01. advrevch01 po1 - pro-edcontents xiii neuropathology of aos 339 general symptoms of aos 340...
TRANSCRIPT
Contents
vii
Preface xix
CHAPTER 1
Anatomy, Neuroanatomy, and Physiology of the Speech Mechanism 1
Respiration: Structures and Processes 1Respiration Patterns During Speech Production 1
Framework of Respiration 2
Muscles of Respiration 4
Phonation: Structures and Processes 7Larynx 7
Laryngeal Structures and Cartilages 7
Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles 8
Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles 9
Vocal Folds 11
Physiology of Phonation 11
Neuroanatomy of the Vocal Mechanism 13
Resonation and Articulation: Structures and Processes 14Fundamentals of Resonation 14
Fundamentals of Articulation 15
Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology: The Nervous System 25
Neurons and Neural Transmission 26Anatomy and Physiology of Nerve Cells 26
Neural Transmission 26
The Peripheral and Autonomic Nervous Systems 28Peripheral Nervous System 28
Autonomic Nervous System 35
The Central Nervous System 37Basic Principles 37
The Brainstem 38
Reticular Activating System 40
Diencephalon 40
Basal Ganglia 40
The Cerebellum 41
The Cerebrum 42
Pyramidal System 46
Extrapyramidal System 48
Connecting Fibers in the Brain 50
The Cerebral Ventricles 51
Protective Layers of the Brain 51
Cerebral Blood Supply 52
Chapter Highlights 55
From An Advanced Review of Speech-Language Pathology: Preparation for Praxis and Comprehensive Examination, 4th Ed., by C. Roseberry-McKibbin and M. N. Hegde, 2016, Austin, TX: PRO-ED. Copyright 2016 by PRO-ED, Inc.
viii Contents
Study and Review Questions 56References and Recommended Readings 58Study and Review Answers 59
CHAPTER 2
Physiological and Acoustic Phonetics: A Speech Science Foundation 61
Basic Principles and Defi nitions 61Defi nitions 61
Anatomy and Physiology: A Brief Review 62
Phonetic Transcription 63The International Phonetic Alphabet 63
Broad Phonetic Transcription 64
Narrow Phonetic Transcription 65
Production of Segmentals: Consonants and Vowels 65Consonants and Vowels: The Syllable as a Unit 66
Classifi cation Systems 67
Consonants 68
Vowels 73
The Effects of Context on Speech Sound Production 76Dynamics of Speech Production 76
Suprasegmentals 77
Speech Science: Physiological Phonetics, Acoustic Phonetics, and Speech Perception 78
Introduction to the Study of Sound and Acoustic Analysis of Speech 80Sound Wave Generation and Propagation 80
Frequency and Pitch 81
Amplitude and Loudness 81
Sound Pressure Level and Hearing Level 82
Introduction to the Acoustic Analysis of Speech 82
Chapter Highlights 84Study and Review Questions 85References and Recommended Readings 87Study and Review Answers 88
CHAPTER 3
Language Development in Children 91
Terms and Defi nitions 91Morphology 91
Syntax 92
Semantics 94
Pragmatics 95
From An Advanced Review of Speech-Language Pathology: Preparation for Praxis and Comprehensive Examination, 4th Ed., by C. Roseberry-McKibbin and M. N. Hegde, 2016, Austin, TX: PRO-ED. Copyright 2016 by PRO-ED, Inc.
