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INTELLIGENT CITIESConcept

Nicos Komninos

URENIO Research, Aristotle University

www.urenio.org

PhD seminar Intelligent cities: Systems and Environment of Innovation

Lecture 1


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Contents

Conceptualization

Intelligent cities driving forces


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InfrastructureDistrict planning

MASTER PLAN

Transport

Environment

Industry Housing Districts

University

Science Parks

and Incubators

Clusters

CBD

Layer I. Agglomeration, clusters and networks

Layer II. Institutions, Planning, Governance

City: Fundamental layers throughout its history

Agglomeration + Regulation Institutions

Infrastructure

District planning

MASTER PLAN

Transport

Environment

Industry HousingDistricts

University

ScienceParks

and Incubators

Clusters

CBD

INDUSTRIAL CITY

Infrastructure

District planning

MASTER PLAN

Transport

Environment


University

ScienceParks

and Incubators

Clusters

CBD

VICTORIAN CITY

Infrastructure

District planning

MASTER PLAN

Transport

Environment


University

ScienceParks

and Incubators

Clusters

CBD

FORDIST CITY

Infrastructure

District planning

MASTER PLAN

Transport

Environment


University

ScienceParks

and Incubators

Clusters

CBD

INNOVATION-LED

Development

PLANNING


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B. A new spatiality / layer (digital /

intelligence) has been added on theurban agglomeration, activities,

infrastructures, regulation and planning.

It is composed of broadband networks,

user interfaces, content applications,

and e-services. All these artcrafts create

un umbrella of communication andcooperation over the cities, locally and

globally.

City: Beginning of 21st century - A new type of urban space

Two driving forces: Innovation-led economy + Digital spatiality

A. The contemporary urban economy and

society has become knowledge-basedand innovation-led: Knowledge cities,

innovation cities, innovating cities,

creative cities. R&D, knowledge and

innovation are main drivers of citys

development. City governance and

planning also change by public-privatepartnerships and triple-helix alliances.

+


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B. Digital spatiality / intelligence over the cities

Components: NetworkData technologiesApplications-eServices

`

Fiber Optics, 3G, WiMAX, WiFi Mess, Cable/DSL, WiFi

On-line On-line

n-line

On-line

e-marketplace

Information

To the citizen To producers City events Location of activities

Digital

Entrepreneurship e-Marketplaces e-Location e-Business

Visualisation

The city Cultural heritage Monuments Place & environment

e-Innovation

Collaborative spaces New productdevelopment tools

Broadband city networkFiber oprics, 3G, WiMax, WiFi, xDSL

e-Government

Online city services Online administration e-Democracy

e-Technologies

Knowledge repository

Exploitation eTools

Online tech transfer

Data-Technologies

NetworkApplications

e-Services


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Industry Housing Districts

University

Science Parks

and Incubators

Clusters

CBD



Layer III. Digital spatiality over the city

Intelligent city: A three layer system

A more advanced, complex and effective urban system

INNOVATION PLAN

Smart transport

Smart Infrastructure

Cluster planning

Environmental sustainability


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Advanced knowledge functions

1. e-INFORMATION: Gathering,

processing and delivery

2. e-LEARNING: Skill

development, technology

transfer, technology acquisition

3. e-INNOVATION: Creation of

new products and services.

Digital tools and environments for

new product design and

production. Local and global

innovation supply chains.

4. e-DIFFUSION: Marketing,

promotion, delivery of products

and services

Intelligent cities: Impact from adding a digital layerAdvanced knowledge functions Improved city functions

Improved city functions

Competitive cities based on

global clusters, networks, and

supply chains

Innovative cities: Innovation

crowdsourcing + global

innovation chains

Energy saving infrastructure

Improved city transportation

More secure urban spaceReal time monitoring and

management of the environment

Wider citizens participation to

decision making


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Intelligent cities: ImpactThe integration of digital space transforms city functions and districts

Innovation Economy

1- Intelligent city clusters: manufacturing, businessservices, health, tourism

2- Intelligent city districts: CBD, techno park, mall,university campus, port area, airport city

3- New companies creation / intelligent incubators

City Infrastructure

Quality of life 4- Smart transport and parking

5- Broadband, wi-fi

6-Energy saving / smart grid

7- Environment monitoring, real time alert and safety

Governance

8- Government services to citizens

9- Decision making / participation / direct democracy

10- Monitoring & measurement: The city a database


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Conceptualization


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A new family of concepts:

Cyber - Digital - Intelligent Smart cities

Many different descriptions of what an intelligent city (IC) is can be found in the literature:

ICs have been initially identified with virtual reconstructions of cities, virtual cities. The term has been used interchangeably

as an equivalent of digital city covering a wide range of digital representations of the physical space of cities (Droege 1997).However, the additional communication capabilities offered by a virtual platform or a virtual reconstruction of a city is not

adequate to characterize an urban system as 'intelligent'.

In a metaphorical use of the term, ICs have been seen as a commonplace for various electronic IT systems and digital

applications involved in city operations and functions. MIMOS, the Malaysian Telecommunications Institute, pointed out that

the metaphorical characterizations of the Intelligent City cover many concepts such as the invisible city', information city,

'wired city', 'telecity', knowledge-based city', virtual city, electronic communities, 'electronic spaces', 'flexicity', teletopia',

'cyberville', etc., where each term stresses a specific functional activity.

Another meaning was given by the World Foundation for Smart Communities, that links digital cities with smart growth, a

development based on information and communication technologies. A Smart Community is a community that has made a

conscious effort to use information technology to transform life and work within its region in significant and fundamental,

rather than incremental, ways (California Institute for Smart Communities, 2001).

