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Australian Department of Defence Pollution Prevention Environmental Management Guideline Liquid Waste Storage and Handling Equipment/ Infrastructure. June 2011

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Australian Department of Defence Pollution Prevention Environmental Management Guideline Liquid Waste Storage and Handling Equipment/Infrastructure ISSUED June 2011 Prepared by Environmental Resources Management Australia Pty Ltd For further information contact: Assistant Director Pollution Prevention Directorate of Environmental Impact Management Estate Policy Environment Branch Department of Defence Front Photograph: Production of liquid waste during wash down of outboard motors. Source: Australian Government Department of Defence, Defence Support Group (June 2009). Wash down Facility Design Features.

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Table of Contents

LIST OF ACRONYMS III

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY IV

1. PURPOSE OF THE POLLUTION PREVENTION ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES 1

2. WHEN TO USE THIS GUIDELINE 2

3. STAKEHOLDERS RESPONSIBILITIES 2

4. POLLUTANTS ASSOCIATED WITH LIQUID WASTE HANDLING AND STORAGE OPERATIONS 3

5. SEGMENTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT POTENTIALLY AT RISK 4

6. PROCUREMENT CONSIDERATIONS 5

7. GUIDELINE REQUIREMENTS AND PERFORMANCE STANDARDS 6

7.1 MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS 8 Risk Assessment 8 Environmental Management Plan (EMP) 8 Preventative Maintenance Schedule 8 Licence Requirements 9 Dangerous Goods Manifest & Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) 9 Liquid waste production review 9 Staff Training 9 Record Keeping 9

7.2 WASTE CLASSIFICATION 10 Waste Hazard Classification 10 Segregation and labelling 10

7.3 DRAINAGE SYSTEMS 11 Waste Disposal 11 Infrastructure Plans 12 Record Keeping 12 Stormwater Management 12

7.4 STORAGE EQUIPMENT/FACILITIES 13 Design and Installation 13 Appropriate Storage Containers 13 Risk/Hazard Assessment 13 Spillage containment 14 Maintenance and Inspection 14 Security 15

7.5 TRANSPORT 16 Dangerous Goods Transport 16 Record Keeping and Documentation 16

7.6 TREATMENT AND/OR DISPOSAL 17 Options for treatment or disposal 17

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Risk Assessment 17 Treatment Quality 17 Storage Lagoons 18

7.7 EMERGENCY RESPONSE AND CLEAN-UP 19 Emergency Response Plan 19 Spill Management and Prevention 19 Incident Investigation and Notification 20

8. OTHER CONSIDERATIONS 21

9. CASE STUDY – TREATMENT AND REUSE OF LIQUID WASTE. 22

10. REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING 23

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List of Acronyms

AFFF Aqueous Film-Forming Foam

AST Above-ground Storage Tank

ATC Australian Transport Commission

CMS Comprehensive Maintenance Services

DECC Department of Environment and Climate Change

DECCW Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water

Defence Department of Defence

DMO Defence Materiel Organisation

DoW Department of Water

DPPS Defence Pollution Prevention Strategy

DSG Defence Support Group

DSTO Defence Science and Technology Organisation

EMG Environmental Management Guideline

EMP Environmental Management Plan

EMS Environmental Management System

EPA Environment Protection Authority

GSS Garrison Support Services

JFLA Joint Fuels and Lubricants Agency

JLC Joint Logistics Control

LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas

kL Kilolitre

MHF Major Hazard Facility

MSDS Material Safety Data Sheet

NEPC National Environment Protection Council

NTC National Transport Commission

OH&S Occupational, Health and Safety

PFOA Perfluorooctanoic acid

PFOS Perfluoro octanesulfonic acid

PS Performance Standard

RAAF Royal Australian Air Force

REO Regional Environmental Officer

SEM Senior Environmental Manager

UST Underground Storage Tank

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Executive Summary

The purpose of this pollution prevention environmental management Guideline Number 6 for Liquid Waste Storage and Handling Equipment/Infrastructure is to assist the Department of Defence (Defence) with:

• Preventing and reducing the likelihood of pollution events;

• Promoting sustainable environmental management; and

• Advising internally on recommended standards and requirements for liquid waste storage and handling equipment/infrastructure for Defence activities.

This Guideline takes a performance-based approach, which is intended to balance Defence operational and training requirements with its legislative and environmental polices and obligations, which include:

• Commonwealth Environment Protection legislation such as the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (the EPBC Act);

• Defence Pollution Prevention Strategy (DPPS), June 2007; and

• Applicable Defence guidelines, Commonwealth, State and Territory legislation regulations and guidelines and Australian Standards and Codes in relation to liquid waste storage systems and environmental protection.

Performance standards have been identified to enable demonstration that specific Defence operations related to liquid waste storage and handling comply with applicable legislation and Australian Standards. Defence is obliged to comply with Defence and other Commonwealth Government environmental policies, initiatives and legislation/regulations. Defence also endeavours to meet the requirements of State and Territory legislation, regulations and guidelines and to performing tasks to best practice standards. Contractors, lessees or licensees operating or occupying Defence facilities, or undertaking activities on behalf of Defence, are obliged to also comply with State and Territory legislation, regulations and guidelines.

The performance standards discussed in this Guideline include the following key areas where compliance is required:

1. Supporting documentation requirements and required inspections and management reviews

2. Classification of liquid waste

3. Management, monitoring and maintenance of water drainage systems

4. Operation and design of the liquid waste storage equipment/facilities

5. Transport of liquid waste

6. Operation and procedures for treatment/disposal of liquid waste

7. Emergency response and clean-up procedures

This Guideline does not include the requirements for Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF) contaminated waste water produced during fire fighting activities, disposal of sewage, nor the disposal of radioactive liquid waste.

The Guideline addresses pollution prevention risk management and does not include detailed advice on specific regulatory requirements in relation to the use of mobile liquid waste storage units, such as tankers and transport vehicles, or the transport of fuel by road, rail or sea.

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1. Purpose of the Pollution Prevention Environmental Management Guidelines

The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (the EPBC Act) requires a proactive approach to waste minimisation by Commonwealth agencies and requires annual reporting of Defence’s alignment with the principles of ecologically sustainable development. The Defence Waste Minimisation Policy (2007) aligns with the requirements of the EPBC Act and requires Defence to:

“a. minimise the amount of material from Defence being diverted to landfill;

b. reduce consumption of natural resources by minimising the amount of packaging material purchased and continuously increasing demand for recycled content in Defence procurement;

c. enhance the Commonwealth’s reputation for environmental management; and

d. reduce waste management and disposal costs through waste streaming”.