Contents ix
Typical Language Development: Developmental Milestones 96Role of the Caregiver in Language Development 96
Birth–1 Year 97
1–2 Years 99
2–3 Years 102
3–4 Years 103
4–5 Years 106
5–6 Years 108
6–7 Years 109
7–8 Years 110
Development of Literacy Milestones 111
Language Development and Education in the School-Age Years 112
Theories of Language Development 113Behavioral Theory 113
Nativist Theory 115
Cognitive Theory 116
Information-Processing Theory 119
Social Interactionism Theory 120
Chapter Highlights 121
Study and Review Questions 122
References and Recommended Readings 128
Study and Review Answers 130
CHAPTER 4
Language Disorders in Children 133
Introduction to Children With Language Disorders 133Description of Language Disorders in Children 134
Risk Factors for Language Disorders in Children 134
Children With Specifi c Language Impairment 135Characteristics of Children With Specifi c Language Impairment 135
Children With Language Problems Associated With Physical and Sensory Disabilities 139Intellectual Disability 139
Autism Spectrum Disorders 140
Brain Injury 142
Children With Language Problems Related to Physical and Social–Environmental Factors 145Language Problems Related to Poverty 145
Language Problems Related to Neglect and Abuse 146
Language Problems Related to Parental Drug and Alcohol Abuse 147
Language Problems Related to Attention-Defi cit/Hyperactivity Disorder 149
Assessment Principles and Procedures 151Language Assessment: General Principles and Procedures 151
Assessment of Infants and Toddlers 154
From An Advanced Review of Speech-Language Pathology: Preparation for Praxis and Comprehensive Examination, 4th Ed., by C. Roseberry-McKibbin and M. N. Hegde, 2016, Austin, TX: PRO-ED. Copyright 2016 by PRO-ED, Inc.
x Contents
Assessment of Preschool and Elementary-Age Children 157
Assessment of Adolescents 160
Treatment Principles and Procedures 164General Principles 164
Specifi c Techniques 165
Augmentative and Alternative Communication 171
Chapter Highlights 174Study and Review Questions 175References and Recommended Readings 179Study and Review Answers 184
CHAPTER 5
Speech Sound Development and Disorders 187
Foundations of Articulation and Phonology 187Basic Defi nitions 188
Distinctive Features Paradigm 188
Place-Voice-Manner Paradigm 189
Acquisition of Articulatory and Phonological Skills: Typical Development 191Theories of Development 191
Infant Development: Perception and Production 193
Typical Articulation Development in Children 194
Overall Intelligibility 194
Typical Phonological Development in Children 196
Speech Sound Disorders 198General Factors Related to Speech Sound Disorders 198
Description of Articulatory Errors 199
Organically Based Disorders 200
Assessment of Speech Sound Disorders 204Screening 205
General Assessment Objectives 205
Related Assessment Objectives 205
Assessment Procedures 205
Specifi c Components of an Assessment 207
Scoring and Analysis of Assessment Data 208
Treatment of Speech Sound Disorders 210General Considerations in Treatment 211
Motor-Based Approaches 212
Linguistic Approaches 214
Core Vocabulary (Consistency) Approach 216
Phonological Awareness Treatment 216
Adults Who Speak English as a Foreign Language 218Principles of Assessment 218
Principles of Accent Training 219
From An Advanced Review of Speech-Language Pathology: Preparation for Praxis and Comprehensive Examination, 4th Ed., by C. Roseberry-McKibbin and M. N. Hegde, 2016, Austin, TX: PRO-ED. Copyright 2016 by PRO-ED, Inc.
Contents xi
Chapter Highlights 220
Study and Review Questions 221
References and Recommended Readings 225
Study and Review Answers 228
CHAPTER 6
Fluency and Its Disorders 231
Fluency and Stuttering: An Overview 231Defi nition and Description of Fluency 231
Defi nition and Description of Stuttering 232
Forms of Dysfl uencies 234
Theoretical and Clinical Signifi cance of Dysfl uencies 235
Incidence and Prevalence of Stuttering 235
Onset and Development of Stuttering 239
Associated Motor Behaviors 239
Associated Breathing Abnormalities 240
Negative Emotions and Avoidance Behaviors 240
The Loci of Stuttering 241
Stimulus Control in Stuttering 242
People Who Stutter and Their Families 244
Theories of Stuttering 245
Assessment and Treatment of Stuttering 249Assessment of Stuttering 249
Treatment of Stuttering 252
Neurogenic Stuttering 258Defi nition and Etiology of Neurogenic Stuttering 258
Description of Neurogenic Stuttering 259
Assessment and Treatment of Neurogenic Stuttering 259
Cluttering 260Defi nition and Description of Cluttering 260
Assessment and Treatment of Cluttering 261
Chapter Highlights 262
Study and Review Questions 263
References and Recommended Readings 266
Study and Review Answers 269
CHAPTER 7
Voice and Its Disorders 271
Vocal Anatomy and Physiology 271The Larynx 271
Voice Changes Through the Life Span 275
From An Advanced Review of Speech-Language Pathology: Preparation for Praxis and Comprehensive Examination, 4th Ed., by C. Roseberry-McKibbin and M. N. Hegde, 2016, Austin, TX: PRO-ED. Copyright 2016 by PRO-ED, Inc.
