01 basic electrical system v7

8/7/2019 01 Basic Electrical System v7

1/49

1

Basic Automation System

(SRD 23403)

Malaysian Spanish Institute

MSI Electrical System

2

Basic Electrical System

Malaysian Spanish Institute


V7


2/49

3

Objective of Module

Why electrical system?

Electricity is a basic part of nature and it is one of our most

widely used forms of energy.

Electrical System is a basic control system.

Why learn electrical system?


4

Basic Control System


signal

processingoutput

signal

input

Switching

component

Amplifying

component

Electrical

Actuator

Pushbuttons etc Relay, timer etc Motor, lamp etc


3/49

5

Content of Module

CHAPTER 0 SAFETY IN ELECTRICAL SYSTEM CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE DIDACTIC UNIT

CHAPTER 2 FUNDAMENTAL IN ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

CHAPTER 3 ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS

CHAPTER 4 ELECTRICAL ACTUATOR MOTOR


6

Electrical Lab Safetychapter 0


1. Obtain permission before operatingany electrical equipment.

2. Wiring or other electricalmodifications must be referred tothe Lecturer, or Technician.

3. Heavy- Duty electrical componentmust be electrically grounded.

4. Never , ever modify, attach orotherwise change any high voltageequipment.

5. Never do unauthorized experiments.

6. Never work alone in laboratory.

7. Keep your lab space clean andorganized.

8. Do not leave an on-going experimentunattended.

9. Always inform your instructor if youbreak anything.

10. Nevertaste anything.

11. Neveruse open flames in laboratory.

12. Clean your lab bench and equipment,and lock the door before you leave thelaboratory.


4/49

7

Introduction to Electrical Syschapter 1

Electricity is a form of energy involving the flow of electrons. All matteris made up ofatoms, and an atom has a center, called a nucleus. The nucleus contains positively

charged particles called protons and uncharged particles called neutrons.


The nucleus of an atom is surrounded by

negatively charged particles called electrons.

The negative charge of an electron is equal to

the positive charge of a proton, and the

number of electrons in an atom is usually

equal to the number of protons.

When the balancing force between protons

and electrons is upset by an outside force, an

atom may gain or lose an electron. When

electrons are "lost" from an atom, the free

movement of these electrons form anelectric current.

Atom

8

What's make electricity?

Electrons in outer orbit are less attracted to is

nucleus and easily to detached. This electrons

are called free electrons.


Free

electron


5/49

9

What's make electricity?(Cont.)

Electric CurrentElectrons that have been forces out will move and wander around among other atomsrandomly. If the free electron have a direction of movement, it will make an electriccurrent. When there is an electric current, thats when we called it electricity.

Electric ChargeWhen an atom loses an electron, it will be positively charge, and if an atom that

possessing a extra of electron is negatively charge.


Electrical wire

+(positive)

-(negetive)

10

How Electricity is Produced


MAGNETISM CHEMICAL

LIGHT

HEAT

PRESSURE

FRICTION


6/49

11

Electrical Appliances


Mechanical power

PressureHeat

Light

Energy to operate

electronic deviceChemical Action

12

Magnetism

Natural magnet is called magnetite and its

power of attraction is called magnetism.

There are two type of magnetism:

1. Permanent Magnet

2. Electromagnet



7/49

13

Permanent MagnetMaterial that can hold their

magnetism for a long period of timeare called Permanent Magnet.

Beside natural magnet, iron & other

material then iron can be used as

magnet.

ElectromagnetMagnetic field can be created by

electricity. Magnetic field that

depend on the flow of current is

called electromagnet.


14

Relation between electron

Electrons in an atom create

magnetic field in all atoms.

In most material, electrons

will be in different direction

and their field cancel each

other and made thematerial no magnetic field.


Magnetized

organize

orientation

Demagnetized

organize

orientation


8/49

15

Magnetic Field

Magnetic field is an invisibleline of forces that been created

by magnet. These invisible line

of forces leaving the magnet at

one point and entering at

another point. These point are

called poles.


16

Electricity by magnetism

Magnetism produce electricity, when the movement of magnetic field past

through a stationary wire. But when the magnetic field is not moving, the

electricity stop due to electron stop moving.

Greater the movement, greater the magnetic field and greater the electricity.