Through these mandated requirements, Defence is required to take responsibility for the prevention of potentially polluting activities, thereby reducing wastes and potential impacts to the environment. Commonwealth, State and Territory legislation/regulations and Australian Standards contain guidance and obligations that also require those responsible for an activity with the potential to cause pollution to ensure that the appropriate safeguards are in place to prevent the pollution.

This pollution prevention environmental management Guideline Number 6 for Liquid Waste Storage and Handling Equipment/Infrastructure is part of a set of Guidelines implemented in support of the Defence Pollution Prevention Strategy, 2007 (DPPS). The DPPS was initiated in order to promote policies and legislative obligations, consistent with the Defence Environmental Management System (EMS), relating specifically to pollution prevention within the range of activities that Defence performs. Broadly, regular Defence activities can range from the design, installation and establishment of equipment/infrastructure (e.g. construction and development), through to activities including operation of existing equipment/infrastructure and maintenance and repair activities. Defence also undertakes equipment/infrastructure disposal activities such as decommissioning and demolition.

This Guideline aims to set standards and procedures to ensure that Defence activities involving the operation of liquid waste storage and handling facilities are environmentally sound and comply with Defence policy and legislative commitments. The Guideline will assist Defence with:

• Preventing and reducing the likelihood of major pollution events;

• Promoting sustainable environmental management; and

• Advising internally on recommended standards and requirements for liquid waste storage and handling equipment/infrastructure for Defence bases and operational activities.

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2. When to use this Guideline

This environmental management Guideline for pollution prevention refers to activities associated with the operation of liquid waste handling and storage facilities, which occurs throughout Defence assets at variable scales and quantities. Activities covered in this Guideline specifically include the generation of liquid waste from grease traps in messes, waste oil in maintenance and repair, chemical or solvent use in laboratories and waste produced by cleaning activities (e.g. cleaning of vehicle wash down areas, fuel farms etc). The volumes of liquid waste produced can vary significantly in these types of activities.

This Guideline is principally intended for application when undertaking operational activities with regard to stationary liquid waste storage facilities only.

This Guideline does not include the detailed requirements applying to the use of mobile liquid waste storage units such as tankers and transport vehicles. Additionally, this Guideline does not include all the other regulatory requirements not related to pollution prevention for the transport of liquid waste by road, rail or sea not related to pollution prevention.

This Guideline does not include the requirements for the storage and handling of Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF) contaminated waste water produced during fire fighting activities, disposal of sewage, nor the disposal of radioactive liquid waste.

3. Stakeholders Responsibilities

This Guideline has been prepared for use by all Defence stakeholders likely to have responsibilities for liquid waste storage and handling activities. This particular guide has broad application at all Defence sites. Stakeholders include:

• Infrastructure Division delivering storage facilities, such as Joint Fuels and Lubricants Agency (JFLA), Defence Materiel Organisation (DMO), Joint Logistics Control (JLC), Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO), Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), Royal Australian Navy and the Australian Army;

• Contractors managing liquid waste handling and storage facilities, including the Garrison Support Services (GSS) and Comprehensive Maintenance Services (CMS);

• Regional environmental staff supporting environmentally sound practices;

• Resident units conducting routine maintenance activities involving the use of liquid waste handling and storage activities; and

• Base support staff, contractors, site users and Defence Support Group (DSG) estate managers all have a level of responsibility for the environmentally sound management of liquid waste handling and storage facilities.

Designated owners and operators of liquid waste storage facilities are responsible for implementing a management system, maintaining documentation of all installation and repair activities, and ensuring that all staff are appropriately trained in the operation of the facility.

A commonsense approach should be taken to determine the appropriate extent to which the guidance should be applied. Advice should be sought from regional environmental staff in the first instance.

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4. Pollutants Associated with Liquid Waste Handling and Storage Operations

The pollutants of concern during the handling and storage of liquid waste are wide ranging, depending on the properties of the waste material.

A number of pollutants, earmarked for improved management in the DPPS (2007), may be found in liquid wastes, and are listed below from highest to lowest priority:

• Hydrocarbons (solids and liquids) from fuel installations and equipment.

• Pollutants that may be generated in the event of fire fighting/suppression activities, such as AFFF (and other resulting by-products, e.g. PFOS/PFOA) contaminated waste water (addressed separately in Defences’ Environmental Management Guidelines for Management of Fire Fighting Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF) Products, June 2007). 1

• Biological materials, including sewage from sewage treatment plants. 1

• General waste including grease traps created during activities within the living quarters and messes.

• Batteries used for maintenance, communications equipment and components or parts.

• Copper chromium arsenic treatments from wood preservation.

• Solvents and volatile organic compounds used within laboratory and maintenance usage situations.

• Heavy metals found in maintenance, weapons ranges and burning grounds.

• Corrosives (acids/alkalis) used during maintenance activities, laboratories and within batteries.

• Perchlorate used within rocket fuel.

• Paints used in building and automotive maintenance.

• Resins from maintenance activities.

• Radioactive materials used in hospitals, laboratories and buildings. 1

• Resins found in maintenance activities.

• Pesticides, biocides and persistent organic pollutants from workshops, gardening/landscape and maintenance activities.

National and State guidelines indicate that even at trace concentrations (as low as parts per billion depending on the pollutant) in groundwater, soil and air, these pollutants may represent a risk to human health and the environment.

1 It should be noted that this Guideline does not include these pollutants.

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5. Segments of the Environment Potentially at Risk

The key risk of an operational failure or incident during liquid waste handling and storage activities are impacts to air quality, soil, groundwater and surface water quality. The fluid nature of the waste means that any leaks/spills are highly mobile and may cause pollution of the atmosphere, soil, creeks, groundwater and the ocean.

Pollution of groundwater can occur when liquid waste spilt to ground migrates down through the soil matrix until it reaches the subsurface groundwater. Many liquid waste facilities include the underground storage and pipe work and any leaks/spills may cause pollution of groundwater. Aged above ground storage facilities with inadequate pollution control coupled with inadequate management procedures also have the potential to impact local groundwater receptors.

Land, surface water and air quality may also be impacted by operational failure during liquid waste storage and handling activities. Spills can occur to land during transportation, or transfer between storage containers, and can cause contamination of the surrounding soil. Pollution of sensitive ecosystems present within surface waters (e.g. lakes or creeks) may result from spills occurring at facilities located adjacent to or up stream from these surface waters. Such impacts are often complex, expensive to rectify with certainty and at times may result in damage to the environment, and impairment to human health. Air quality may also be impacted by operational failure during liquid waste storage and handling. Volatile components may be present in the waste (dependant on the waste stream) which may generate vapours during transfer or filling activities involving the waste that has the potential to impact air quality.

