InstituteInstitute for for Microbiology, Medical Faculty of Masaryk University Microbiology, Medical Faculty of Masaryk University and St. Anna Faculty Hospitaland St. Anna Faculty Hospital in Brno in Brno

Miroslav Votava, Vladana WoznicováMiroslav Votava, Vladana Woznicová

MICROBIOLOGY MICROBIOLOGY AND MEDICINEAND MEDICINE

February 1February 166, 200, 20099

What is the Medical Microbiology?What is the Medical Microbiology?

Medical microbiology Medical microbiology = complex of sciences = complex of sciences about microorganisms (about microorganisms (microbesmicrobes)) that are of that are of significance in medicinesignificance in medicine

Therefore, Therefore, medical microbiology medical microbiology deals with:deals with:a)a) microbes called microbes called pathogenicpathogenic which cause which cause

diseases of man or animalsdiseases of man or animalsb)b) microbes which form so called microbes which form so called normal normal

microflora microflora of human beings and animalsof human beings and animalsc)c) mutual relationships between mutual relationships between microbes andmicrobes and

their their hosthostd)d) relations between the relations between the microbes and themicrobes and the

environmentenvironment

Different kinds of microbiologyDifferent kinds of microbiologyActually, there are two kinds ofActually, there are two kinds of medical medical microbiology: microbiology: human human

and veterinary and veterinary oneoneBut most oftenBut most often medical microbiology medical microbiology is considered as a is considered as a

science about microbes important for human medicine science about microbes important for human medicine onlyonly

A part of medical microbiology which deals with the etiology, A part of medical microbiology which deals with the etiology, pathogenesis and diagnostics of diseases caused by pathogenesis and diagnostics of diseases caused by microbesmicrobes is calledis called clinical microbiologyclinical microbiology

Besides medical microbiology, there are:Besides medical microbiology, there are:Sanitary Sanitary microbiologymicrobiologyEnvironmental Environmental microbiology (of soil, water, plants etc.)microbiology (of soil, water, plants etc.)Food Food microbiologymicrobiology Other kinds of Other kinds of industrial industrial microbiology microbiology

Division of microbiologyDivision of microbiology

• bacteriabacteria bacteriologybacteriology • mimiccromycetes (moulds & yeasts) romycetes (moulds & yeasts) mycologymycology• (algae)(algae) ((algology)algology)• parasites parasites parasitologyparasitology

– protozoaprotozoa protozoologyprotozoology

– helminthshelminths helminthologyhelminthology– arthropodsarthropods entomologyentomology

• virusesviruses virologyvirology

general microbiology × special microbiologygeneral microbiology × special microbiology

BBacteriaacteria

Bacillus subtilis, photo: B. Skalka

MMiiccromycetes (moulds & yeasts)romycetes (moulds & yeasts)

Aspergillus niger (left), Candida Albicans (right)

PParasitesarasites

Enterobius vermicularis, photo: M.Dvořáčková

VVirusesiruses

The chicken embryo (right), photo: M.Dvořáčková

What should we know about the What should we know about the microbe microbe X X ? – I? – I

1. 1. Classification, morphology, structureClassification, morphology, structure Is it a bacterium, a yeast, or a protozoon?Is it a bacterium, a yeast, or a protozoon?Bacterium: is it G+, G-, or does it stain Bacterium: is it G+, G-, or does it stain differently?differently?Is it a coccus, rod, filament, spiral?Is it a coccus, rod, filament, spiral?How are they arranged? In pairs, chains, clumps, How are they arranged? In pairs, chains, clumps, palisades?palisades?Do they produce spores, capsules, granules?Do they produce spores, capsules, granules?

2. 2. Physiology, biochemistry, genetics, tenacityPhysiology, biochemistry, genetics, tenacityIs it an anaerobe? Is it an anaerobe? Has it got any important biochemical property?Has it got any important biochemical property?Is it interesting from the point of genetics? Is it interesting from the point of genetics? Is it tenacious, or delicate?Is it tenacious, or delicate?

What should we know about the What should we know about the microbe microbe X X ? – II ? – II

3. 3. Antigenic structureAntigenic structureDoes the microbe exist in one or several antigenic types?Does the microbe exist in one or several antigenic types?

4. 4. PathogenicityPathogenicityWhich disease or syndromes does it cause?Which disease or syndromes does it cause?What are their Latin names?What are their Latin names?