xii Contents
Vocal Pitch, Volume, and Quality 277Pitch 277
Volume 277
Quality 277
Evaluation of Voice Disorders 279Case History: Purposes and Goals 279
A Team-Oriented Approach 280
Instrumental Evaluation 280
Perceptual Evaluation 284
Disorders of Resonance and Their Treatment 287Hypernasality 287
Hyponasality 288
Assimilative Nasality 288
Cul-de-Sac Resonance 289
Treatment Principles 289
Disorders of Phonation and Their Treatment 290Carcinoma and Laryngectomy 290
Physically and Neurologically Based Disorders of Phonation 294
Abuse-Based Disorders of Phonation 302
Disorders of Loudness and Pitch 307
Psychogenic Voice Disorders 308
Gender Issues and the Voice 309
Chapter Highlights 311Study and Review Questions 312References and Recommended Readings 316Study and Review Answers 318
CHAPTER 8
Neurologically Based Communicative Disorders and Dysphagia 321
Aphasia 321Foundational Concepts 322
Defi nition and Classifi cation of Aphasia 323
Nonfl uent Aphasias 323
Fluent Aphasias 325
Subcortical Aphasia 328
Aphasia in Bilingual Populations 329
Assessment of Aphasia 329
Treatment of Aphasia 334
Alexia and Agraphia 338
Agnosia 338
Apraxia of Speech 339Defi nition and Distinctions 339
From An Advanced Review of Speech-Language Pathology: Preparation for Praxis and Comprehensive Examination, 4th Ed., by C. Roseberry-McKibbin and M. N. Hegde, 2016, Austin, TX: PRO-ED. Copyright 2016 by PRO-ED, Inc.
Contents xiii
Neuropathology of AOS 339
General Symptoms of AOS 340
Communication Defi cits in AOS 340
Assessment of AOS 341
Treatment of AOS 342
The Dysarthrias 343Defi nition of the Dysarthrias 343
Neuropathology of the Dysarthrias 343
Communicative Disorders Associated With Dysarthria 344
Types of Dysarthria 344
Assessment of the Dysarthrias 348
Treatment of the Dysarthrias 350
Dementia 351Defi nition and Classifi cation of Dementia 351
Dementia of the Alzheimer Type (DAT) 352
Frontotemporal Dementia (Including Pick’s Disease) and Primary Progressive Aphasia 353
Dementia Associated With Parkinson’s Disease 356
Dementia Associated With Huntington’s Disease 357
Infectious Dementia 357
Other Forms of Dementia 358
Assessment of Dementia 358
Clinical Management of Dementia 359
Right-Hemisphere Brain Damage 361Foundational Concepts 361
Symptoms of Right-Hemisphere Brain Damage 362
Assessment of Right-Hemisphere Brain Damage 363
Communication Treatment of Patients With Right-Hemisphere Brain Damage 364
Traumatic Brain Injury 365Defi nition and Incidence of TBI 365
Common Causes of TBI 366
Types and Consequences of TBI 366
General Assessment of Patients With TBI 367
Assessment of Communicative Defi cits Associated With TBI 367
Treatment of Patients With TBI 368
Swallowing Disorders 370Nature and Etiology of Swallowing Disorders 370
Normal and Disordered Swallow 370
Assessment of Swallowing Disorders 372
Treatment of Swallowing Disorders 373
Chapter Highlights 377Study and Review Questions 378References and Recommended Readings 382Study and Review Answers 389
From An Advanced Review of Speech-Language Pathology: Preparation for Praxis and Comprehensive Examination, 4th Ed., by C. Roseberry-McKibbin and M. N. Hegde, 2016, Austin, TX: PRO-ED. Copyright 2016 by PRO-ED, Inc.