9/49

17

Generate electricity


18

How Electricity is Produce(Magnetism)


Hydroelectric

dam

Generator

Step-up transformer

Grid high voltage

transmission lines

Terminal Station

Subtransmission

lines

How It Is Usedby the CustomerDistribution

substation


10/49

Worldwide, hydropower plants produce about 24 percent of the world's electricity and

supply more than 1 billion people with power. The world's hydropower plants output a

combined total of675,000 megawatts, the energy equivalent of 3.6 billion barrels ofoil,

according to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory.

1. Hydroelectric dam

There is potential energy stored in a water reservoirbehind a dam. It is converted to kinetic energy whenthe water starts flowing down the penstock (what itis), from the dam. This kinetic energy is used to turna turbine.

2. GeneratorThe falling water strikes a series of blades attachedaround a shaft which converts kinetic energy tomechanical energy, and causes the turbine torotate. The shaft is attached to a generator, so thatwhen the turbine turns, the generator is driven. Thegenerator converts the turbine's mechanical energyinto electric energy.

3. Step-up transformerVoltage is the pressure that makes electricity flow.Generators usually produce electricity with a lowvoltage. In order for the transmission lines to carrythe electricity efficiently over long distances, the lowgenerator voltage is increased to a highertransmission voltage by a step-up transformer.

4. Grid high voltage transmission linesGrid transmission lines, usually supported by tallmetal towers, carry high voltage electricity over long

distances.

5. Terminal Station

Terminal stations control power flow on gridtransmission lines and reduce the grid voltage tosub-transmission voltage.

6. Sub-transmission linesSub transmission lines supply power from terminalstations to large industrial customers or distributionsubstations.

7. How It Is Used by the CustomerElectric energy can be sold at transmission voltageto users of large amounts who own and operatetheir own substations. Most customers, however,are unable to accept energy at transmissionvoltage, and require that it be stepped down in atransformer.

8. Distribution substationA distribution substation is a system oftransformers, meters, and control and protectivedevices. At a substation, transmission voltage isreduced to lower voltages for distribution toresidential, commercial, and small and mediumindustrial customers.

19


20

Schematic Diagram of an Electrical System



11/49

21

Schematic Diagram of an Electrical System


24v

0v

S1

L1

Control Circuit

Switch / Input Signal

Load

22

Fundamental in Electrical Syschapter2

Electricity Parameter


Quantity Symbol Unit Abbreviation

Current (I) Ampere A

Voltage (V) Volt V

Resistance (R) Ohm


12/49

23

Current (I)

Current is an electrons. When there is a current flow, there is a movement ofelectrons in conductors.

The unit for current is = A (ampere)

Ampere is express by

1A = 6.25 x 1018

electrons

*conductor = allows electrons to move through it.

Insulator = keep electrons from passing through it.


1 ampere = 1A

1,000 amperes = 1,000 A

0.001 amperes = 1mA

0.00 000 1 amperes = 1A

24

Measuring the Unit of Current Flow

The device which is used to measure the rate of current

flow through a conducting material is called Ammeter.


An ammeter indicates,

in amperes, the

number of electronspassing through a

material.


13/49

25

Ammeter Measurement


Ammeter are connected inseries with line to measure

lamp current.

26

Caution!!


Do not connected ammeter in

parallel.

A


14/49

27

Construction of Ammeter


RG = 20,

28

Voltage (V)

Electromotive Force (emf) / potential different / voltage are the force that set

charges in motion, in other word, a potential energy difference that exists

between two points.

the unit for voltage is = volts (V)

Voltage is express by


1 volt = 1V1,000 volt = 1kV

1,000,000 volt = 1,000 kV

0.001 volt = 1mV

0.00 000 1 volt = 1V


15/49

29

Measuring the Unit of Voltage

The device which is used to measure the voltagebetween two unequal charges is called Voltmeter.


A voltmeter indicates,

in volts, the potential

different between two

points.

30

Voltmeter Measurement

Voltmeter areconnected in parallelwith line to measurelamp current.



16/49

31

How to Uses Voltmeter


32

Construction of Voltmeter


example1 example2


17/49

33

Resistance (R)

Resistance in electricity is something that opposedcurrent flowing in it, weatherlarge or small. Different material have different opposition to current flow due todifferent number of electrons in different material. Material that have little oppositionto current flow is called conductor, and material that have little opposition is calledinsulator.