Should groundwater, land, surface water and air quality become impacted as a result of operational failures during liquid waste storage and handling activities or structural failure of facilities, there may be significant risks to human health and the environment. They may also result in breaches of Commonwealth, State and local regulatory requirements and/or environmental licences, which may in turn give rise to penalties or fines from environmental authorities and present potential reputational issues.

Photograph: Sink and gravel washaway drain used for mercury disposal at Australian Defence Industries, Mulwala. Source: ERM (2004) Contamination, Validation and Verification of Mercury Impacted Soil – ADI Mulwala www.defence.gov.au/id/mulwala/docs/ mecury_impacted_soil.pdfs

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6. Procurement Considerations

The design and installation of new liquid waste storage and handling facilities is the most effective and efficient opportunity to build pollution prevention systems into infrastructure, as most leak detection and prevention technologies and water drainage systems are integral to the design, and are only practicable for inclusion at the design, installation or upgrade stages.

All equipment for liquid waste storage should be procured in accordance with the relevant Australian Standards for the material to be stored within facility.

Design and installation of a new liquid waste storage facility must be undertaken by qualified personnel. All equipment must be subject to a quality assurance and integrity testing prior to commissioning.

Federal Occupational Health and Safety (Safety Standards) Regulations, 1994 regulated by Comcare, apply to determine if the quantities of flammable or combustible materials stored require a Major Hazard Facility Licence (on Commonwealth land). In addition, different environmental and storage/handling licensing requirements exist in each State depending on the type of chemical waste, the volume of the storage facility and the location of the tanks (underground or aboveground). Relevant licences should be obtained prior to the commencement of the activity.

The work performed by contractors for Defence is an extension of Defence’s activities. Therefore, due diligence must be taken to assure that the work performed by contractors are in line with Defence’s policies and guidelines and State specific regulations.

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7. Guideline Requirements and Performance Standards

The performance standards included in this Guideline aim to assist Defence with reducing key pollution risks (pollution prevention) and support compliance with applicable legislation and Australian Standards in relation to pollution prevention.

It should be noted that Defence is obliged to comply with Defence and other Commonwealth Government environmental policies, initiatives and legislation/regulations. Defence also endeavours to meet the requirements of State and Territory legislation, regulations and guidelines and to performing tasks to best practice standards.

Contractors, lessees or licensees operating or occupying Defence facilities, or undertaking activities on behalf of Defence, are also obliged to comply with State and Territory legislation, regulations and guidelines.

Table 7.1 details the pollution prevention guideline requirements associated with the operation of liquid waste storage and handling facilities, and includes limited detail on the extensive requirements for transportation. Table 7.1 is broken up into performance standards which make up the pollution prevention environmental management Guideline. Under each performance standard is a summary of the requirements/actions necessary to achieve the performance standard.

External references to each of these requirements and actions are detailed in the reference column of the table. The references have been provided to allow for further detail to be reviewed on the requirements/actions specified within the table, should this be needed. Further details of the reference documentation referred within the table are located in Section 10 of this document. This Guideline covers only key requirements related to pollution prevention and does not address all requirements detailed within the external reference documents in Section 10. Please review the external reference documents for comprehensive details on the Commonwealth, State and Territory legislation and regulations and the best practice requirements.

For application of the requirements and actions outlined for each performance standard, the specific situation of liquid waste storage and handling needs to be considered. It may be that only some of the requirements and actions are applicable to the liquid waste storage and handling situation being considered. The onus is on the stakeholder(s) to ensure appropriate review of each requirement/action, and if necessary, the source reference documentation, to ensure specific requirements are undertaken to address the performance standard. The onus is also on the stakeholder(s) to ensure that the full level of application of the requirement is undertaken by the review of the source reference documentation.

For example, for above-ground storage facilities for liquid waste, the operational and design requirements outlined in Performance Standard 4 (see Table 7.1 page 13) need to be applied based on review of the referenced documentation with knowledge of the type and quantity of waste liquid required to be stored. It may be that some requirements do not apply; but it is up to the stakeholder to document how the requirement/action does not apply for their liquid waste storage and handling situation.

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The performance standards included in Table 7.1 are:

1. Management and Administrative Controls: Liquid waste storage facility complies with supporting documentation requirements and required inspections and management reviews deemed necessary within applicable legislation and Australian Standards.

2. Waste Classification: The classification of liquid waste stored onsite complies with requirements outlined within applicable legislation and Australian Standards.

3. Drainage Systems: Drainage systems at the facility comply with maintenance and monitoring requirements and appropriately manage pollution risks associated with the discharge of water as outlined within applicable legislation and Australian Standards.

4. Storage Equipment/Facilities: Operation/design of the liquid waste storage equipment/facility complies with requirements outlined within applicable legislation and Australian Standards.

5. Transport: Transport of liquid waste complies with requirements outlined within applicable legislation and Australian Standards to prevent pollution.

6. Treatment and/or Disposal: Operation and procedures for treatment and/or disposal of liquid waste complies with requirements outlined within applicable legislation and Australian standards.

7. Emergency Response and Clean-Up: Emergency response and clean-up procedures and actions for liquid waste handling activities comply with requirements outlined within applicable legislation and Australian Standards.

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Table 7.1: Pollution Prevention Guideline Requirements and Performance Standards.

Requirements for meeting the performance standard.

Further details Reference

7.1 Management and Administrative Controls

Performance Standard 1: Liquid waste storage facility complies with supporting documentation requirements and required inspections and management reviews deemed necessary within applicable legislation and Australian Standards.

Risk Assessment

a) Preparation of an environmental risk assessment or site sensitivity assessment of the equipment and associated activities, assessing the potential exposure to sensitive receptors (best practice).

The risk assessment should identify potential sources of pollution (hazards), environmental receptors including exposure to sensitive ecosystems and pathways between the source and receptors.

The environmental risk assessment should be completed in accordance with AS/NZS ISO 31000:2009 (Standards Australia, 2009) and the Defence DSG Risk Management Framework (available from Defence Infrastructure Management) prior to the commencement of the waste handling and storage activities.

In cases where equipment is old (e.g. >20 years), particularly underground pipe work, the probability of the system developing leaks (or having already done so) should be considered within the environmental risk assessment or site sensitivity assessment. Risks for leaks and pollution should also be considered where old equipment does not meet current design standards.