xix v Contents
CHAPTER 9
Communication Disorders in Multicultural Populations 391
Foundational Issues 391Demographic Data 391
General Cultural Considerations 392
ASHA Guidelines Regarding Multicultural Issues 393
Speech–Language Characteristics of CLD Clients 394Dialects of American English 394
African American English 395
Characteristics of AAE Morphology, Syntax, and Articulation 396
Spanish-Infl uenced English 396
English Infl uenced by Asian Languages 402
Language Differences and Language Impairment 403Differentiating Language Differences From Language Impairments 404
Acquiring a Second Language 406
Conversational Informal Language Fluency and Formal Academic Language Fluency 408
Assessment of CLD Clients 410Legal Considerations 410
Considerations in the Use of Standardized Tests 411
Alternatives to Standardized Tests 413
Working With Interpreters in the Assessment Process 416
Treatment Considerations in Service Delivery to CLD Clients 417Children With Language Impairments 417
Prevalence and Incidence Rates of Medical Conditions and Communication Disorders 418
Potential Sociocultural and Linguistic Barriers to Service Delivery 419
Adults With Neurologically Based Disorders of Communication 420
Chapter Highlights 422
Study and Review Questions 423
References and Recommended Readings 428
Study and Review Answers 432
CHAPTER 10
Audiology and Hearing Disorders 435
Anatomy and Physiology of Hearing 436The Outer Ear 436
The Middle Ear 436
The Inner Ear 437
The Auditory Nervous System 438
Acoustics: Sound and Its Perception 439The Source of Sound 439
Sound Waves 440
From An Advanced Review of Speech-Language Pathology: Preparation for Praxis and Comprehensive Examination, 4th Ed., by C. Roseberry-McKibbin and M. N. Hegde, 2016, Austin, TX: PRO-ED. Copyright 2016 by PRO-ED, Inc.
Contents xv
Frequency and Intensity 440
Sound Pressure Level and Hearing Level 442
The Nature and Etiology of Hearing Loss 442Normal Hearing 442
Nature of Hearing Impairment 443
Conductive Hearing Loss 444
Sensorineural Hearing Loss 446
Mixed Hearing Loss 450
Auditory Nervous System Impairments 450
Assessment of Hearing Impairment 454Audiometry: Basic Principles 454
Pure-Tone Audiometry 455
Speech Audiometry 455
Acoustic Immitance 455
Other Methods 456
Hearing Screening 456
Assessment of Infants and Children 457
Interpretation of Hearing Test Results 457
Management of Hearing Impairment 460Communication Disorders of People With Hearing Impairment 461
Aural Rehabilitation: Basic Principles 462
Amplifi cation 463
Communication Training 467
Chapter Highlights 472Study and Review Questions 473References and Recommended Readings 476Study and Review Answers 478
CHAPTER 11
Assessment and Treatment: Principles of Evidence-Based Practice 479
Evidence-Based Practice in Speech–Language Pathology 479
Standard Assessment Procedures 480Screening 480
Case History 481
Hearing Screening 483
Orofacial Examination 483
Interview 484
Speech and Language Sample 484
Obtaining Related Assessment Data 486
Principles of Standardized Assessment 487Nature and Advantages of Standardized Assessment 487
Limitations of Standardized Tests 487
Prudent Use of Standardized Tests 488
From An Advanced Review of Speech-Language Pathology: Preparation for Praxis and Comprehensive Examination, 4th Ed., by C. Roseberry-McKibbin and M. N. Hegde, 2016, Austin, TX: PRO-ED. Copyright 2016 by PRO-ED, Inc.