Resistance = R (designated)

=

Resistance is express by


1 ohm = 1

1,000 ohm = 1k

1,000,000 ohm = 1M

0.001 ohm = 1m

34

Measuring the Unit of Resistance

The device which is used to measure the voltage

between two unequal charges is called Ohmmeter.



18/49

35

Ohmmeter

Resistance are measured by ohmmeter. This meter are not equally spaced,and requires a build-in battery for proper operation. The current through the

unknown resistor is measured under conditions where a known voltage is

applied across the unknown resistor.

Features:

Ohmmeter will have a zero adjustment control.

Range selector switch - R

- R x 10

- R x 100

- R x 1k


36

Operation Principle

1. Set voltage to proper value by selecting the range.

2. Do the zero adjustment by shorting the ohmmeterprobe. This must be done whenever the range selectorswitch is change to different scale.

3. Connect the unknown resistance between the testprobe.

4. Read the resistance value at the scale division andmultiplied by the multiplying factor from the selectorswitch.

*Device that has a specific amount of resistance called Resistor.



19/49

37

Relationship Between Electrical

Parameter

The study of electricity is the study of the effects of current flow and thecontrol of current flow.

Voltage is the amount of electromotive force (emf) across a load

(resistance) in order to make an electron flow (current) through the

resistance.

voltage current

voltage current

Resistance is the effect that impedes the electron flow (current).

resistance current

resistance current


38

Ohms Law

The relationship of these parameter can

be describe in Ohms Law



20/49


21/49

41

Problem Example #1


Using the simple circuit below, assume that the voltage supplied by the battery is

10 volts, and the resistance is 5 . To find how much current is flowing through

the circuit, cover the I in the triangle and use the resulting equation.

Solution:

42

Problem Example #2


Assume the ammeter reads 200 mA and the resistance is known to be 10 .

To solve the voltage, cover the E in the triangle and use the resulting

equation.

Solution:


22/49

43

Problem Example #3


Assume the ammeter reads 10 mA and the voltmeter reads 24V. To solve the

resistance, cover the R in the triangle and use the resulting equation.

Solution:

R = E /I R = 24 / 0.01 E = 2.4 k

44

Kirchoff's laws

Kirchoff's laws #2

The sum of the currents entering a node

must equal the sum of the currents exiting

a node .



23/49

45

A1-Fundamental in Electricity

1. V = 12V, R = 10k, I = ?

2. R = 10m, V = 2.5V, I = ?

3. V = 0.7mV, R = 1k, I = ?

4. I = 1mA, R = 240, V = ?

5. R = 5k , I = 1A, V = ?

6. I = 2mA, R = 4k, V = ?

7. V = 80V, I = 12mA, R = ?

8. I = 24mA, V = 12V, R = ?

9. V = 500mV, I = 40A, R = ?


46

Series Circuit

A series circuit is formed when any

number of load are connected end-to-

endso that there is only one path for

current to flow.


The mathematical formula

for resistance in series is:


24/49

47

Problem Example #1 (R)


Solution:

Given a series circuit where R1 is 11 K, R2 is 2 K, R3 is 2 K, R4 is100, and R5 is 1 K, what is the total resistances?

48

Problem Example #2 (I)

The equation for total resistance in a series circuit allows us to simplify a

circuit. Using Ohms Law, the value of current can be calculated. Current is

the same anywhere it is measured in a series circuit.



25/49

49

Problem Example #3 (V)

The equation for total voltage in a series circuit is the summation of allvoltage.


VT= V1 + V2

VT

= 1.5 + 1.5

= 3volts

50

Parallel Circuit

A parallel circuit is formed when two or

more loads are placed in a circuit side-by-

side so that current can flow through more

than one path.


The mathematical formula

for resistance in parallel is:


26/49

51

Problem Example #1 (R)


Find the total resistance

Solution:

52

Problem Example #1 (R) cont.


The second formula is used when there

are only two resistors.

Solution:


27/49

53

Problem Example #2 (I)


Current flowing through a parallel circuit dividesand flows through each branch of the circuit.

54

Problem Example #3 (V)


When resistors are placed in parallel across a voltage

source, the voltage is the same across each resistor.


28/49

55

Problem #1 (V, I, R)


56

A2 Electrical Parameter

1. V = 12V, H1 = 10, H2 = 20. Fine RT, I1, I2 and IT.

2. V = 12V, I1 = 10mA, I2 = 20mA. Fine R1, R2, RT and IT.

3. R1

= 240, I2

= 20mA, IT

= 50mA. Fine I1

, Vsupply

, R2

and

RT.