The Australian Standards for the storage of various chemicals specifies separation distances between defined protected places (that is, facilities and receptors, see Australian Standard) and the chemical or chemical waste storage, and segregation of classes and separation distances from other dangerous goods. The risk assessment should be used to identify any protected places within the vicinity of the storage facility.

Defence References

Defence (2007)

National References

AS 4681 (2000)

AS 4452 (1997)

AS 3833 (2007)

AS 1940 (2004)

AS/NZS ISO 31000 (2009)

State References

Various State Dangerous Goods legislation

Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

b) Prepare an EMP for the waste handling equipment and associated activities (best practice).

c) Undertake regular inspections against requirements in EMP and keep records of the completed inspection checklists (requirement as per Australian Standards).

d) Undertake regular management review of this guideline and the EMP and keep documented records of this process (best practice).

Prepare the EMP based on the outcomes of the environmental risk assessment, using the risk assessment hierarchy, focusing on hazard prevention measures and where necessary, engineering and administrative controls to ensure management of the risk. The EMP should address all aspects of on-going operation, including the required maintenance and inspection schedule, regular inspections of equipment, loss monitoring/investigation procedures, groundwater monitoring program, emergency response and requirements for regular management review of the implementation of this Guideline and EMP.

National References

AS 4681 (2000)

AS 4452 (1997)

AS 3833 (2007)

AS 1940 (2004)

State References

DoW (2009)

Preventative Maintenance Schedule

e) Liquid waste storage equipment is listed on a preventative maintenance schedule (best practice).

f) Show documented evidence that maintenance is completed in a timely manner (as per Australian Standard).

A maintenance program should be developed with frequency established based on the manufacturer’s guidelines and the criticality of the equipment. As a minimum, maintenance/inspections should be undertaken for all tanks, secondary containment systems, meters, leak monitoring systems, gauges and dispensing equipment, drainage systems and oil/water separators, monitoring equipment and vapour recovery equipment.

National References

AS 4681 (2000)

AS 4452 (1997)

AS 3833 (2007)

AS 1940 (2004)

State References

DoW (2009)

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7.1 Management and Administrative Controls Licence Requirements

g) Copies of all current licenses for the bulk storage of Dangerous Goods are to be held onsite (State legislative requirement).

h) Ensure that any licence specific requirements are transposed into the EMP (best practice).

For Defence sites, licence requirements Dangerous Goods are governed by Comcare.

Should the storage of Dangerous Goods be in quantities large enough to meet the requirements of a major hazard facility (MHF) further licence requirements must be adhered to under Comcare’s regulatory requirements governing Commonwealth land (see Commonwealth Occupational Health and Safety (Safety Standards) Regulations 1994).

State References


Dangerous Goods Manifest & Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs)

i) Keep an up-to-date Dangerous Goods manifest for the facility (as per Australian Standard).

j) Keep a copy of MSDSs for all chemicals held onsite (as per Australian Standard).

The facility should maintain a register of the types and quantities of Dangerous Goods held onsite.

The facility should maintain copies of MSDSs for all chemicals held onsite in an easily accessible area for personnel.

National References

AS 4681 (2000)

AS 4452 (1997)

AS 3833 (2007)

AS 1940 (2004)

State References

DECC NSW (2005d)


Liquid waste production review

k) Prepare a review of liquid waste production and assess the potential for reduction in liquid waste (as per Australian Standard).

The facility should maintain a register of the types and quantities of Dangerous Goods held onsite.

The facility should maintain copies of MSDSs for all chemicals held onsite in an easily accessible area for personnel.

National References

AS 4681 (2000)

AS 4452 (1997)

AS 3833 (2007)

AS 1940 (2004)

State References

DECC NSW (2005d)


Staff Training

l) Records of staff training in the storage and handling of dangerous goods and the objectives and implementation of the EMP (as per Australia Standards).

All personnel involved in the handling and use of dangerous goods, including liquid waste storage facilities, should receive appropriate training in the environmental risks, the use of this Guideline and the associated EMP, and in the implementation of the emergency response procedures. Refresher training should also be scheduled at regular intervals.

National References

AS 4681 (2000)

AS 4452 (1997)

AS 3833 (2007)

AS 1940 (2004)

State References

DoW (2009)


Record Keeping

m) All records related to the transport and disposal of liquid waste should be retained for future review (State legislation).

Records related to the transport and disposal of liquid waste should be retained for a minimum of five (5) years with (legislative requirement in various States).

National References

ATC (2007)

International Air Transport (2005)

State References

NEPC (2004)

DEC (2004)

EPA Vic (2009)

DECC NSW (2005a)

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7.2 Waste Classification

Performance Standard 2: The classification of liquid waste stored onsite complies with requirements outlined within applicable legislation and Australian standards.

Waste Hazard Classification

a) Classification of liquid waste as hazardous or non-hazardous according to relevant State specific regulations (as per Australian Standard and various State specific regulations).

Waste has to be classified appropriately to ensure that correct handling, transport, recycling (where appropriate) and disposal procedures are followed. Waste classification is the responsibility of the waste generator and the waste generator has to ensure that waste is classified according to State specified classification procedures.

Liquid waste is a special waste that may be classified separately due to the liquid property of the waste. Wastes may need to be further classified according to the hazardous nature of the liquid waste. Hazardous characteristics include being toxic, flammable, explosive, corrosive and infectious. Hazardous waste has to be classified based to its properties and handled accordingly.

Where possible, wastes should be separated prior to classification to ensure correct classification of the waste. If the waste is not able to be separated then the waste must be classified to the highest class of waste contained in the material.

As a minimum, follow the following steps during waste classification.

1. Establish whether waste is pre-classified as hazardous waste;

2. Establish whether waste has hazardous characteristics. Waste must be classified as hazardous waste if it falls in a specified dangerous good class or division of the Australian Code for the Transport of Dangerous Goods by Road and Rail.

3. If the composition of the waste is not known, conduct testing using methods specified by relevant State guidance to classify waste.

4. Categorize waste into appropriate waste type.

Process knowledge and information contained in the product’s MSDS will assist in the identification of hazardous waste.

National References

AS 4681 (2000)

AS 4452 (1997)

AS 3833 (2007)

AS 1940 (2004)

State References

DECC NSW (2005a)

EPA Vic (2009)

DEC (2004)

Segregation and labelling

b) Segregate waste according to waste classes (as per Australian Standard).

c) Clearly label classified liquid waste with waste type (as per Australian Standard).

Once appropriately classified, the waste should be segregated according to waste classes (if needed) for safe storage, transport and disposal. Depending on the waste classification, liquid waste may need to be stored in separate containment facilities.

