01. opste_kar_gljiva-2012_13
TRANSCRIPT
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OPŠTE KARAKTERISTIKE GLJIVA
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Opšte osobine gljiva
1) Ishrana: Hemoorganotrofi, apsorpciija
2) Vegetativni stadijum: sačinjen od nepokretnih hifa,mogu postojati pokretni repr. stadijumi
3) Ćelijski zid – glukani i hitin ili glukani i celuloza (ređe)
4) Jedarni status – eukarioti jedno- ili višejedarni,haploidni, diploidni i dikarionski
5) Životni ciklus: jednostavan ili složen 6) Razmnožavanje: polno (fuzija jedara i mejoza) i
bespolno (mitoza)
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Opšte osobine gljiva
7) Propagule – nepokretne ili pokretne mikroskopskespore
8) Sporokarpi – mikroskopski ili makroskopski, slaba
diferencijacija9) Stanište – ubikvitarni u zemljištu i slatkovodnim
staništima , manje u morskim ES
10) Ekologija – značajna uloga kao saprotrofi, mutualistički
simbionti, paraziti i hiperparaziti
11) Rasprostranjenost - kosmopoliti
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Opšte osobine gljiva
Heterotrofi – ekstracelularna digestija pa potom apsorpcija
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Opšte osobine gljiva
Talus – hifa – micelija – kvasac- plazmodija
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Polarnost hife
Spitzenkörper – vršno telo
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Citoskelet
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Građa ćelijskog zida gljiva
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Građa ćelijskog zida gljiva
Neurospora crassa .a) spoljašnja zona amorfnog β-1,3-
glukana i β-1,6- glukana, b) glikoproteinska mreža
uronjena u proteine c) diskretni sloj proteina, d) hitinske
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Građa ćelijskog zida gljiva
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Modifikacije hifa gljiva Apresorije
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Modifikacije hifa gljiva
Haustorije
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Modifikacije hifa gljivaMicelijalne vrpce
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Modifikacije hifa gljiva
Micelijalne vrpce kod gljive Lycoperdon pyriforme
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Modifikacije hifa gljiva
Rizomorfi
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Modifikacije hifa gljiva
Rizomorfi
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Modifikacije hifa gljiva
Sklerocije
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Sistematika gljiva
Ainsworth and Bisby (1971)
Regnum (Carstvo) Fungi
Razdeo Myxomycota (sluzave gljive)• Acrasiomycetes•Hydromyxomycetes•Myxomycetes•Plasmodiophoromycetes
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Sistematika gljiva
Ainsworth and Bisby (1971)niže prave gljive (neseptirane hife)
Razdeo EUMYCOTA – PRAVE GLJIVE
Podrazdeo Mastigomycotina •Chytridiomycetes•Hyphochytridiomycetes
•Oomycetes
Zygomycotina ZygomycetesTrichomycetes
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Sistematika gljiva
Razdeo EUMYCOTA – PRAVE GLJIVE
Više prave gljive (septirane hife) Ascomycotina •Hemiascomycetes
•Plectomycetes•Pyrenomycetes•Discomycetes•Laboulbenomycetes
•Loculoascomycetes
Basidiomycotina
TeliomycetesHymenomycetesPhragmobasidiomycetidaeHolobasidiomyceti
daeGastromycetes
Deuteromycotina
BlastomycetesHyphomycetesCoelomycetes
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Broj vrsta gljiva?
Group ofOrganisms
Number of
describedspecies
Postulated
number ofspecies
Ratio of
describedspecies
Higher Plants 220.000 270.000 81%
Bryophytes 17.000 25.000 68 %
Algae 40.000 60.000 67 %
Fungi 69.000 1.500.000 5 %
Bacteria 3.000 30.000 10 %
Viren 5.000 130.000 4 %
after Hawksworth 1992
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Razdeo Myxomycota - (sluzave gljive)
•Vegetativno telo PLAZMODIJA•Plazmodija može da se kreće – miksomiozin
•Način ishrane je fagotrofija
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Razdeo Myxomycota - (sluzave gljive)
Rod Lycogala Rod Stemonitis
Stavaranje sporangija
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Razdeo Eumycota - (prave gljive)
Vegetativno telo MICELIJA sačinjena od hifa
podrazdeo Mastigomycotina
- bespolno razmnožavanje zoosporama tj. sporama sa
flagelama
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podrazdeo Mastigomycotina
- reprezentativni rodovi
Rod Saprolegnia Rod Phythophthora
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podrazdeo Zygomycotina
- polni proces - zigogamija
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podrazdeo Zygomycotina
- reprezentativni rodovi – hlebne plesni
Rod Rhizopus Rod Mucor
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podrazdeo Ascomycotina
- polne spore koje nastaju u vrećastoj ćeliji koja se zove
askus
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podrazdeo Ascomycotina
- reprezentativni rodovi
Rod Morchella
(smrčci) Rod Claviceps
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podrazdeo Ascomycotina
- reprezentativni rodovi
Rod Tuber
(tartufi)
Rod Peziza
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podrazdeo Ascomycotina
- reprezentativni rodovi
Rod Saccharomyces Rod Hansenula
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podrazdeo Basidiomycotina
- polne spore koje nastaju spolja na vrhu ćelija - bazidija
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podrazdeo Basidiomycotina
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podrazdeo Basidiomycotina
- reprezentativni rodovi
Rod Agricus Rod Boletus
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podrazdeo Basidiomycotina
- reprezentativni rodovi
Rod Ganoderma Rod Coriolus
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podrazdeo Basidiomycotina
- reprezentativni rodovi
Rod Calvatia Rod Lycoperdon
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podrazdeo Deuteromycotina
- nije poznat polni proces razmnožavanja
Rod Penicillium Rod Aspergillus
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podrazdeo Deuteromycotina
- nije poznat polni proces razmnožavanja
Rod Candida
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Klasa Lichenes
- simbioza algi i gljiva
Rod Xanthoria