0.05

Milano 10-12-2003 Particulates ProjectParticulates Project

Characterisation of Exhaust Particulate Emissions from Road Vehicles - Conclusions of the EU

Particulates Project

Zissis Samaras, Leonidas Ntziachristos (AUTh/LAT), Martin Mohr (EMPA), Neville

Thompson (CONCAWE), Urban Wass (VOLVO), Jorma Keskinen (TUT)


0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000

Diameter ( m)

No

rmal

ized

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n, dC

/Cto

tal/

dlo

gD

p

Mass Weighting Number Weighting Surface Weighting

Fine ParticlesDp < 2.5 m

Ultrafine ParticlesDp < 100 nm

NanoparticlesDp < 50 nm

Accumulation Mode - Usually consists mainly of carbonaceous agglomerates that have survived the combustion process

Coarse Mode - Usually consists of re-entrained particles, crankcase fumes

PM10Dp < 10 m

Nuclei Mode - Usually consists of particles formed from volatile

precursors as exhaust mixes with air during dilution

Typical Diesel Particle Size Distributions Number, Surface Area, and Mass Weightings

Source: D.Kittelson

Particulates Particulates dealt with both dealt with both

separatelyseparately


Sampling system used

Ageing Chamber

2-stage ejector Dilutor

Dilution Air Line

Sample Line

Silica Gel

CharcoalFilter

EjectorDilutor

Heater Denuder

Mass Flow

Controller

ELPI

SMPS

Diffusion

Charger

Cooling Agent Line

Fdddg kjlk

TEOMPump

Throttle Valve

Grav. Impactor

CPC

CO2 analysisCO2 analysis

RawRaw DilutedDiluted


Information collected over a test

Instrument Property Size resolution Temporal resolution

Condensation Particle Counter (CPC)

Particlenumber concentration

One channel>7 nm

1 s (transients)

Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS)

Particlesizing and

concentration

64 channels per decade 7-300 nm or

10-450 nm

90 s(steady states)

Electrical Low Pressure Impactor (ELPI) +

thermodenuder (TD )

Solid particle sizing and concentration

First 8 channels considered with filter

stage7nm - 1 m

1 s (transients)

Diffusion Charger (DC) Active surface One channel 7nm - 1 m

1 s (transients)


Daily test sequence

SAME TEST FUEL?

COLD SOAK 12-16 HOURS

NEDC (COLD) TEST

CADC TESTS (HOT)

STEADY STATE TESTS

50, 90, 120 km/h road load

NEDC (HOT) TEST *

PARTICLE SAMPLING

FUEL MATRIX COMPLETE?

STOP

DRAIN FUEL

10 LITRE FILL

5 MIN IDLE

DRAIN FUEL

25 LITRE FILL

CONDITIONING CYCLES Gasoline – 1 ECE + 2 EUDC Diesel - 3 EUDC


Real World Driving Cycles UsedArtemis Motorway


Vehicle sample24 passenger cars

• Conventional Diesels – five Euro 3– two Euro 2– one “simulated” Euro 1

• DPF equipped– four OEM equipped– one retrofitted

• Port injection SI– four Euro 3 – one Euro 1– one Californian ULEV

• Direct injection SI Euro 3 – Two stoichiometric with

TWCs – three lean mode with NOx

adsorber and TWC


Fuels used

Diesel fuels Gasolines

Sulfur mg/kg mg/kg Sulfur mg/kg mg/kg

D-2 280 G-1 143

D-3 38 G-2 45

D-4 8 G-3 6

D-5 3

Swedish Env. Class 1


Results


1.0E-04

1.0E-03

1.0E-02

1.0E-01

1.0E+00

D2 D3 D4 D5 G1 G2 G3

Regula

ted P

M [g

· km

-1]

DPF

D DISI

G

Diesel Euro 3Diesel Euro 2Diesel Euro 1Diesel +DPF

DISI lean

NEDC

Euro 3 limit

Gas. ULEV

DISI stoich.

Gas. Euro 1Gas. Euro 3


1.0E-04

1.0E-03

1.0E-02

1.0E-01

1.0E+00

D2 D3 D4 D5 G1 G2 G3

DISI

G

DPF

D

Reg

ulat

ed P

M [g

· k

m-1

]

Motorway

1.0E-04

1.0E-03

1.0E-02

1.0E-01

1.0E+00

D2 D3 D4 D5 G1 G2 G3

Regula

ted P

M [g

· km-1 ]

DPF

D DISI

G


DISI lean

NEDC

Euro 3 limit

Gas. ULEV

DISI stoich.



1.0E+00

1.0E+01

1.0E+02

1.0E+03

1.0E+04

1.0E+05

1.0E+06

DPF

D

D2 D3 D4 D5 G1 G2 G3

G

DISI

Act

ive

Sur

face

Are

a [c

m2 ·

km-1]

Cold NEDC

1.0E-04

1.0E-03

1.0E-02

1.0E-01

1.0E+00

D2 D3 D4 D5 G1 G2 G3

Regula

ted P

M [g

· km-1 ]

DPF

D DISI

G


DISI lean

NEDC

Euro 3 limit

Gas. ULEV

DISI stoich.



1.0E+00

1.0E+01

1.0E+02

1.0E+03

1.0E+04

1.0E+05

1.0E+06

D2 D3 D4 D5 G1 G2 G3

DPF

G

DISI

D DISI

Activ

e S

urf

ace A

rea [cm2

· km

-1]

Motorway

1.0E-04

1.0E-03

1.0E-02

1.0E-01

1.0E+00

D2 D3 D4 D5 G1 G2 G3

Regula

ted P

M [g

· km-1 ]

DPF

D DISI

G


DISI lean

NEDC

Euro 3 limit

Gas. ULEV

DISI stoich.



