01. characteristics and classification of living organisms...we classify organisms based which other...

IGCSE Biology (O610) Workbook

© A. Nixon 2016

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Chapter 1

Characteristics and classification of living organisms

The stuff you need to know in this chapter: 1.1 CHARACTERISTICS LIVING THINGS Core: • Describe the characteristics of living organisms by defining the terms movement, respiration, sensitivity, growth,

reproduction, excretion, nutrition Extended: • Define the terms movement, respiration, sensitivity, growth, excretion and nutrition – supplement 1.2 CONCEPT AND USE OF A CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM Core: • State that organisms can be classified into groups by the features that they share • Define species as a group of organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile offspring • Define and describe the binomial system of naming species as an internationally agreed system in which the scientific

name of an organism in made up of two parts showing the genus and species Extended: • Explain that classification systems aim to reflect evolutionary relationships • Explain that classification is traditionally based on studies of morphology and anatomy • Explain that the sequence of bases in DNA and of amino acids in proteins are used as a more accurate means of

classification • Explain that organisms which share a more recent ancestor (are more closely related) have base sequences of DNA

that are more similar than those that share only a distant ancestor


© A. Nixon 2016


1.3 FEATURES OF ORGANISMS Core: • List the features in the cells of all living organisms, limited to cytoplasm, cell membrane and DNA as genetic material • List the main features used to place animals and plants into the appropriate kingdoms • List the main features used to place organisms into groups within the animal kingdom, limited to: vertebrates –

mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish. Arthropods – myriapods, insects, arachnids, crustaceans Extended: • List the features in the cells of all living organisms limited to ribosomes for protein synthesis and enzymes involved in

respiration • List the main features used to place all organisms into one of the five kingdoms: animal, plant, fungus, prokaryote,

protoctist • List the main features used to place organisms into groups within the plant kingdom, limited to ferns and flowering

plants (dicotyledons and monocotyledons) • List the features of viruses, limited to protein coat and genetic material 1.4 DICHOTOMOUS KEYS Core: • Construct and use simple dichotomous keys based on easily identifiable features


© A. Nixon 2016


1.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS 1. Complete the table to list the seven processes that all living organisms carry out. For each process, give an example of each for the two different organisms:

Life Process Definition

Movement

Respiration

Sensitivity

Growth

Reproduction

Excretion

Nutrition


© A. Nixon 2016


2. Give an example of how the organisms carry out these processes. Some of them have been done for you.

Life Process Tiger Apple tree

Movement ∑

Respiration

Sensitivity

Uses hormones to sense

direction of gravity so

roots grow downwards.

Growth

Reproduction Uses sexual reproduction

to produce offspring

known as “cubs”.

Excretion

Nutrition


© A. Nixon 2016


1.2 CONCEPT AND USE OF A CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM 1. Define the word “species” 2. List the five kingdoms of life

i) ____________________ ii) ____________________ iii) ____________________ iv) ____________________ v) ____________________

3. Look at the table below and complete the blanks. You should be able to figure out most of the answers based on information that is already in the table

Rank Human Gray Wolf Coconut Palm

Tree Black-backed

jackal Common

chimpanzee Domain Eukarya Eukarya Kingdom Animals Phylum Chordata Cycadophyta Class Mammalia Mammalia Cycadopsida Mammalia Order Primates Carnivora Arecales Carnivora Family Homonidae Canidae Arecaceae Canidae Genus Homo Canis Cocos Pan

Species sapien lupus nucifera mesomelas troglodytes 4. Which two parts of the ranking system are used to give an organism’s binomial name?


© A. Nixon 2016


5. Give the binomial names for each of the species mentioned in the ranking table above:

Human: _______________________

Coconut palm: _______________________

Common chimpanzee: _______________________

Grey wolf: _______________________

Black-backed jackal: _______________________

6(A). We classify organisms based which other organisms they are related to. For example, chimpanzees are quite closely related to humans, and lizards are related to geckos. This is because they share the same ancestors. Look at the picture the rock hyrax (sometimes called a “dassie”). Put a circle around the organisms that you think might be closely related to it, and put a box around the organisms that you think are least closely related to it:

elephant

rabbit

lizard

rat

mouse


© A. Nixon 2016


6(B). Of all the animals on that list, the dassie is most closely related to the:

______________ (Ask your teacher)

We can’t just group animals together based on how they look. Using the dassie as an example, explain why using anatomy and morphology alone for classification can be a problem: 7. Explain why using DNA is a better way to classify organisms:


© A. Nixon 2016


1.3 FEATURES OF ORGANISMS 1. Draw an animal cell and include the following labels:

nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm, rough endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes 2. Some organelles are only present in certain types of cell, but some are present in all cells. Tick the correct boxes below:

Feature Present in all

cells Present only in some cells

Nucleus ☐ ☐ DNA as genetic material ☐ ☐ Cell membrane ☐ ☐ Cell wall ☐ ☐ Cytoplasm ☐ ☐ Ribosomes ☐ ☐ Chloroplasts ☐ ☐ Enzymes ☐ ☐


© A. Nixon 2016


3. List the features that define each of the five kingdoms:

Animals >

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

< Plants

Fungi > ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

< Prokaryotes

Protoctists > ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Use ticks and crosses to show the features present in different groups of vertebrate animals:

Group Endo-

thermic Ecto-

thermic Have dry

scales Have wet

scales Have a placenta

Have feathers

Lay eggs with hard

shells

Eggs laid in water

Have lungs throughout lifecycle

Mammals ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ Fish ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ Birds ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐

Amphibians ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ Reptiles ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐


© A. Nixon 2016


5. Complete the sentences below about arthropods:

Arthropods are a group of invertebrates, which means they have no _______________. Arthropods all have _______________ legs and a hard exo-_______________. There are four main groups of them. i) _______________ have bodies in segments, and each segmented has jointed legs attached to it. ii) _______________ have four pairs or jointed legs, and they breathe through gills called _______________ _______________. iii) _______________ have bodies divided into three sections: _______________, _______________ and abdomen. They have _______________ pairs of wings. iv) _______________ breathe through gills and have more than four pairs of jointed legs.


© A. Nixon 2016


6. Four major groups of plants are: • Flowering plants • Ferns • Mosses • Conifers

Complete the table to summarise the features of flowering plants and ferns

Flowering plants

Ferns

Have leaves and chloroplasts ☐ ☐

Have roots ☐ ☐

Have stems ☐ ☐

Have leaves ☐ ☐ Produce flowers ☐ ☐

Reproduce using spores ☐ ☐

Make offspring by sexual reproduction ☐ ☐

Make offspring by asexual reproduction ☐ ☐

7. Compare and contrast monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants


© A. Nixon 2016


1.4 DICHOTOMOUS KEYS 1. Use the key to identify the four birds. Write the name of each type underneath the pictures.

1. Has a speckled breast “Babbler” Has un-speckled breast GO TO 2

2. Has a short beak “Weaver” Has a long beak GO TO 3

3. Has a straight beak “Kingfisher” Has a curved beak “Hornbill”

2. Construct a branching key diagram for the following stationary items:

pencil, pen, eraser, pencil sharpener, paper, correction fluid, post-it note


© A. Nixon 2016


3. Construct a number key for the following organisms.

earthworm, snake, centipede, crab, lobster, spider

01. characteristics and classification of living organisms...we classify organisms based which other...

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