDRA
JoDRA
JoDRA
13
Is Current Desalination Sustainable ? Development Potential Perspective:
• Out of 71 large cities without local access to new freshwater source, 42 are coastal
• 39% of the world population (2,400 million inhabitants) live at a distance of less than 100 km from the sea. Current production of seawater only corresponds to the demand of 60 million inhabitants
• Desalination is no longer a marginal water resource as some countries such as Qatar and Kuwait rely 100% on desalinated water for domestic and industry
JoDRA
JoDRA
14
Forces Behind the Development Potential of Desalination
• Desalination has advantages over conventional resources/civil engineering projects
• Desalination, along with demand management, are expected to be the only recourse for regions with overdrafted aquifers
JoDRA
JoDRA
15
Major Constraints to the Development of Desalination
• Cost of product € 0.5/m3
• Use of fossil fuel 1 litre/m3
• Energy consumption 3kwh/m3
• Environmental land/air and marine
JoDRA
JoDRA
Historical Trends in Water Costs
16
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Water cost, US$/cubic meter
Year
Water cost from Desalination
Water cost from re-use
JoDRA
JoDRA
17
True Cost of Desalinated Water
Cost must be qualified:
• Water quality & temperature
• Intake arrangement
• Energy cost
• Project size and location
• Financing details and amortization period
• Specific details of water purchase deal
• Competitive bidding
JoDRA
JoDRA
18
Desalination Processes
• Thermal – needs thermal and electrical
• Membranes – needs electrical energy only
Both are energy intensive, accounting up to 50 % of the operating cost
Energy & Desalination
JoDRA
JoDRA
19
Minimum Energy Required
Minimum energy is that needed to get fresh
water from saline water
• Does not depend on the process
• Increases as salinity increases
Separating pure water from saline water of
36,000 ppm at 25oC needs 0.71 kwh/m3
JoDRA
JoDRA
20
Energy Consumption in Large Desalination Processes
Process Thermal
energy kWh/m³
Electrical
energy kWh/m³
Total
energy
kWh/m³
MSF 7.5 - 12 2.5 – 3.5 10 – 15.5
MED 4 - 7 1.5 - 2 5.5 - 9
SWRO - 3 - 6 3 - 6
BWRO - 0.5 - 2.5 0.5 - 2.5
JoDRA
JoDRA
Renewable Energy Potential
• RE systems have proven to be reliable, and
are the technologies of the future
• RE has great potential in the MENA and
Africa
� Current trend in fossil fuel cost increase and developments in solar collectors may make the solar desalination a feasible option in another ten years
21
JoDRA
JoDRAMain Environmental Concerns
??
JoDRA
JoDRAImpact Mitigation Measures
JoDRA
JoDRA
Impact Mitigation Needs
JoDRA
JoDRA
25
Innovations in Desalination
• Energy savings as well as recovery
• Aquifer Storage
• Addressing Seasonal Water/Power Variations
• Integration into Water Management Systems
• Zero Liquid Discharge
• Renewable Energy
• Nuclear Desalination
JoDRA
JoDRA
Conventional Desalination
Paradigm Change
CONVENTIONAL DESALINATION IS A
CONVENTIONAL RESOURCE
SUSTAINABLE DESALINATION USES
RENEWABLE ENERGY AND MITIGATES
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
26
JoDRA
JoDRA
27
Wastewater as a Source
It is technically and economically
possible to produce potable water
from wastewater
JoDRA
JoDRA
28
Saline Water and Waste Water
Saline water and waste water meet
in the treatment process where the
common denominators are
membranes and technologies
associated with them
JoDRA
JoDRA
29
Wastewater Membrane Treatment Technologies
To produce potable water, wastewater
undergoes:
• Micro-filtration or Ultra-filtration,
• Reverse Osmosis, and
• UV treatment
JoDRA
JoDRA
30
Wastewater Utilization
Wastewater should be treated for
environmental reasons, and also to be
utilized as a resource:
• Readily, for domestic, industry & agriculture uses
• disposed in flowing bodies, for use downstream
• stored in aquifers, either for later use, or
to mitigate seawater intrusion
JoDRA
JoDRA
31
Why Strategic Storage?
• Security of supply
• Optimization of plant design, better
match of power and water
JoDRA
JoDRA
32
Why Aquifer Storage & Recovery
• Proven technology
• Provides good recovery
• Improves quality of treated wastewater
• Lower costs, reported costs of the three types in USA to store 1.5 billion gallons:
Storage method Cost*, US$ in millionsAbove ground tank 450
Reservoir 250
ASR 40
* Cost does not include land cost
JoDRA
JoDRA
33
Aquifer Storage and Integrated Management of The Resource
If treated wastewater is stored in aquifers,• its use extended beyond reuse in irrigation and availing
additional water to meet domestic and industrial needs
• it can also be used to protect aquifers from seawater intrusion,hence making more water available.
If desalinated water is stored in aquifers,• it can lead to better integration of power and water during the
production phase, and lead to lower production costs
• alleviates fear of over-capacity if desalination plants and networks rehabilitation are undertaken simultaneously as water produced is stored in aquifers for future use.
JoDRA
JoDRA
34
Integrated Management of WaterWastewater Reuse
Wastewater Reuse was a policy
solution that has also become
a technology solution
JoDRA
JoDRA
35
Integrated Management of WaterDesalination
Desalination was a technology
solution that has also become a
policy solution
JoDRA
JoDRA
36
Water Resource Cost TrendsAfter Alfred Stikker, GWI, October 2006
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1990 2000 2010 2020
Cost $/m3
Year
Marginal water withdrawal
Freshwater treatment
Reuse
Desalination
JoDRA
JoDRA
37
Final Word on NCWRM
Main Paradigm
NCWRM is a policy issue
Technology is here to support it
let’s use it wisely
JoDRA
JoDRA
38
Thank You