01 introduction – computer evolution & performance computer organization
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: 01 Introduction – Computer Evolution & Performance Computer Organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081417/56649e495503460f94b3c5aa/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
01Introduction – Computer Evolution &
Performance
Computer Organization
![Page 2: 01 Introduction – Computer Evolution & Performance Computer Organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081417/56649e495503460f94b3c5aa/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Architecture & Organization 1Architecture is those attributes visible to the
programmerInstruction set, number of bits used for data
representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques.
e.g. Is there a multiply instruction?Organization is how features are
implementedControl signals, interfaces, memory
technology.e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it
done by repeated addition?
![Page 3: 01 Introduction – Computer Evolution & Performance Computer Organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081417/56649e495503460f94b3c5aa/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Architecture & Organization 2All Intel x86 family share the same basic
architectureThe IBM System/370 family share the same
basic architecture
This gives code compatibilityAt least backwards (with some notes)Virtual machine?Emulator?
Organization differs between different versions
![Page 4: 01 Introduction – Computer Evolution & Performance Computer Organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081417/56649e495503460f94b3c5aa/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Structure & FunctionStructure is the way in which components
relate to each otherFunction is the operation of individual
components as part of the structure
![Page 5: 01 Introduction – Computer Evolution & Performance Computer Organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081417/56649e495503460f94b3c5aa/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
FunctionAll computer functions are:
Data processingData storageData movementControl
![Page 6: 01 Introduction – Computer Evolution & Performance Computer Organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081417/56649e495503460f94b3c5aa/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Functional View
![Page 7: 01 Introduction – Computer Evolution & Performance Computer Organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081417/56649e495503460f94b3c5aa/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Operations (a) Data movement
![Page 8: 01 Introduction – Computer Evolution & Performance Computer Organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081417/56649e495503460f94b3c5aa/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Operations (b) Storage
![Page 9: 01 Introduction – Computer Evolution & Performance Computer Organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081417/56649e495503460f94b3c5aa/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Operation (c) Processing from/to storage
![Page 10: 01 Introduction – Computer Evolution & Performance Computer Organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081417/56649e495503460f94b3c5aa/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Operation (d)Processing from storage to I/O
![Page 11: 01 Introduction – Computer Evolution & Performance Computer Organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081417/56649e495503460f94b3c5aa/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Structure - Top Level
Computer
Main Memory
InputOutput
SystemsInterconnection
Peripherals
Communicationlines
CentralProcessing Unit
Computer
![Page 12: 01 Introduction – Computer Evolution & Performance Computer Organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081417/56649e495503460f94b3c5aa/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Structure - The CPU
Computer Arithmeticand Login Unit
ControlUnit
Internal CPUInterconnection
Registers
CPU
I/O
Memory
SystemBus
CPU
![Page 13: 01 Introduction – Computer Evolution & Performance Computer Organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081417/56649e495503460f94b3c5aa/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Structure - The Control Unit
CPU
ControlMemory
Control Unit Registers and Decoders
SequencingLogin
ControlUnit
ALU
Registers
InternalBus
Control Unit
![Page 14: 01 Introduction – Computer Evolution & Performance Computer Organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081417/56649e495503460f94b3c5aa/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
ENIAC - backgroundElectronic Numerical Integrator And
ComputerEckert and MauchlyUniversity of PennsylvaniaTrajectory tables for weapons Started 1943Finished 1946
Too late for war effortUsed until 1955
![Page 15: 01 Introduction – Computer Evolution & Performance Computer Organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081417/56649e495503460f94b3c5aa/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
ENIAC - detailsDecimal (not binary)20 accumulators of 10 digitsProgrammed manually by switches18,000 vacuum tubes30 tons15,000 square feet140 kW power consumption5,000 additions per second
![Page 16: 01 Introduction – Computer Evolution & Performance Computer Organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081417/56649e495503460f94b3c5aa/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
von Neumann/TuringStored Program conceptMain memory storing programs and dataALU operating on binary dataControl unit interpreting instructions from
memory and executingInput and output equipment operated by
control unitPrinceton Institute for Advanced Studies
IASCompleted 1952