ICs were seen as environments with embedded information and communication technologies creating interactive spaces

that bring computation into the physical world user (Steventon and Wright 2006). From this perspective, intelligent cities (or

intelligent spaces more generally) refer to physical environments in which information and communication technologies and

sensor systems disappear as they become embedded into physical objects and the surroundings we live, travel, and work in.Intelligent cities were also defined as territories that bring innovation and ICTs within the same locality. The Intelligent

Community Forum has developed a list of five criteria for understanding how communities and regions can gain a competitive

edge by combining broadband communications to businesses, government facilities and residences with effective education,

training, and innovation in the public and private sectors (ICF 2006).

Along the same line, intelligent cities (communities, clusters, regions) were defined as territorial systems of innovation

sustained by digital communication and interaction. We use the term intelligent city to characterize areas which have the

ability to support learning, technological development, and innovation procedures on the one hand, with digital spaces,

information processing, and knowledge transfer on the other hand (Komninos 2002, p. 198).


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Innovation FinancingBanks, Business Angels,

Venture Capital, Regional

Incentives

Technology Transfer

OrganisationsTech Parks, Tech Networks,

Brokers, Consultants

Universities/

Research

Institutes

Public R&DLaboratories

Private R&DDepartments

and Centres

Technology Information SystemPatents, Standards, Technical

Publications, Emerging Markets,

Foresight

CLUSTERSGroup of companies in co-

operationVertical / Horizontal

Dev.Org.Univ.Labs

Res.Inst.

TechPark

Cluster

Cluster

e-Intelligence

e-Innovation

e-Technologies

e-Markets

Digital

Cyber

IntelligentSmart

A new family of concepts: Cyber - Digital - Intelligent Smart cities

Differences in substance and function of layer III

Layer III. Digital space over the city




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1. Smart Communities

World Foundation for Smart Communities


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2. Smart Cities

MIT Smart Cities Lab

6


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Layer III, relates to digital spatiality and

artificial intelligence embedded into the

physical environment of the city. Thisincludes the communication infrastructure,

digital spaces, and e-tools for problem-

solving available to the city's population.

Layer II, relates to cooperation institutions

and the collective intelligence of a cityspopulation. Includes institutions and

mechanisms regulating knowledge flows

and co-operation in learning and innovation:

R&D institutions, venture capital funds,

technology transfer and training centers,

intellectual property, spin-off incubators,

technology and marketing consultants.

Layer l, relates to people in the city: the

intelligence, inventiveness and creativity of

the individuals who live and work in the city,

the activities and clusters of a city.

Innovation FinancingBanks, Business Angels,

Venture Capital, RegionalIncentives

Technology Transfer

OrganisationsTech Parks, Tech Networks,

Brokers, Consultants

Universities/Research

Institutes

Public R&D

Laboratories

Private R&DDepartmentsand Centres

Technology Information SystemPatents, Standards, Technical

Publications, Emerging Markets,Foresight

CLUSTERSGroup of companies in co-

operationVertical / Horizontal

Dev.Org.Univ.Labs

Res.Inst.

TechPark

Cluster

Cluster

e-Intelligence

e-Innovation

e-Technologies

e-Markets

3. Intelligent Cities

URENIO: Integration of three intelligences


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4. Intelligent Environments

Intelligent spaces Ubiquitous cities

Types of Intelligent Environments range from

private to public and from fixed to mobile;

some are ephemeral while others are

permanent; some change type during their life

span. The realisation of Intelligent

Environments requires the convergence of

different prominent disciplines: Information

and Computer Science, Architecture, MaterialEngineering, Artificial Intelligence, Sociology

and Design.

In addition, technical breakthroughs are

required in key enabling technology fields, such

as, microelectronics (e.g., miniaturisation,power consumption), communication and

networking technologies (e.g., broadband and

wireless networks), smart materials (e.g., bio-

implants) and intelligent agents (e.g., context

awareness and ontologies) (IE 08).


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Intangible or intellectual capital resources are now largely recognized as the most

important competitive advantage.Corporate level: Intangible investments (R&D, innovation, knowledge creation,

marketing, advertising) are the most important sources of performance.

Community level: Ragusa (1301-1806): A city of intelligence - Social intelligence / political

+ institutional / organised

Measuring, accounting intellectual capital

Cultivating / nourishing intellectual capital

5. Intellectual capital for cities and regions

Knowledge Cities Summits


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6. Intelligent Communities

Intelligent Community Forum: Innovation & Broadband

Intel

CommunityStrategy

Broadband

infrastructure policy

Digital inclusion

policy

Innovation

policy

Policy for

knowledge

workers

Promotion

and

marketing

policy

ICTs

Innov Place

b ll


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7. Ambient Intelligence Communities

EU Living Lab Network

I lli i i


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Intelligent cities

A set of concepts linking cities, innovation, and digital services

A spectrum of combinations

Intellectual capital of cities Intelligent environments

Cities /communities

Innovation

systems ICTs /broadband

networks /

services

Intelligent cities: A new urban

planning and developmentparadigm combining

Cities / communities

Innovation systems

ICTs, broadband networks ande-services

Cities /

communities

ICTs /

broadband

networks /services

Cities /

communities

Innovation

systems

Intelligent innovation

ecosystems


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More:

Komninos, N. (2002) Intelligent Cities: Innovation, knowledge systems and digital

spaces, London and New York: Taylor and Francis. (Chapter 13)

Komninos, N. (2008) Intelligent Cities and Globalisation of Innovation Networks,

London and New York: Routledge. (Chapters 5 and 10)

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