01 -a- soap industry

7/24/2019 01 -A- Soap Industry

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Dr. Noaman Ul-Haq


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" "

of detergent in which the water-solubilizedrou is carbox late and the ositive ion is

usually sodium or potassium. The largest

soap market is bar soap used for personala ng.

Maybe defined as chemical compound or

m x ure o compoun s resu ng rom einteraction of fatty oils and fats with alkali.

Prepared by Dr. Noaman Ul-Haq 2


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Tallow

s t e pr nc pa atty mater a

the quantity used represent about three-fourths of total oils and fats contains the mixed glycerides obtained from soild fat of cattle by steam

rendering

Greases Obtained from hogs and smaller domestic animals and are an important

source of glycerides of fatty acids.

used with out being blended with other fats.

Coconut oil the soap from here is firm and lathers well

con a ns arge propor ons o e very es ra e g ycer es o aur c anmyristic acids

Builders these are inorganic chemicals added to the soap to make it soft, firm


and hard


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1. Surface active a ents Surfactants

soaps reduce surface tension when dissolved inwater or organic solvents and in particular they tendto produce emulsions or colloidal suspensions

2. Cleansing action

the cleansing power of soap is different from

soap does not produce a good lather for propercleaning

. soap depends upon the particular carboxylicacid and base that make up the soap molecule



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process of treating fats with base or alkali

reacting them with a liquid alkali to produce

3NaOH + (C17H35COO)3C3H5 3C17H35COONa + C3H5(OH)3

caus c g ycery so um g ycer nsoda stearate stearate



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.

the objective of this is to produce neat soap

Neat soap also called kettle soap which

bars, flakes, beads, powders

Soa kettle the e ui ment where the raw

materials are mixed



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Steps in Boiling process

a) Introduction of melted materials into kettle.

b) Separation of glycerin from soap

2 layers formed:1. the upper layer composed of a curdy mass of impuresoa

2. the lower layer is an aqeuous salt containing the

glycerin dissolved in it

boiling for several hours.

transformation of soap into neat form and the

final removal of dirt and colorin matter



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2. Hydrolyzer Process

in this process, the fat is split into fatty acids

and glycerin by means of water splitting at a

presence of catalysts (zinc soap) e. .

Splitting reaction:

(RCOO)3C3H5 + 3H2O 3RCOOH + C3H5(OH)3

considered as more economical than boiling

, ,factory space, improved quality and better

control of product characteristics



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3. Semi boiling Process

as e a van age y a ow ng wa er

adjustment, the direct production of either

, ,

(liquid soap)



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Principal Sequences in Soap

Making

using Water Splitting and Neutralization

1. Transportation of fats and oils. ranspor a on an manu ac ure o caus c

soda

. en ng o e ca a ys , z nc ox e wmelted fat and heating with stream takes



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4. Hot melted fats and catalysts are introduced

5. Splitting of fat takes place counter currently

. ,

continuously, the fat globules rising againsta descendin a ueous hase

6. The aqueous phase, having dissolved the

split glycerin (about 12%), falls andseparated

7. The glycerin water phase is evaporated and

purified

8. The fatty acid phase at the top of the


hydrolyzer is dried by flashing off the water

and further heated


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9. In a high vacuum, still the fatty acids are

s e rom e o oms an rec e

10.The soap is formed by continuous

high speed mixer neutralizer.

a) 0.02 to 0.10% NaOH

b) 0.3 to 0.6% NaClc) approx. 30% water



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11.Finishing Operations

a e pressure on e nea soap rose o . a,and the soap is heated to about 200C in a highpressure steam exchanger

b) This heated soap is released to a flashed tank atatmospheric pressure, where partial drying (toabout 20%) takes place because the soapsolution is well above its boiling point atatmospheric pressure

c This viscous and ast soa is mixed with thedesired amount of air in a mechanical-scrapedwall heat-exchanger, where the soap is alsocooled brine circulation in the outer shell from105C to about 65C

d) To complete the process, cooling, stamping, and



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in soap making are the naturally occurring, , ,

carbon atoms.

-

fats and oils as esters of glycerin, as

.



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Name C atoms Structure

Lauric acid

Linoleic acid

12

18

Saturated

Unsaturated: 2 double bonds

Linoleic acid

Myristic acid

18

14


Saturated

Oleic acid

Palmitic acid

Recinoleic acid

18

16

18


Saturated

Unsaturated: 2 double bond

Stearic acid 18an y roxy group

Saturated



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Table 2. Common Fats and Oils used in

oap ma ng

Name Fatty acid Constituents

Beef tallow Oleic, palmiti, stearic acids

Castor oil

,

Ricinolic acid

Lard Linoleic, oleic, palmiti acids


,


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Fatty acids

com onents of fats and oils that are weak acid which arecomposed of two parts:

1) Carboxylic group

2) Hydrocarbon chain

Chemical Reactions The following is an example of chemical reactions in soap

having one of the fatty acids used in soap making:

(C17H35COO)C3H5 + 3H2O 3C17H35COOH + C3H3(OH)3

glycerin stearic acid glycerin

stearate

C H COOH + NaOH C H COONa + H O

stearic acid caustic sodiumsoda stearate



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.

usually made by pumping molten neat soap intomolds or frames to cool

2. Floating soaps

the molten neat soap is either aerated and thenrap y c e or c e o a sem so con on an

then chilled

. soap products that undergone milling process



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4. Granulated soaps, beads, powders

o pro uce suc pro uc s, spray ry ngmethod are applied

.

soap itself has germicidal power against

synthetic detergents are strongly germicidal

6. Textile soa s soaps used in textile or clothing industry

7. Shavin creams

usually mixtures of potash and soda soapsof tallow and coconut oil



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Soap solution owe their cleansing power to:

1. The ease with which they wet dirty clothing, dishes, etc.

2. The fact that they form emulsions and prevent its return to thearticle being washed

Soapy water penetrates and spreads over the surface ofimmersed articles much more readily than plain water; thus its

wetting power is greater

How soap cleanses:

the surfactant molecules of soaps, especially detergents havepolar, or hydrophilic ends, which attract water molecules;

nonpolar or hydrophobic ends which lacks attraction to water



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As these molecules lower the waters surface

,penetrate and loosen the grease or oil, presentin the articles being washed.

Surface tension happens when the water molecule in the body of

molecules; however, at the surface, those molecules

are surrounded by other water molecules only on the

Micelle formed when surfactants a re ates hel s in

loosening dirt attached to articles being washed,when loosened up, the dirt being washed or rinsedawa b the water



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1. A variet of emollient materials, such as shea

or cocoa butters, are substantive to the skin.

2. Poorly finished soaps contain alkali, NaOH

products are finished to neutrality or to weak

acid content to prevent this and be more .

3. Commercial products use chelating molecules,often EDTA derivatives to bind with any free Ca

or g ons an prevent soap scum. ese a sohelp reduce fragrance loss, discoloration andrancidit .



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Very effective as a When used in hard water,

bactericide,

It will form gels, emulsify

soap can produced ascum.

tension of water. required to remove soap

scum.

:

IVORY

greasy build-up on thesurface which can be

.

More expensive thansynthetic detergents.



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,

Shreves Chemical Process Industries.


01 -a- soap industry

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