Appropriate containers (chemically inert to the waste type) should be labelled with information regarding the type of liquid waste and classification, according to the appropriate Dangerous Goods Code and the National Code of Practice for the labelling of workplace substances.

National References

AS 4681 (2000)

AS 4452 (1997)

AS 3833 (2007)

AS 1940 (2004)

State References

DECC NSW (2005a)

EPA Vic (2009)

DEC (2004)

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7.3 Drainage Systems

Performance Standard 3: Drainage systems at the facility comply with maintenance and monitoring requirements and appropriately manages pollution risks associated with the discharge of water as outlined within applicable legislation and Australian Standards.

Waste Disposal

a) All wastewater (including storm water) from areas where liquid wastes are handled or stored is passed through an oil water separator or other treatment process prior to disposal (requirement as per Australian Standard).

b) Wastewater discharge licenses for disposal from liquid waste to the surface water system or sewer must be obtained and held onsite (as per State based requirement).

c) Evidence that any licence specific compliance requirements have been transposed into the EMP (best practice).

All water from within a bunded area, or around areas where chemicals are used, handled or stored, must be captured. Any wastewater discharged to the surface water or sewer systems must be passed through an appropriate treatment process (e.g. an oil water separator for oil based wastes) to achieve acceptable water quality for discharge. Where a suitable sustainable drainage system exists, (e.g. a constructed wetland) this may be used to treat waste water prior to disposal.

The facility should obtain any required license for the discharge of wastewater to the surface water system or sewer.

National References

AS 4452 (1997)

AS 1940 (2004)

State References

Various State-based water management legislation.

d) Documentation showing completed waste disposal records using licensed waste contractors for all chemical contaminated water, oils and sludges removed from the drainage systems which must be stored on site (as per individual State requirements and best practice). Includes details on location and quantity of waste disposal.

e) Use of compliant packaging and labelling of wastes for transport (as per individual State requirements).

All chemical contaminated waste including oily waste or sludge removed from the drainage systems should be disposed with an appropriately licensed waste disposal contractor. The facility should check that the waste disposal contractor is licensed to transport the waste, and that the waste is received by a facility that is licensed to accept it.

Oily wastes may be classified as hazardous waste, and requirements for packaging, labelling and tracking may apply, even if wastes are not classified as hazardous.

State References

Various State-based water management legislation and Dangerous Goods legislation

f) Documented records of regular visual inspections of the oil/water interceptor should be kept (requirement as per Australian Standard).

g) Monitoring data and comparison with requirements with the waste discharge licence conditions should be recorded and stored.

The discharge from the treatment process should be visually inspected on a regular basis, and any required monitoring completed in accordance with any site-specific licence.

National References

AS1940 (2004)

AS4897 (2008)

State References

Site specific licence conditions for discharge to surface water system or sewer

h) Presence of separate drainage for incompatible chemicals (as per Australian Standard).

Liquid waste should drain away from the storage facility into a sump. Chemicals that are likely to react dangerously should be directed into separate drainage areas. The drain valve should remain closed at all times except under supervision during emptying.

National References

AS 4681 (2000)

AS 4452 (1997)

AS 3833 (2007)

AS 1940 (2004).

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7.3 Drainage Systems

Infrastructure Plans

i) Drainage plans are available for the area where liquid waste is handled or stored (requirement as per Australian Standard).

The facility should maintain drainage plans detailing the surface water and sewer connections, liquid waste drainage and interceptors.

National References

AS 4681 (2000)

AS 4452 (1997)

AS 3833 (2007)

AS 1940 (2004)

State References

DECC NSW (2005c)

Record Keeping

j) Documented records of maintenance inspections on drainage systems should be kept (requirement as per Australian Standard).

A regular inspection maintenance program for drainage systems and interceptors must be implemented.

National References

AS 4681 (2000)

AS 4452 (1997)

AS 3833 (2007)

AS 1940 (2004).

Stormwater Management

k) A canopy or roof is present over liquid waste storage facilities and filling areas (NSW guidance).

l) Separate drainage is provided for clean rainwater and potentially contaminated wastewater (NSW guidance).

Where possible a canopy or roof with a 12 degree overhang should be provided to cover liquid waste storage facilities and above ground storage tanks (AST) with open bunds. The purpose is to minimize the production of waste-contaminated rainwater. The canopy should allow clean rainwater to be separated from potentially polluted water. These two wastewater streams should be disposed through separate drainage channels. Roof drainage may normally be discharged directly to stormwater drain without passing through an interceptor or chemical treatment unit.

State References

DECC NSW (2005c)

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7.4 Storage Equipment/Facilities

Performance Standard 3: Operation of the liquid waste storage equipment/facility complies with requirements outlined within applicable legislation and Australian standards.

Design and Installation

a) Design and installation by approved appropriately qualified contractor / personnel (requirement as per Australian Standard).

b) Keep records of installation by approved appropriately qualified contractor / personnel should be kept on site (requirement as per Australian Standard).

All above-ground storage tanks (ASTs) and underground storage tanks (USTs) must be installed by qualified personnel according to the relevant Australian Standards, Defence Guidelines and State-based Dangerous Goods legislation.

National References

AS4897 (2008)

State References

DoW WA (2008)

Appropriate Storage Containers

c) Store liquid waste in appropriate storage containers that are labelled (as per Australian Standard).

Liquid waste should be stored in a sealed container based on the quantity of waste produced. It should be stored at a minimum within 200 L drums and may be stored within bulk storage tanks. The drums or tanks used for storage should comply with any State specific requirements for the storage of hazardous materials. At a minimum the drums or tanks used for storage should be chemically inert and resist corrosion.

The number of tanks/drums should be minimized where possible; however liquid waste with different hazard classification must be stored separately to prevent a chemical reaction from occurring.

Wherever possible the liquid waste should be stored above ground. For some types of liquid waste (e.g. toxic chemicals) this is a requirement within the Australian Standard. If the liquid waste is stored below ground, then a number of additional requirements are necessary which are detailed in the WA Department of Water. Water Quality Protection Note Tanks for underground chemical storage (2008).

National References

AS 4681 (2000)

AS 4452 (1997)

AS 3833 (2007)

AS 1940 (2004)

State References

DECC NSW (2005c)

DoW (2009)

Risk/Hazard Assessment

d) Completed risk/hazard assessment of the liquid waste facility (as per Australian Standard).

The location of the liquid waste facility should be assessed to ensure that the risk to surrounding watercourses is low. Where the facility is located within 500 m of a watercourse (WA guidance) additional assessment of the risks are required by the regulatory authority.

