ANATOMY

a·nat·o·my  n. pl. a·nat·o·mies (Greek)

Definition: “To cut up” or “To cut open”

The Human Body…“So God created man in his own

image, in the image of God created he him; male and female created he

them.” (Genesis 1:27)

The History of Anatomy

Dubbed the “Prince of Physicians”

• Herophilus (Egypt)First scientist to dissect both human and animal bodies

• Vesalius (1513-1564)Promoted idea of “living anatomy” –Fabrica – Based on own dissections

• Galen of Pergamum (130-201 A.D.)

The History of Anatomy

• William Burke and William Hare (1820’s)Tried for grave robbing and murder

resulting in 1832 anatomy laws

• Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)Dissected bodies to improve his

drawing and painting techniques

• Grey’s Anatomy - 1858• Nomina Anatomica (1895, 1955)Unified naming systems

Microscopic Anatomy Examines structures that cannot be observed by the

unaided eye Examples: cytology - cellular anatomy

histology - study of tissues

Gross Anatomy (Macroscopic) Examines structures that are visible to the unaided eye Examples:

Embryology – study of development prior to birth

Regional anatomy – study of structures in one body region

Surface anatomy – study of superficial anatomical markings

Branches of Anatomy

Structural Organization of the Body

Chemical level

Cellular level

Tissue level Organ level

Organ system level

Organismal level

Sample Test Question

At which level of organization is the stomach? At which level of organization is the digestive system?a) Tissue, Organb) Organ System, Organismal levelc) Organ, Organ Systemd) Tissue, Organ System

Anatomical Position Standing upright

Feet parallel and flat on the floor

Head level and eyes facing anteriorly

Arms at either side and palms face anteriorly

Thumbs pointed laterally

Body Sections and Planes

Sagittal plane Separate left and right

halves

Coronal plane (frontal) Separate anterior from

posterior

Transverse plane Separate superior and

inferior

Anatomical Directions

• Superior (Cranial)- toward the head or above

• Inferior (Caudal)- toward feet or below

• Anterior (Ventral)- in front of

• Posterior (Dorsal)- in back of

• Superficial – on the outside• Deep – on the inside

The ____________ is superior to the _________.

The ____________ is inferior to the _________.

The ____________ is anterior to the _________.

The ____________ is dorsal to the __________.

The ____________ is superficial to the ___________.

The ____________ is deep to the _______________.

Can a structure be described as BOTH dorsal and inferior?

Take Home Assignment

Directional Terms

• Medial- towards the midline of the body

• Lateral- away from the midline of the body

• Proximal- closest to the point of attachment to the trunk

• Distal- furthest from the point of attachment to the trunk

The ____________ is medial to the ______________.

The ____________ is lateral to the ______________.

The ____________ is proximal to the ____________.

The ____________ is distal to the _______________.

Take Home Assignment

Body Cavities

Thoracic cavity

Cranial cavity

Vertebral canal

Posterioraspect

Abdominopelviccavity

Ventralcavity

Serous Membranes

Consists of a continuous two-layered sac (visceral and parietal layers)

Contains a lubricating film of serous fluid secreted by the serous membrane Serous fluid reduces friction caused by

moving organs

Serous MembranesOuter balloon wall (ie parietal serous membrane)

Inner balloon wall (ie visceral serous membrane)

Air (ie serous cavity)

Hand (ie organ)

Ventral cavities and their serous membranes

Thoracic Cavity Parietal and Visceral PERICARDIUM (heart) Parietal and VisceralPLEURA (lungs)

Abdominopelvic Cavity Parietal and VisceralPERITONEUM (abdominal structures)

Parietal and Visceral Serous Membranes

Parietal and Visceral Serous Membranes

PERICARDIUM (heart)

PLEURA (lungs)

PERITONEUM (abdominal structures)

Medical Imaging Procedures

Radiography (x-ray)

Advantages:

Views dense structures like bone

Disadvantages: Overlapping of

organs

Differences in tissue density not easily detectable

Used in dentistry, mammography, diagnosing fractures, and chest exams

Sonography (ultrasound)

Advantages: Avoids harmful

x-rays Inexpensive

Disadvantages: Doesn’t produce

a very sharp image

Used mostly for obstetrics

Computed Tomography (CT or CAT scan)

A cut made with x-rays and a computer.

Advantages: Little structure overlap

Sharper image than x-ray

Images taken from all angles

Disadvantages:

ExpensiveUsed for: identifying tumors, aneurysms, kidney stones, and cerebral hemorrhages

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Advantages: Distinguishes

between soft tissues

Disadvantage: Dense

structures do not show up well

Patients feel claustrophobic

Used to distinguish between soft tissues

Objectives for Next Lecture

Describe the earliest stages of development

Describe how the embryo becomes a bilaminar disc

Explain gastrulation and the formation of the three germ layers

Discuss how the body folds from a flat disc into its three-dimensional shape

Understand the embryological basis of birth defects

Describe the events of the fetal period