29/49

57


Electrical Power

Power can be defined by means ofwork. The faster work is done, thegreater the power needed. Power is "work divided by time".

In an electrical circuit, electrical energy is converted into kinetic energy(electrical motor, electrical lamp, electrical heater). The faster the energy isconverted, the higher the electrical power. Power means converted energydivided by time. Power increases with current and voltage.

The electrical power of a load is also called its electrical power input.

58


Problem Example

Power of a coilThe solenoid coil of a pneumatic 5/2-way valve is supplied with 24 VDC.

The resistance of the coil is 60 Ohm. What is the power? The current is

calculated by means of Ohm's law:

The electrical power is the product of current and voltage:


30/49

59


Electrical Componentchapter 3

60



31/49

61


Electrical Control

24v

0v

S1

L1

Control Circuit

Switch / Input Signal

Load

62


Pushbutton,

Normally Open

Pushbutton,

Normally Close

Pushbutton

Normally Open

Pushbutton

Normally Close

Contact,

Normally Open

Contact,

Normally Close

Electrical Symbol

Switches / Input Signal

Load / Output

Lamp Relay Timer Delay ON Timer Delay OFF


32/49

63


Combination of Signal Input

S1 AND S2 H1 ON S1 OR S2 H1 ON

Switching ON

24v

0v

S1

L1

S2

24v

0v

S1

L1

S2

64


Combination of Signal Input

S1 AND S2 H1 OFFS1 OR S2 H1 OFF

Switching OFF

24v

0v

S1

L1

S2

24v

0v

S1

L1

S2


33/49

65


1. Press S1 AND S2 H1 ON

2. Press S1 OR S2 H1 ON3. Press S1 AND S2 AND S3 H1 ON

4. Press S1 OR S2 OR S3 H1 ON5. Press (S1 AND S2) OR S3 H1 ON

6. Press (S1 OR S2) AND S3 H1 ON7. Press (S1 OR S2) AND (S3 OR S4) H1 ON

8. Press (S1 AND S2) OR (S3 AND S4) H1 ON9. Press (S1 AND S2 AND S3) OR S4 OR S5 H1 ON

10. Press [(S1 OR S2) AND S3] OR [(S4 OR S5) AND S6] H1 ON

A3 Basic Electrical Control

66


24v

0v

S1

L1

S2

Installation Example #1 (Series)

11 12

23 24

31 32

43 44H1

H2

H3

H1

H2

H3

11 12

23 24

31 32

43 44

11 12

23 24

31 32

43 44

11 12

23 24

31 32

43 44

0V

24V


34/49

67


11 12

23 24

31 32

43 44

H1

H2

H3

H1

H2

H3

11 12

23 24

31 32

43 44

11 12

23 24

31 32

43 44

11 12

23 24

31 32

43 44

0V

24V

24v

0v

S1

L1

S2

Installation Example #2 (Parallel)

68


Relay

A relay is an electromagnetically

actuated switch.

When a voltage is applied to the coil

(A1 A2), an electromagnet field

created. This causes the armature to

be attracted to the coil core. The

armature actuates the relay contacts,either closing or opening them,

depending on the design.

A return spring returns the armature

to its initial position when the current

to the coil is interrupted.

Construction of a Relay


35/49

69


ContactReturn

Spring

Relay

Coil

Iron

Core

Another Construction of a Relay

70


Example of Relay


36/49

71


Operating Principle

Relay

1 pole

Relay2 pole

72


Circuit Example

24v

0v

S1

L1K1

K1


37/49

73


Latching Circuit Example

24v

0v

S1

L1K1

K1

(Holding)