![Page 17: 01 Introduction – Computer Evolution & Performance Computer Organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081417/56649e495503460f94b3c5aa/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Structure of von Neumann machine
![Page 18: 01 Introduction – Computer Evolution & Performance Computer Organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081417/56649e495503460f94b3c5aa/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
IAS - details1000 x 40 bit words
Binary number2 x 20 bit instructions
Set of registers (storage in CPU)Memory Buffer RegisterMemory Address RegisterInstruction RegisterInstruction Buffer RegisterProgram CounterAccumulatorMultiplier Quotient
![Page 19: 01 Introduction – Computer Evolution & Performance Computer Organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081417/56649e495503460f94b3c5aa/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Structure of IAS – detail
![Page 20: 01 Introduction – Computer Evolution & Performance Computer Organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081417/56649e495503460f94b3c5aa/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Commercial Computers1947 - Eckert-Mauchly Computer
CorporationUNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer)US Bureau of Census 1950 calculationsBecame part of Sperry-Rand CorporationLate 1950s - UNIVAC II
FasterMore memory
![Page 21: 01 Introduction – Computer Evolution & Performance Computer Organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081417/56649e495503460f94b3c5aa/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
IBMPunched-card processing equipment1953 - the 701
IBM’s first stored program computerScientific calculations
1955 - the 702Business applications
Lead to 700/7000 series
![Page 22: 01 Introduction – Computer Evolution & Performance Computer Organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081417/56649e495503460f94b3c5aa/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
TransistorsReplaced vacuum tubesSmallerCheaperLess heat dissipationSolid State deviceMade from Silicon (Sand)Invented 1947 at Bell LabsWilliam Shockley et al.
![Page 23: 01 Introduction – Computer Evolution & Performance Computer Organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081417/56649e495503460f94b3c5aa/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Transistor Based ComputersSecond generation machinesNCR & RCA produced small transistor
machinesIBM 7000DEC - 1957
Produced PDP-1
![Page 24: 01 Introduction – Computer Evolution & Performance Computer Organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081417/56649e495503460f94b3c5aa/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
MicroelectronicsLiterally - “small electronics”A computer is made up of gates, memory
cells and interconnectionsThese can be manufactured on a
semiconductore.g. silicon wafer
![Page 25: 01 Introduction – Computer Evolution & Performance Computer Organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081417/56649e495503460f94b3c5aa/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Moore’s LawIncreased density of components on chipGordon Moore – co-founder of IntelNumber of transistors on a chip will double
every yearSince 1970’s development has slowed a little
Number of transistors doubles every 18 monthsCost of a chip has remained almost unchangedHigher packing density means shorter
electrical paths, giving higher performanceSmaller size gives increased flexibilityReduced power and cooling requirementsFewer interconnections increases reliability
![Page 26: 01 Introduction – Computer Evolution & Performance Computer Organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081417/56649e495503460f94b3c5aa/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Growth in CPU Transistor Count
![Page 27: 01 Introduction – Computer Evolution & Performance Computer Organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081417/56649e495503460f94b3c5aa/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
IBM 360 series1964Replaced (& not compatible with) 7000 seriesFirst planned “family” of computers
Similar or identical instruction setsSimilar or identical O/SIncreasing speedIncreasing number of I/O ports (i.e. more
terminals)Increased memory size Increased cost
Multiplexed switch structure
![Page 28: 01 Introduction – Computer Evolution & Performance Computer Organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081417/56649e495503460f94b3c5aa/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
DEC PDP-81964First minicomputerDid not need air conditioned roomSmall enough to sit on a lab bench$16,000
$100k+ for IBM 360Embedded applications & OEMBUS STRUCTURE
![Page 29: 01 Introduction – Computer Evolution & Performance Computer Organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081417/56649e495503460f94b3c5aa/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
DEC - PDP-8 Bus Structure
![Page 30: 01 Introduction – Computer Evolution & Performance Computer Organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081417/56649e495503460f94b3c5aa/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Semiconductor Memory1970FairchildSize of a single core
i.e. 1 bit of magnetic core storageHolds 256 bitsNon-destructive readMuch faster than coreCapacity approximately doubles each year
![Page 31: 01 Introduction – Computer Evolution & Performance Computer Organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081417/56649e495503460f94b3c5aa/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Intel1971 - 4004
First microprocessorAll CPU components on a single chip4 bit
Followed in 1972 by 80088 bitBoth designed for specific applications
1974 - 8080Intel’s first general purpose microprocessor