1. During the assessment of the liquid waste storage facility the following factors should be considered:

2. presence of secondary containment;

3. separation of the facility from ignition sources and occupied buildings;

4. proximity of the facility to processing areas and ability to transfer the waste produced;

5. fire resistance and chemical impermeability of secondary containment area; and

6. layout of the facility with respect to fire fighting, security, signage, ventilation, product segregation and manual handling.

National References

AS 4681 (2000)

AS 4452 (1997)

AS 3833 (2007)

AS 1940 (2004)

State References

DECC NSW (2005c)

DoW (2008)

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Spillage containment

e) Secondary containment (e.g. a bund) of the liquid waste storage facility is sufficient to contain at least 100% of the maximum tank volume or 25% of the total volume of smaller containers, whichever is greater (as per Australian Standard).

f) Presence of pipe joints within the storage area and capacity within the secondary containment facility for all handling, storage and transfer of liquid waste (best practice).

g) An assessment of the capacity of the secondary containment area to account for the hazardous nature of the waste and any potential rainwater flow into the containment area (as per Australian Standard).

h) A collection sump located below the base of the bund to contain spills (as per Australian Standard).

All handling and storage of liquid wastes should be undertaken within an area of secondary containment such as a bund. This includes any transfer of waste via pumping and decanting sith all pipe joints located within the bund as well as any potential filling of transport containers

Depending on the material stored within the bund the capacity, according to the Australian Standard, may be required at least 100% of the maximum tank volume. The Australian Standards recommend that spill compound capacities be about 110%, to facilitate the management of spill emergencies. The capacity of the bund should be reassessed where a hazardous material is stored to account for any fire fighting water that may be released into the bund. A liquid storage facility that is outside should have the bund volume increased to account for any rain water that enters the bund.

The bund should be made from an impervious material that is resistant to the chemical waste stored within the bund. The bund should be sealed and all piping should enter or exit the bund over the wall.

If only a small quantity of liquid waste is stored temporarily the waste may be stored in a single drum with a drum sump or drip tray.

National References

AS 4681 (2000)

AS 4452 (1997)

AS 3833 (2007)

AS 1940 (2004)

State References

DECC NSW (2005c)

EPA SA (2007)

Maintenance and Inspection

i) Evidence of regular maintenance/inspection of the liquid storage facility, including removal of waste water within the base of the secondary containment facility (as per Australian Standard).

j) Evidence of regular house keeping and tidy design of drum storage (as per Australian Standard).

Regular inspection of the liquid storage facility should address the presence of waste water within the secondary containment facility and any damage to the primary containment vessels (drums or tanks) or secondary containment facility (bund). If waste water is observed within the secondary containment facility or sump it should be pumped out and disposed of appropriately.

Primary containment vessels, including drums and tanks, should be stored to ensure that any spill from the vessel is maintained within the secondary containment. Drums within close proximity to the bund wall should not be over stacked. In some circumstances areas of the liquid waste storage facility (e.g. between a high bund wall and a tank) may act like a confined space. Therefore confined space procedures should be utilised.

Waste containers are to be regularly inspected, and removed from site before the container reaches capacity to limit the potential for spills. If large quantities of waste are stored then an overflow alarm or shut off valve should be used to minimize the potential for spills.

National References

AS 4681 (2000)

AS 4452 (1997)

AS 3833 (2007)

AS 1940 (2004)

State References

DECC NSW (2005c)

EPA SA (2007)

DoW (2009)

Signage

k) Evidence of appropriate safety signage on the tanks and bulk storage area (Australian Dangerous Goods Code requirement)).

All areas where dangerous goods are stored should be provided with safety signage in accordance with the legislation. This should include the hazard warning labels and non smoking signs where relevant.

National References

NTC (2007)

AS 4681 (2000)

AS 4452 (1997)

AS 3833 (2007)

AS 1940 (2004)

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Security

l) Appropriate security measures are present (legislative and Australian Standard requirement).

m) Repair and restore any evidence of vandalism (best practice).

Areas where dangerous goods are stored should be provided with adequate security, including fencing and locks on equipment if required.

Collision protection should be provided on storage facilities.

National References

NTC (2007)

AS 4681 (2000)

AS 4452 (1997)

AS 3833 (2007)

AS 1940 (2004)

AS4897 (2008).

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7.5 Transport

Performance Standard 5: Transport of liquid waste complies with requirements outlined within applicable legislation and Australian Standards to prevent pollution.

Dangerous Goods Transport

a) Specific requirements in the Australian Dangerous Goods Code for placarding, licensing, driver training and provision of on-board emergency response equipment must be ensured (legislative requirement).

All transportation of liquid waste should be conducted in accordance with the Australian Dangerous Goods Code.

This should include all compliance requirements with regards to placarding, licensing, driver training and provision of on-board emergency response equipment.

Hazardous waste should be packaged in suitable containers that are Dangerous Goods approved as indicated by a series of symbols and codes on the container.

National References

ATC (2007)


State References

NEPC (2004)

DEC (2004)

EPA Vic (2009)

DECC NSW (2005a)

Record Keeping and Documentation

b) Waste transportation must be in accordance with relevant State based legislation by appropriately licensed waste contractors.

c) Records of all hazardous waste transfers must be available as per State requirements.

All transportation of liquid waste must be handled by appropriately licensed waste transporting contractors according to the relevant State specific requirements.

Prior to hazardous waste being transported by the transporting contractor, accurate information to that contractor regarding the category, quantity and type of waste needs to be provided. The driver of the transported waste has to acknowledge full knowledge of the waste material to be transported.

Where hazardous waste is to be transported across State or Territory boundaries, the specifications contained in the Movement of Controlled Waste Between States and Territories NEPM (NEPC, 2004) must be adhered to.

Manifest records of all waste transport should be filled in prior to waste movement. Receipts supplied by the transportation contractor to be kept for a minimum period of five years.

National References

ATC (2007)


State References

NEPC (2004)

DEC (2004)

EPA Vic (2009)

DECC NSW (2005a)

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7.6 Treatment and/or disposal

Performance Standard 6: Procedures and operations for treatment and/or disposal of liquid waste comply with requirements outlined within applicable legislation and Australian Standards.

Options for treatment or disposal

a) Dispose of liquid waste at appropriately licensed facilities in accordance with relevant State specific legislation (as per Australian Standard).

b) Maintain evidence of safe waste disposal (legislative requirement).