K1

S2

74


1. Press S1 H1 ONPress S2 H1 OFF

2. Press S1 OR S2 H1 ONPress S3 OR S4 H1 OFF

3. Press S1 AND S2 AND S3 H1 ONPress S4 AND S5 AND S6 H1 OFF

4. Press S1 OR S2 OR S3 H1 ONPress S4 OR S5 OR S6 H1 OFF

5. Press (S1 AND S2) OR S3 H1 ONPress (S4 AND S5) OR S6 H1 OFF

6. Press (S1 OR S2) AND S3

H1 ONPress (S4 OR S5) AND S6 H1 OFF7. Press (S1 OR S2) AND (S3 OR S4) H1 ON

Press (S5 OR S6) AND (S7 OR S8) H1 OFF

8. Press (S1 AND S2) OR (S3 AND S4) H1 ONPress (S5 AND S6) OR (S7 AND S8) H1 OFF

9. Press (S1 AND S2 AND S3) OR S4 OR S5 H1 ONPress (S6 AND S7 AND S8) OR S9 OR S10 H1 OFF

10. Press ((S1 OR S2) AND S3) OR ((S4 OR S5) AND S6) H1 ONPress ((S7 OR S8) AND S9) OR ((S10 OR S11) AND S12) H1 OFF

A4 Latching Control


38/49

75


Installation Example #1 (Using Relay)

H1

H2

H3

H1

H2

H3

11 12

23 24

31 32

43 44

11 12

23 24

31 32

43 44

0V

24V

24v

0v

S1

H1K1

K1

A1 A2

41 52

13 14

51 62

23 24

61 72

33 34

76


Installation Example #1 (Latching)

H1

H2

H3

H1

H2

H3

11 12

23 24

31 32

43 44

11 12

23 24

31 32

43 44

0V

24V

24v

0v

S1

H1K1

K1

A1 A2

41 52

13 14

51 62

23 24

61 72

33 34

K1


39/49

77


Electric Motor History and Principles

The electric motor in its simplest terms is a converter ofelectrical energy to mechanical energy.

An electric motors principle of operation is based on thefact that a current-carrying conductor, when placed ina magnetic field, will have a force exertedon theconductorproportionalto the current flowing in theconductor and to the strength of the magnetic field.

Electrical Motorchapter 4

78


Use safe practices when handling, lifting, installing, operating, andmaintaining motors and related equipment.

Install motors and related equipment in accordance with the NationalElectrical Code (NEC) local electrical safety codes and practices and, whenapplicable, the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA).

Ground motors securely. Make sure that grounding wires and devices are,

in fact, properly grounded.

Before servicing or working near motor-driven equipment, disconnect thepower source from the motor and accessories.

Safety Precautions


40/49

79


DC Motor

80


DC Motor

DC motor is

currently used in

speed or position

control applications,

due to the simplicityof the control

system.


41/49

81


Concept DC Motor

82


Working Principle

A dc motor rotates as a

result of two interacting

magnetic fields.


42/49

83


The current that flows through

the winding generates a

magnetic north pole over this

winding and below a magnetic

south pole. These poles are

attracted by opposite poles of

the permanent magnet and the

winding rotates in clockwise

direction.

The winding has rotated 90

with respect to its previous

position, and now the poles

are opposite the permanent

magnet.

84


DC motor Installation

Brushes

Commutator

Permanentmagnets

Field winding

1) Permanent Magnet 2) Electromagnet


43/49

85


Schematic Diagram

24V

0V

M

S1

S2

K1

K1

K1

24V

0V

M

S1

S2

K1

K1

K1K1

1) Permanent Magnet 2) Electromagnet

86


Most motors are driven by asynchronous

motors by means of a three-phase a.c.

power supply. This type is motor is used

because of economy of price, rigidity and

easy maintenance.

AC Motor


44/49

87


AC Motor

88


Working Principle (Forward)


45/49

89


Working Principle (Reverse)

90



46/49

91


Schematic Diagram

92


Forward Reverse Rotation throughstop button (DC Motor)


47/49

93


Forward Reverse Rotation without

stop button (DC Motor)

94


Forward Reverse Rotation throughstop button (AC Motor)


48/49

95


Forward Reverse Rotation without

stop button (AC Motor)

96

FACTOR AIR ELECTRICITY HYDRAULICS

Reliability Poor Good Good

Weight Light Heavy Light

Installation Simple Simple Simple

Control Mechanism Valves Switches and solenoids Valves

Maintenance Constant attention necessary Difficult, requiring skilled

personnel

Simple

Vulnerability High pressure bottle

dangerous; broken linescause failure and danger

to personnel and

equipment

Good Safe; broken lines cause

failure

Response Slow for both starting and

stopping

Rapid starting, slow stopping Instant starting and stopping

Controllability Poor Fair Good

Quietness of Operation Poor Poor Good

Comparison



49/49

97


D END

01 basic electrical system v7

Documents