![Page 32: 01 Introduction – Computer Evolution & Performance Computer Organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081417/56649e495503460f94b3c5aa/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Speeding it upPipeliningOn board cacheOn board L1 & L2 cacheBranch predictionData flow analysisSpeculative execution
![Page 33: 01 Introduction – Computer Evolution & Performance Computer Organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081417/56649e495503460f94b3c5aa/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Performance BalanceProcessor speed increasedMemory capacity increasedMemory speed lags behind processor speed
![Page 34: 01 Introduction – Computer Evolution & Performance Computer Organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081417/56649e495503460f94b3c5aa/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Processor and Memory Performance Gap
![Page 35: 01 Introduction – Computer Evolution & Performance Computer Organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081417/56649e495503460f94b3c5aa/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
SolutionsIncrease number of bits retrieved at one
timeMake DRAM “wider” rather than “deeper”
Change DRAM interfaceCache
Reduce frequency of memory accessMore complex cache and cache on chip
Increase interconnection bandwidthHigh speed busesHierarchy of buses
![Page 36: 01 Introduction – Computer Evolution & Performance Computer Organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081417/56649e495503460f94b3c5aa/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
I/O DevicesPeripherals with intensive I/O demandsLarge data throughput demandsProcessors can handle thisProblem moving data Solutions:
CachingBufferingHigher-speed interconnection busesMore elaborate bus structuresMultiple-processor configurations
![Page 37: 01 Introduction – Computer Evolution & Performance Computer Organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081417/56649e495503460f94b3c5aa/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Typical I/O Device Data Rates
![Page 38: 01 Introduction – Computer Evolution & Performance Computer Organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081417/56649e495503460f94b3c5aa/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Key is BalanceProcessor componentsMain memoryI/O devicesInterconnection structures
![Page 39: 01 Introduction – Computer Evolution & Performance Computer Organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081417/56649e495503460f94b3c5aa/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Intel Microprocessor Performance
![Page 40: 01 Introduction – Computer Evolution & Performance Computer Organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081417/56649e495503460f94b3c5aa/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
New Approach – Multiple CoresMultiple processors on single chip
Large shared cacheWithin a processor, increase in performance
proportional to square root of increase in complexity
If software can use multiple processors, doubling number of processors almost doubles performance
So, use two simpler processors on the chip rather than one more complex processor
With two processors, larger caches are justifiedPower consumption of memory logic less than
processing logicExample: IBM POWER4
Two cores based on PowerPC
![Page 41: 01 Introduction – Computer Evolution & Performance Computer Organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081417/56649e495503460f94b3c5aa/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Pentium Evolution (1)8080
first general purpose microprocessor8 bit data pathUsed in first personal computer – Altair
8086much more powerful16 bit instruction cache, prefetch few instructions8088 (8 bit external bus) used in first IBM PC
8028616 Mbyte memory addressableup from 1Mb
8038632 bitSupport for multitasking
![Page 42: 01 Introduction – Computer Evolution & Performance Computer Organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081417/56649e495503460f94b3c5aa/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Pentium Evolution (2)80486
sophisticated powerful cache and instruction pipelining
built in maths co-processorPentium
SuperscalarMultiple instructions executed in parallel
Pentium ProIncreased superscalar organizationAggressive register renamingbranch predictiondata flow analysisspeculative execution
![Page 43: 01 Introduction – Computer Evolution & Performance Computer Organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081417/56649e495503460f94b3c5aa/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Pentium Evolution (3)Pentium II
MMX technologygraphics, video & audio processing
Pentium IIIAdditional floating point instructions for 3D graphics
Pentium 4Note Arabic rather than Roman numeralsFurther floating point and multimedia enhancements
Itanium64 bitsee chapter 15
Itanium 2Hardware enhancements to increase speed
See Intel web pages for detailed information on processors
![Page 44: 01 Introduction – Computer Evolution & Performance Computer Organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081417/56649e495503460f94b3c5aa/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Generations of ComputerVacuum tube - 1946-1957Transistor - 1958-1964Small scale integration - 1965 on
Up to 100 devices on a chipMedium scale integration - to 1971
100-3,000 devices on a chipLarge scale integration - 1971-1977
3,000 - 100,000 devices on a chipVery large scale integration - 1978 -1991
100,000 - 100,000,000 devices on a chipUltra large scale integration – 1991 -
Over 100,000,000 devices on a chip
![Page 45: 01 Introduction – Computer Evolution & Performance Computer Organization](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081417/56649e495503460f94b3c5aa/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
ReferencesStallings W., Computer Organization and
Architecture, 7th Ed., 2006, Prentice Hall