xvx i Contents
Types of Scores in Standardized Assessment 489
Validity and Reliability of Standardized Tests 490
Rating Scales, Questionnaires, and Developmental Inventories 493Rating Scales 493
Questionnaires 493
Developmental Inventories 493
Alternative Assessment Approaches 494Functional Assessment 494
Client-Specifi c Assessment 495
Criterion-Referenced Assessment 496
Authentic Assessment 496
Dynamic Assessment 496
Portfolio Assessment 497
Comprehensive and Integrated Assessment 497
Treatment of Communication Disorders: Basic Concepts 498Treatment: Defi nition 498
A Treatment Paradigm for Communication Disorders 499
Basic Treatment Terms 499
Reinforcers and Reinforcement: Basic Defi nitions 503
An Overview of the Treatment Process 505Selection of Treatment Targets 505
Treatment Sequence 506
Maintenance Program 508
Follow-Up 508
Booster Treatment 509
A General Outline of a Treatment Program 509Cultural–Linguistic Considerations in Assessment and Treatment 510Chapter Highlights 512Study and Review Questions 513References and Recommended Readings 516Study and Review Answers 518
CHAPTER 12
Research Design and Statistics: A Foundation for Clinical Science 521
Essentials of the Scientifi c Method 521The Philosophy of Science: Basic Precepts 521
Validity of Measurements 523
Reliability of Measurements 524
Experimental Research 525Foundational Concepts 525
Group Designs 526
Single-Subject Designs 528
From An Advanced Review of Speech-Language Pathology: Preparation for Praxis and Comprehensive Examination, 4th Ed., by C. Roseberry-McKibbin and M. N. Hegde, 2016, Austin, TX: PRO-ED. Copyright 2016 by PRO-ED, Inc.
Contents xxxxvx ii
Varieties of Descriptive Research 532Foundational Concepts 532
Ethnographic Research 536
Meta-Analysis 536
Evaluation of Research 536Internal Validity 537
External Validity 539
Levels of Evidence for Evidence-Based Practice 540
Data Organization and Analysis: Principles of Statistics 542Foundational Concepts 542
Statistical Techniques for Organizing Data 543
Types of Measurement Scales 544
Chapter Highlights 545
Study and Review Questions 546
References and Recommended Readings 550
Study and Review Answers 551
CHAPTER 13
Special Topics in Speech–Language Pathology 553
Counseling 553Qualities Necessary for Effective Counseling 553
Approaches to Counseling 554
Special Issues in Counseling 557
Reactions and Emotions Related to Communication Disorders 558
Defense Mechanisms 559
Medical Speech–Language Pathology 560Practice and Responsibilities of Speech–Language Pathologists 560
Medical Team Specialists and Their Roles 561
Infectious Disease Control 562
Working With HIV and AIDS Patients 563
Medical Imaging Techniques 565
Craniofacial Anomalies and Genetic Syndromes 566Craniofacial Anomalies 566
Cleft Lip 567
Cleft Palate 567
Genetic Syndromes 574
Medically Fragile Infants 581General Facts 581
Feeding and Oral–Motor Development 582
Chapter Highlights 584
Study and Review Questions 585
From An Advanced Review of Speech-Language Pathology: Preparation for Praxis and Comprehensive Examination, 4th Ed., by C. Roseberry-McKibbin and M. N. Hegde, 2016, Austin, TX: PRO-ED. Copyright 2016 by PRO-ED, Inc.
xxxxxxxxvx iiiiii Contents
References and Recommended Readings 590Study and Review Answers 592
CHAPTER 14
Professional Issues 595
ASHA and the Professions 595The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association 595
The Professions of Speech–Language Pathology and Audiology 598
The Scope of Practice: Speech–Language Pathology 599
ASHA Accreditation 600
Issues in Certifi cation and Licensure 600Clinical Certifi cation 601
Speech–Language Pathology Assistants 602
State Regulation of the Profession 604
Legislative Regulation of the Profession 604Federal Legislation Affecting School Settings 605
Individuals With Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) 606
Federal Legislation Affecting Employment Settings 606
Federal Legislation Affecting Health Care Settings 607
Future Trends 608
Chapter Highlights 610Study and Review Questions 610References and Recommended Readings 613Study and Review Answers 613
APPENDIX
Study and Test-Taking Tips for the Praxis 615
Nature and Purpose of the Praxis 615Study Tips for Preparing for the Praxis 619General Tips for Taking the Praxis 619Understanding Computer-Generated Questions 621Conclusion 622References and Recommended Readings 622
Index 623
About the Authors 665
From An Advanced Review of Speech-Language Pathology: Preparation for Praxis and Comprehensive Examination, 4th Ed., by C. Roseberry-McKibbin and M. N. Hegde, 2016, Austin, TX: PRO-ED. Copyright 2016 by PRO-ED, Inc.