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(a) Oxalic acid (C2)

COOHCOOH HOOC

COOH COOH

(b) Malonic acid (C3)

(c) Succinic acid (C4) (d) Glutaric acid (C5)

HOOC

HOOCHOOC

COOH

COOH

H3C

(e) Methylmaleic acid (mM)

CJ�2�%�j�,

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456789>?�:;<=Ö×Ø�LHOOC-COOHP&ÛÜJÉ (Mochida et al., J. Geophys. Res., 2003)

ACE-Asia

NOAA R/V Ron Brown

March to April, 2001

*Hawaii

*Chichi-jima

Jeju Is.

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April 29, 2001RF15

0

200

400

600

800

1000

8 11 12 13 17 18 20 23 24 25 29 30 1 2 4

C2di

C3di

C4di

C5di

Co

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ntr

atio

ns,

ng

/m3

March/May, 2001

RF 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Date

RF15

5

RF16

April/May, 2001 (Kawamura et al., JGR,

2003)

2002/03 Winter

2003 Summer 2004 Spring

Yun-5 airplane and sampling inlets

0 100 200 300 400 500

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

C2

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2

2.5

3

C3

Diacids (500-2000 ngm-3): HOOC-(CH2)n-COOH

水溶性 & CCN

（凝結核）

Mass chromatogram of normal alkanes (C16-C35)

奇数・偶数炭素の比(Carbon Preference Index: CPI):

1234CPI = 1.16±0.12, 冬の試料1.17±0.14

原油CPI=1, 植物ワックスCPI= ~10, 東京（CPI=1.5)

Higher Plant WaxC29

C31

C33

Fossil Fuel Combustion

56

78

9:

(c) PAHs

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

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An

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Pyr

BF

BaA

Chr

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F

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BaP

Per

IP

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A

BghiP

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tt

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summer

winter

In summer BbF is the most abundant PAH, except for Hong Kong, Xiamen

and Jinchang. In winter BbF was the dominant in all the fourteen cities.

BbF is characteristic PAH produced by coal combustion in China.

IP and BghiP were generally the second highest PAHs in both seasons.

Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene (IP) Benzo(ghi)perylene(BghiP)Benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF)

PAHsBbF: 石炭燃焼

! IP/BghiP ratio

ガソリン : 0.22, ディーゼル: 0.50, 石炭: 1.3

(Grimmer et al, 1983; Yassaa et al, 2001)

! IP/BghiP in the fourteen cities

夏 :0.75 to 2.66 (1.15 ± 0.50)

冬: 0.98 to 1.37 (1.15 ± 0.12)

Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene (IP)

Benzo(ghi)perylene(BghiP)

Spatial and seasonal distributions of PAHs:winter and midwest maximum

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Levoglucosan is a dominant sugar in the Chinese aerosolsand at least 10 times more abundant than any other sugars.Concentrations: winter >> summer. In addition to coal,biofuels (woods etc) are still common energy source inChina. Levoglucosan is very hygroscopic and can act asCCN.

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Pyrolysis

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Daytime samples

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1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

0 20 40 60 80 100

RH%

LW

C

June 29, 2005

MIS/(MIS+WSOM)=0.30

June 30, 2005

MIS/(MIS+WSOM)=0.74

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