A number of options for liquid waste treatment and disposal exist, according to the WA Department of Water the preference for treatment and disposal are:

1. Minimizing waste quantities

2. Reusing liquid waste for flushing or beneficial uses;

3. Treating and discharging of waste to sewer

4. Treating and discharging of waste to a soakage or lined evaporation pit; or

5. Treating and discharging of waste to drains or watercourses.

In some instances, liquid waste produced by Defence will be transported prior to treatment and discharge according to information provided in Section 7.5.

National References

See AS 4494 (1998)

State References

DECC NSW (2005a)

EPA Vic (2009)

DEC (2004)

Risk Assessment

c) Completion of a risk assessment addressing reuse or discharge scenarios for liquid waste onsite (best practice).

d) Calculation of target criteria for effluent from the liquid waste treatment system (as per Australian Standard).

Liquid waste may be treated onsite prior to onsite reuse or discharge. An environmental risk assessment must be undertaken prior to reuse or discharge to assess the impact of the effluent on the environment and human health.

The risk assessment should be used to calculate target criteria for the effluent in accordance with Commonwealth guidance. An appropriate treatment system should be implemented to achieve the target effluent quality.

National References

AS 4494 (1998)

State References

ANZECC (2000)

DECC NSW (2005a)

EPA Vic (2009)

DEC (2004)

Treatment Quality

e) Evidence of treatment of liquid waste to achieve target effluent quality a minimum of 90% of the time (best practice).

f) Regular monitoring of effluent in accordance with Australian Standards 2031 and 5667 (as per Australian Standard – specific for toxic waste and best practice).

g) Evidence that treatment systems have been designed to cope with emergency shut down, routine maintenance and storm events without effecting effluent quality (best practice).

Liquid waste discharged to sewer or the environment or reused will need to achieve target effluent quality criteria prior to disposal. A treatment system should be designed to clean waste water to target quality, a minimum of 90% of the time. In areas where discharge or reuse is for a sensitive use, this value should be reassessed. The treatment system should be designed to cope with an emergency shut down and routine maintenance, without impacting effluent quality.

Criteria for discharge must be approved by the relevant authority. Any discharge to sewer is implemented by the local sewer operator and requires a trade waste agreement. The trade waste agreement will specify the quantity and quality of waste water that can be discharged to the sewer.

Effluent should be monitored on a regular basis to ensure that the effluent quality adheres to the design requirements. All monitoring should be undertaken in accordance with the relevant Australian Standards 2031 and 5667.

National References

AS 4452 (1997)

AS 2031 (2001)

AS 5667 (1998)

State References

DoW (2009)

Various State and Local trade waste agreements

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7.6 Treatment and/or disposal

Storage Lagoons

h) Completion of a risk assessment and installation of a wastewater storage lagoon according to relevant criteria (best practice).

Any wastewater storage lagoon or evaporation pond should be installed with regard to a water quality policy. Where possible the waste water lagoon should have a depth of less than 2 m and should not intersect with the groundwater table.

The wastewater storage lagoon should be lined with an impermeable membrane or a clay liner to minimize the movement of wastewater from the pond.

State References

EPA SA (2004)

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7.7 Emergency Response2 and Clean-Up

Performance Standard 7: Emergency response and clean-up procedures and actions for liquid waste storage facilities comply with requirements outlined within applicable legislation and Australian Standards.

Emergency Response Plan

a) An Emergency Response Plan is maintained onsite (requirement as per Australian Standard).

b) Training records demonstrate that personnel are trained to manage emergencies (requirement as per Australian Standard).

An Emergency Response Plan should be prepared as a part of the Environmental Management Plan.

The Emergency Response Plan should be site-specific and address emergencies appropriate to the location and circumstances (e.g. spills, leaks, vapour releases, vandalism, terrorism, fire, explosion, collisions, and floods).

All personnel working within the facility should be trained in the Emergency Response Plan. Refresher training should also be provided (frequency not specified).

National References

AS 4681 (2000)

AS 4452 (1997)

AS 3833 (2007)

AS 1940 (2004)

State References

EPA Vic (2009)

DoW (2009)

Spill Management and Prevention

c) The spill should be managed with the following key actions (if possible): • Locate spill source;

• Contain in agreement with approved procedures;

• Isolate from drains and waterways;

• Absorb/recover pollutant or contamination as efficiently as possible; and

• Classify spill incident severity.

Spill management action items and methodologies are discussed in further detail in Defence Standard DEF (AUST) 5695B (2006), Part 1, Section 2, Chapter 3.

Defence Reference

Defence (2006)

d) A spill kit including drain covers and absorbent material is available (requirement as per Australian Standard).

e) Clean-up and waste disposal procedures following a spill are annotated on the spill kit (requirement as per Australian Standard).

f) Suitable emergency booms should be available in close proximity to the storage area to prevent isolate spills (as per State requirements and best practice).

g) Training records demonstrate that staff are trained to install emergency booms, or evidence that competent contractor will attend at short notice (requirement as per Australian Standard).

A spill kit should be maintained at all times within all areas where liquid wastes are used, handled or stored. The spill kit should contain covers/booms to protect access to drains and absorbent material for containing the fuel spill. Any absorbent material used to contain the spill should be disposed of in accordance with the State/Local waste disposal regulations.

Where facilities are located adjacent to watercourses, emergency booms to prevent spread of released product should be maintained on site.

National References

AS 4681 (2000)

AS 4452 (1997)

AS 3833 (2007)

AS 1940 (2004)

State References

EPA Vic (2009)

DoW (2009)

2 It should be noted that this just includes environmental considerations. There are likely to be additional safety requirements.

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7.7 Emergency Response2 and Clean-Up

Incident Investigation and Notification

h) Spills and Leaks should be reported as per Defence requirements depending on the spill size and level of containment (at minimum, uncontained spills less than 50 L must be reported).

i) For spills and leaks that have spread or have the potential to spread beyond the boundary of the installation the appropriate authority should be notified within 24 hours (requirement as per Australian Standard).

Should leak or spill monitoring suggest a potential fuel leak the appropriate regional environmental officer (REO), JFLA, and [email protected] should be notified.

Where necessary the state regulatory authority should be informed, depending on the size and level of containment of the spill.

Defence Reference

Defence (2006)

National References

AS1940 (2004)

State References

EPA Victoria (2009)

j) Evidence of accident / incident investigation records should be documented and maintained (legislative requirement).

Following notification of a potential spill or leak a full assessment of the leak or spill should be carried out. The assessment of leak or spill, where necessary, may include an intrusive soil and groundwater investigation for underground storage tanks (requirement as per Australian Standard).

