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. ~ C K N O W L E D G M E N Tis hereby made for p e r m i s ~ o nto quote from the followingworks:

Lenin: A Biography, by David Shub. Copyright, 1948, by David Shub andreprinted by permission of Doubleday & Company, Inc.

The Growth of the American Republzc, by S. E. Morison and H. S. Commager.Copyright, 1932, 1937, 1942, by Oxford Univers~tyPress, Inc.

"The White Man's Burden

"from The Five Nations by Rudyard Kipling. Copy-right, 1903, by Rudyard Kipling, reprinted by permission of Mrs. George

Bambridge, Methuen & Company, and Doubleday & Company, Inc.Three Who Made a Revolution, by Bertram D. Wolfe, by permission of the Dial

Press, Inc. Copyright, 1948, by Bertram D. Wolfe.World Population, by A. N. Cam-Saunders. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Preface

to the Third Edition

E ARE PLEASED to offer a third edition ofA History ofthe Mod-w7L. C. catalog card number: 65-11962

0 THIS IS A BORZOI BOOK,PUBLISHED BY ALFRED A. KNOPF, INC.

00Copyright 1950, @ 1956, 1965 by ALFRED A. KNOPF,Inc. All rights reserved.No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission in

writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote brief pasagesand reproduce not more than three illustrations in a review to be printed in a

magazine or newspaper. Manufactured in the United States of Amesica and dis-tributed by Random House, Inc. Published in Canado by Random House ofCanada. Limited.

PUBLISHED JULY 24, 1950. REPRINTED SEVEN TIMESSECOND EDITION, REVISED, RESET, AND PRINTED FROM NEW PIATES,

WITH NEW MAPS, 1956. REPRINTED THIRTEEN TIMES.

THIRD EDITION, 1965

ern World , which was first published by one of us in 1950, but which, sincethe substantial revision of 1956, has become increasingly our joint product.Every word has once again been reviewed and some changes have been made

throughout. Parts of Chapter IX on the French Revolution have been rewrit-

ten and a near Chapter XXI on the contemporary era has been added. Inthis new final chapter, to conform with th e increase of knowledge and clari-fication of perspectives, developments from the end of the Second Worl d

IVar to 1965 are included. To some extent, for the same reasons, the treat -ment of the wl~oletwentieth century has been retouched. The Bibliographyha s been thoroughly revised and brought up to date. Fundamentally, sinceth e work has gained general acceptance, it remains little changed in scopeand character from the second edition.

Th e book is still designed to set forth t he modern history of Europe

and European civilization as a unit, and in its later chapters attempts to tell

the story of an integrated, or at least interconnected, world. Emphasis falls on

situations and movements of international scope, or on what Europeans and

their descendants have done and faced in common. National histories are

therefore somewhat subordinated, and in each national history the points ofcontact with a larger civilization are most fully treated. Historic regional dif-

ferences within Europe, as between East and West, are brought out, and the

history of the Americas is woven into the story at various points, as are devel-

opment s of t he last century in Asia and Africa. A good deal of institutiona l

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vi Prefacehistory is included. There is not much on the fine arts, imaginative literature,

or pure philosophy, but considerable space is given to the history of ideas,

not only in special sections devoted to ideas, but throughout the book in close

connection with the account of insti tutions and events. Social and economic

development bulks rather large. Since our own age is one in which much

depends on political decision, we think of this volume as political history in

the broadest sens-in that matters of many kinds, such as religion, economics,welfare, and internat ional relations, have presented themselves as public ques-

tions requiring public action by responsible citizens or public persons. Nor

do we hesitate, living in the present age, to dwell at some length on war and

revolution. Th e greater wars and revolutions have perhaps had more profound

consequences than are generally acknowledged. In any event, they are good

examples of movements that transcend individual nations and affect the

course of modern history as a whole.

The illustrations are reproductions of paintings, most of them well

known, dating from the fifteenth century to the twentieth. They are chosen,

not so much to illustrate art as art, as to give life and body to certain general

ideas that recur in the text. For example, the idea of"class" and of the landed

aristocracy, middle class, laboring class, and peasantry, is conveyed in four

paintings of women, by Gainsborough, Copley, David, and Millet.Many persons, professional colleagues and others, have been helpful

to us over the years since the book's first appearance. Some contributed ideasto the first and second editions. Others have called our attention to errors or

misconceptions which we have tried to rectify according to our best judgment.

Mr. Theodore R. Miller has again designed the maps and prepared several

new ones. Th e staff of Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., has provided help and encourage-

ment a t every stage. For expert assistance in the preparation of the present

edition we are especially indebted to Shirley Colton. To her and to EstherPalmer we make acknowledgment for the moral support and domestic peace

that form th e background of such a work.

Contents

Chapter I: THE RISE O F EUROPE PAGE

1. Ancient Times: Greece, Rome, and Christianity2. The Early Middle Ages: The Formation of Europe3. Th e High Middle Ages: Secular Civilization4. Th e High Middle Ages: Th e Church

Chapter 11: THE REVOLUTION IN THE CHRISTIAN

CHURCH, 1300-1 560

5. Th e Decline of the Church6. The Renaissance in Italy

7. Th e Renaissance outside Italy

8. T he New Monarchies

9. Protestantism

lo . Catholicism Reformed and ReorganizedChapter 111: THE WARS OF RELIGION, 1560-1648

11 . Th e Opening of the Atlantic12 . Th e Commercial Revolution

13 . Th e Crusade of Catho lic Spain: The Dutch and English14. Th e Disintegration and Reconstruction of France15. Th e Thirty Years' War, 1618-48: The Disintegration of Ger-

many

Chapter N:THE ESTABLISHMENT OF WEST-EUROPEANLEADERSHIP 132

16. T he Grand Monarque and the Balance of Power

17. T he Dutch Republic

18. Britain: The Puritan Revolution