5. 5. PathogenesisPathogenesisWhat is the port of entry, dissemination through the body, What is the port of entry, dissemination through the body, excretion from it?excretion from it?How do the symptoms develop?How do the symptoms develop?What are the main factors of pathogenicity?What are the main factors of pathogenicity?

6.6. ImmunityImmunityDoes it form at all?Does it form at all?Transient, or lifelong? Humoral, or cellular one?Transient, or lifelong? Humoral, or cellular one?

What should we know about the What should we know about the microbe microbe X X ? – III ? – III

7.7. EpidemiologyEpidemiologySource of infection: man, animal, environment?Source of infection: man, animal, environment?Way of transmission?Way of transmission?

8.8. Prevention or prophylaxisPrevention or prophylaxisDo we vaccinate, or do we immunize passively?Do we vaccinate, or do we immunize passively?Type of vaccine: attenuated, inactivated, Type of vaccine: attenuated, inactivated, toxoid?toxoid?

9. 9. TherapyTherapyWhat is the drug of choice?What is the drug of choice?If an antibiotic, which one?If an antibiotic, which one?

What should we know about the What should we know about the microbe microbe X X ? – IV? – IV

10. 10. Laboratory diagnosticsLaboratory diagnostics

Detection of the microbeDetection of the microbe – direct or indirect one? – direct or indirect one? • If the If the direct direct one, what sample is taken fromone, what sample is taken from

the patient?the patient? How is it examined?How is it examined? If by culture, is a special medium needed?If by culture, is a special medium needed? How is the isolated strain identified?How is the isolated strain identified?

• If the If the indirect indirect one, is a special serologic reactionone, is a special serologic reaction needed?needed? What is considered to be the positive result?What is considered to be the positive result?

AnniversariesAnniversaries 2009 – I 2009 – I335335 1674 1674 ProtozoaProtozoa first seen by van Leeuwenhoek first seen by van Leeuwenhoek

260260 1749 * Edward 1749 * Edward JennerJenner, founder of , founder of vaccinationvaccination

against smallpoxagainst smallpox

145 145 1864 1864 PasteurPasteur discovered that wine is spoiled by discovered that wine is spoiled by

microbes microbes

130130 1879 1879 NeisserNeisser discovered discovered gonococcigonococci

125125 1884 Löffler & Klebs: agent of 1884 Löffler & Klebs: agent of diphtheriadiphtheria

Eberth & Gaffky: agent of Eberth & Gaffky: agent of typhoid fevertyphoid fever

Metchnikoff described Metchnikoff described phagocytosis phagocytosis

Gram described Gram described „Gram staining“ „Gram staining“

115 115 1894 Kitasato1894 Kitasato & Yersin: agent of & Yersin: agent of plague plague

AnniversariesAnniversaries 2009 – II 2009 – II 9090 1919 1919 BordetBordet: Nobel prize for discovery of: Nobel prize for discovery of

BWR, complement, agent of BWR, complement, agent of pertussispertussis

7070 1939 Domagk: effect of 1939 Domagk: effect of sulphonamidessulphonamides on on

gonococcigonococci

6565 1944 Waksman discovered 1944 Waksman discovered streptomycinstreptomycin

5555 1954 Salk: inactivated 1954 Salk: inactivated vaccine against poliovaccine against polio

Enders et al. grew poliovirus on Enders et al. grew poliovirus on cell culturecell culture

2020 1989 Bishop & Varmus: Nobel prize for discovery 1989 Bishop & Varmus: Nobel prize for discovery

of cell origin of of cell origin of retroviral oncogenesretroviral oncogenes

Recommended Recommended teachingteaching material material

1) Basic textbook1) Basic textbook

Greenwood et al.: Greenwood et al.: Medical Microbiology, 17th Medical Microbiology, 17th Ed., 2007Ed., 2007

AlternativesAlternatives::

Murray et al.: Murray et al.: Medical MicrobiologyMedical Microbiology

Mims et al.: Mims et al.: Medical MicrobiologyMedical Microbiology

2) Lecture notes2) Lecture notes

3) List of questions3) List of questions

4) Protocols from practical4) Protocols from practical exercises exercises

+ + www.medmicro.infowww.medmicro.info

Thank you for your attentionThank you for your attention