National References

AS4897 (2008)

State References

Various State Dangerous Goods Legislation

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8. Other Considerations

OH&S Considerations: There are numerous occupational, health and safety considerations associated with the handling and storage of liquid waste. A risk assessment in line with Defence’s DSG Risk Assessment Framework (available from Defence Infrastructure Management) should be undertaken to assess the potential risks associated with each liquid waste handling specific activity. All personnel must be trained and made aware of the risks associated with undertaking an activity.

MSDSs: Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) must be present and readily available for each chemical stored within the liquid waste storage and handling facility. Personnel must be trained and made aware of the emergency response and first aid measures associated with exposure to the types of waste materials being handled and stored.

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9. Case Study – Treatment and Reuse of liquid waste.

Photograph: Wastewater treatment in process. Photographer: Karl Rosen, ERM at site visit, April 2010.

A wastewater treatment plant has operated at Oakey Army Aviation Base between 1993 and present. The liquid waste is contaminated with phenols, methyl ethyl ketones and chromates from the paint shop and Corrosion Control facility. The effluent is firstly drained into a settling tank to remove the gross solids. The liquid waste is then pumped to two storage tanks for a number of chemical treatment processes including:

1. pH adjustment;

2. chemical oxidation of organics;

3. reduction of hexavalent chromium; and

4. clarification to separate solids prior to undergoing megasorption – a process with high flow rates and surface area to allow adsorption, particle filtration and removal.

The liquid is then recycled and reused in the paint shop and to irrigate grassed areas of the base where possible.

A separate retention pit holds contaminated stormwater which is treated through the waste water treatment system and recycled on the base.

The effluent is treated to meet the chemical and physical water quality requirements to be classed as Class A Recycled Water, as defined in the Queensland Water Recycling Guidelines (Queensland EPA, 2005). Every batch is tested on-site for selected parameters with off-site testing of all parameters undertaken every second batch. The Queensland Water Recycling Guidelines also outlines the details of the validation assessment and monitoring required on the Class A recycled water to allow for the reuse of this water for particular end uses. The extent and requirements of validation assessment and monitoring are dependent on the type of end use selected for the water.

This case study represents a good example of treatment and reuse of liquid waste as per Performance Standards 2 and 3 detailed in Table 7.1. To ensure good pollution prevention in liquid waste management this should be coupled with good storage and housekeeping practices. These good storage and housekeeping practices are outlined in the references provided in the table in Table 7.1 of this Guideline.

Reference specific to the case study: Adtech Environmental. Case Study: Oakey Army Aviation Base, Queensland, Australia http://www.adtechenviro.com/casestudies.php?case_id=1. Accessed May 2009.

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10. References and Further Reading

Australian Government Department of Defence (Defence), May 2006. Australian Defence Standard DEF (AUST)5695B, Petroleum, Oils and Lubricants Manual.

Australian Government Department of Defence. 2007. Defence Pollution Prevention Strategy: Advancing Defence’s Pollution Prevention Capability.

Australian Government Department of Defence (Defence), 2007. Defence Waste Minimisation Policy, sponsored by the Assistant Secretary Environment, Heritage and Risk (ASEHR).

Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 2010: Hazardous Waste Legislation. http://www.dfat.gov.au/environment/haz_waste.html

Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council (ANZECC). 2000. Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water Quality.

Australian Transport Commission (ATC). 2007. Australian Code for the Transport of Dangerous Goods by Road and Rail.

Department for Environment and Conservation (DEC) Western Australia. 2004. Environmental Protection (Controlled Waste) Regulations.

Department of Environment and Climate Change (DECC) NSW. 2005a. Protection of the Environment Operations (Waste) Regulation.

Department of Environment and Climate Change (DECC) NSW. 2005b. Liquid Waste Fact Sheet – Handling of Liquid Waste.

Department of Environment and Climate Change (DECC) NSW. 2005c. Liquid Waste Fact Sheet – Storing of Liquid Waste.

Department of Environment and Climate Change (DECC) NSW. 2005d. Liquid Waste Fact Sheet – Reducing liquid waste through cleaner production.

Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water (DECCW) NSW. 2008. Waste Classification Guidelines, Part 1: Waste Classification.

Department of Water (DoW) WA. 2008. Water Quality Protection Note: Tanks for underground chemical storage

Department of Water (DoW) WA. 2009. Water Quality Protection Note: Industrial and waste water management and disposal.

Environment Protection Authority (EPA) South Australia. 2007. EPA Guidelines: Bunding and Spill Management.

Environment Protection Authority (EPA) South Australia. 2004. EPA Guidelines: Wastewater and evaporation lagoons.

Environment Protection Authority (EPA) Victoria. 2009. Environmental Protection (Industrial Waste Resource) Regulations.

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International Air Transport Association. 2005. Dangerous Goods Regulations.

National Environment Protection Council. 2004. National Environment Protection (Movement of Controlled Waste Between States and Territories) Measure, as varied December 2004.

National Occupational Health and Safety Commission (NOHSC). 1994. National Code of Practice for the Labelling of workplace substances.

New South Wales State Government. 2005. Occupational Health and Safety Amendment (Dangerous Goods) Regulation (2005) under the Occupational Health and Safety Act 2000.

Office of Queensland Parliamentary Council. 2009. Dangerous Goods Safety Management Act (2001).

Queensland State Government, Environmental Protection Agency, December 2005. Queensland Water Recycling Guidelines.

Standards Australia. 2004. Australian Standard 1940-2004. The storage and handling of flammable and combustible liquids.

Standards Australia. 2000. Australian Standard 4681-2000. The storage and handling of class 9 (miscellaneous) dangerous goods and articles.

Standards Australia. 1998. Australian Standard 4494-1998. Discharge of commercial and industrial waste to sewer – General performance requirements.

Standards Australia. 1997. Australian Standard 4452-1997. The storage and handling of toxic substances.

Standards Australia. 2007. Australian Standard 3833-2007. The storage and handling of mixed classes of dangerous goods in packages and intermediate bulk containers.

Standards Australia. 2001. Australian Standard 2031-2001 Selection of containers and preservation of water samples for microbiological analysis

Standards Australia. 1998. Australian Standard 5667-1998 Water samples.

Standards Australia and Standards New Zealand, 2009. Australian / New Zeeland Standard ISO 31000:2009. Risk management - Principles and guidelines. Adopted by the Australian and New Zeeland Joint Technical Committee on Risk Management.

Victorian State Government. 2009. Victoria Dangerous Goods (Storage and Handling) Regulations 2000. Version incorporating amendments as at 1 January 2009.

WorkCover NSW. 2005. Storage and Handling of Dangerous Goods: Code of Practice.

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