1.E+10

1.E+11

1.E+12

1.E+13

1.E+14

1.E+15

DPF

D

DISI

G

D2 D3 D4 D5 G1 G2 G3

Sol

id p

artic

le e

mis

sion

rat

e [k

m-1]

NEDC

1.0E-04

1.0E-03

1.0E-02

1.0E-01

1.0E+00

D2 D3 D4 D5 G1 G2 G3

Regula

ted P

M [g

· km-1 ]

DPF

D DISI

G


DISI lean

NEDC

Euro 3 limit

Gas. ULEV

DISI stoich.



1.0E+09

1.0E+10

1.0E+11

1.0E+12

1.0E+13

1.0E+14

1.0E+15

D2 D3 D4 D5 G1 G2 G3

D

DPF

G

DISI

Sol

id p

artic

le e

mis

sion

rat

e [k

m-1]

Motorway

1.0E-04

1.0E-03

1.0E-02

1.0E-01

1.0E+00

D2 D3 D4 D5 G1 G2 G3

Regula

ted P

M [g

· km-1 ]

DPF

D DISI

G


DISI lean

NEDC

Euro 3 limit

Gas. ULEV

DISI stoich.



1.0E+10

1.0E+11

1.0E+12

1.0E+13

1.0E+14

1.0E+15

D2 D3 D4 D5 G1 G2 G3

DPF

D

DISI

G

Tot

al p

artic

le n

umbe

r em

issi

on r

ate

[ km

-1] NEDC

1.0E-04

1.0E-03

1.0E-02

1.0E-01

1.0E+00

D2 D3 D4 D5 G1 G2 G3

Regula

ted P

M [g

· km-1 ]

DPF

D DISI

G


DISI lean

NEDC

Euro 3 limit

Gas. ULEV

DISI stoich.



1.0E+08

1.0E+09

1.0E+10

1.0E+11

1.0E+12

1.0E+13

1.0E+14

1.0E+15

1.0E+16

D2 D3 D4 D5 G1 G2 G3

D

DPF

G

DISI

Tot

al p

artic

le e

mis

sion

rat

e [

km-1

]

Motorway

1.0E-04

1.0E-03

1.0E-02

1.0E-01

1.0E+00

D2 D3 D4 D5 G1 G2 G3

Regula

ted P

M [g

· km-1 ]

DPF

D DISI

G


DISI lean

NEDC

Euro 3 limit

Gas. ULEV

DISI stoich.



1.0E+08

1.0E+09

1.0E+10

1.0E+11

1.0E+12

1.0E+13

1.0E+14

1.0E+15

1.0E+16

1 10 100 1000

D2

D3

D4

D5

Mobility Diameter [nm]

Tot

al p

artic

le n

umbe

r dN

/dlo

gdp

[km

-1] Conv.

Diesel

DPF

50 km/h


1.0E+08

1.0E+09

1.0E+10

1.0E+11

1.0E+12

1.0E+13

1.0E+14

1.0E+15

1.0E+16

1 10 100 1000

D2

D3

D4

D5Tot

al p

artic

le n

umbe

r dN

/dlo

gdp

[km

-1]


Conv. Diesel

DPF

120 km/h


1.0E+08

1.0E+09

1.0E+10

1.0E+11

1.0E+12

1.0E+13

1.0E+14

1.0E+15

1.0E+16

1 10 100 1000

G1

G2

G3


50 km/h

Tot

al p

artic

le n

umbe

r dN

/dlo

gdp

[km

-1]

DISIConv. gasoline


1.0E+08

1.0E+09

1.0E+10

1.0E+11

1.0E+12

1.0E+13

1.0E+14

1.0E+15

1.0E+16

1.0E+17

1 10 100 1000

G1

G2

G3


120 km/h

Tot

al p

artic

le n

umbe

r dN

/dlo

gdp

[km

-1]

DISI

Conv. gasoline


Regulated cycle Conclusions -1• Conventional Euro 2 & 3 diesels were found

– in a narrow range with respect to PM mass emissions, active surface area, solid particle number

– not affected by fuel sulfur content

• Total particle number emissions were also found within a narrow range not particularly prone to artifacts

• Trap equipped diesels are associated with massive reductions of particle emissions– one order of magnitude in terms of mass – 2 to 4 orders of magnitude in terms of surface area, solid particles,

total particles. – Some evidence of influence of higher fuel sulfur content (300

mg/kg) on nucleation mode particles


Regulated cycle Conclusions -2

• DISIs had measurable mass emissions, though well below diesel Euro 4 limit

• Active surface area, solid particle numbers and total particle numbers reveal a similar to mass behavior of DISI vehicles.

• No consistent fuel effects were revealed • Port injected gasoline vehicles were found to be emitting

at or below the levels of DPF equipped diesels and this for all particle parameters tested.

• Their emissions performance was found to be variable, strongly depending on the characteristics of the engine management very little affected by fuel sulfur


High power cycle Conclusions -3

• High power driving may lead to an up to one order of magnitude increase in particle emissions, and generally more variable behavior, irrespective of the property used to characterize them.

• The emission increase more pronounced in the case DPF equipped vehicles operated on the higher sulfur fuel (300 mg/kg). This is related with the regeneration attempts, initiated during the high temperature operation over this cycle.

• Exception to this behavior was the concentration of solid particles which, despite their increase, were found below conventional diesel levels

0.05

Documents