0132656094 pp01 1

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved

Roots of Applied Behavior Analysis

Chapter 1

Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers

9th edition

Paul A. Alberto and Anne C. Troutman

Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 9th editionAlberto and Troutman

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved

Overview: Roots of Applied Behavior Analysis

Requirements for explaining human behavior Explanations of human behavior

Biophysical Biochemical Developmental Cognitive Behavioral

Historical Development of Behaviorism Respondent Conditioning Associationism Behaviorism Operant Conditioning

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Usefulness Criteria

• Inclusive:• Does the explanation account for a substantial quantity of

behavior?

• Verifiable:• Is the explanation testable?

• Predictive Utility:• Does the explanation provide reliable answers about

what people are likely to do under certain circumstances?

• Parsimonious:• Is it the simplest explanation?

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Biophysical and Biochemical Explanations of Human Behavior

Biophysical Genetic and Hereditary Effects

Dominant Genetic Inheritance Recessive Genetic Inheritance

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Dominant Genetic Inheritance

Affected Mother

(An)

Unaffected Father(nn)

Affected (An)

Normal (nn)

Affected (An)

Normal (nn)

Each child has a 50% chance of inheriting the “A” gene (dominant abnormal gene) or the “n” gene (normal gene) from the affected parent.

Abnormal Gene PassageNormal Gene Passage

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Recessive Genetic InheritanceCarrier Mother(Na)

Carrier Father(Na)

Normal(NN)

Carrier(Na)

Carrier(Na)

Affected (aa)

Each child has a 25% chance of inheriting two “a” genes (recessive abnormal genes) and inheriting two “N” genes (normal genes). Each child also has a 50% chance of being carriers of the abnormal gene.

Abnormal Gene PassageNormal Gene Passage

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Biophysical and Biochemical Explanations of Human Behavior

Biophysical Genetic and Hereditary Effects

Dominant Genetic Inheritance Recessive Genetic Inheritance

Biochemical Brain Damage

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Usefulness of Biophysical and Biochemical Explanation of Human Behavior

Theoretical Explanation

Inclusiveness Verifiability Predictive Utility

Parsimony

Biophysical and Biochemical

Poor Fair Poor Poor

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Developmental Explanations of Human Behavior

Psychoanalytic Theory (Freud) Progression through crucial stages

Abberrant behavior if person fixates on a particular stage

A Stage Theory of Cognitive Development (Piaget)

Assimilation The tendency to adapt the environment to enhance

personal functioning. Accommodation

The tendency to change behavior to adapt to the environment.

Equilibration The process of maintaining a balance between

assimilation and accommodation.

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A Comparison of Freudian and Piagetian Theories

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Piaget’s Stage Theory of Cognitive Development

Age Stage Age Stage

Birth to 2 years Oral Stage: Gratification centered around the mouth

Birth to 1 ½ years

Sensorimotor Intelligence: Infant is preoccupied with differentiating himself from the rest of the world and establish representations of objects.

2 to 4 years Anal Stage: Child derives gratification from withholding and controlling feces. This corresponds with toilet training.

1 ½ to 4 or 5 years

Preoperational Thought- Representational Thinking: Child develops language, however is still unable to take another person’s point of view.

4 to 6 years Phallic Stage: Gratification contents around genitalia. Child becomes attached to parent of the opposite sex and develops hostility to parent of same sex.

5 to 7 years Preoperational Thought – Intuitional Thinking: Child begins to understand conservation, attends to more than one aspect of an object at a time, understands reversibility of some operations.

6 years to Puberty Latency Stage: Child identifies with the parent of the same sex and plays primarily with other children of the same sex in sex-stereotyped activities.

7 to 11 years Concrete Operations: Organizes perceptions and symbols; able to classify along several dimensions simultaneously; cannot solve abstract problems.

Puberty Genital Stage: Child becomes interested in members of the opposite sex.

12 years to Adult

Formal Operations: Deals with abstractions, hypothetical situations, and can think logically.

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Usefulness of Developmental Explanation of Human Behavior



Parsimony

Developmental Good Poor Fair Poor

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Cognitive Explanations of Human Behavior

Gestalt Psychology

Bruner – Discovery Learning

Constructivism

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Usefulness of Cognitive Explanation of Human Behavior



Parsimony

Cognitive Good Poor Poor Poor

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Behavioral Explanation of Human Behavior

All behavior is learned. Behavior must be measurable and

observable A behaviorist focus is on the “present

environmental conditions, both antecedent and consequent, maintaining behavior and on establishing and verifying functional relations between such conditions and behaviors”

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Important Conceptsof Behavioral Explanation

Positive Reinforcement

Negative Reinforcement

Punishment

Extinction

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Important Concepts of Behavioral Explanation

Antecedent Control Stimulus Control Setting Events

Kazdin’s (2000) 3 types of setting events: social, physiological, and environmental

Baily et al’s (1988) subdivision of environmental setting events: instructional dimensions, physical dimensions, social dimensions, and environmental change

Modeling and Shaping

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Usefulness of Behavioral Explanation

of Human Behavior



Parsimony

Behavioral Fair Good Good Good

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Usefulness of Explanations of Human Behavior



Parsimony

Biophysical/ Biochemical Poor Fair Poor Poor

Developmental Good Poor Fair Poor

Cognitive Good Poor Poor Poor

Behavioral Fair Good Good Good

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Historical Development of Behaviorism

Respondent Conditioning (Ivan Pavlov) Classical or Respondent Conditioning – the process of

pairing stimuli so that an unconditioned stimulus elicits a response (reflexive behaviors)

Associationism (Edward Thorndike) Associations between situations and responses Law of Effect Law of Exercise

Stage 1:Tone (CS) Salivation (UCR)

Stage 2:Tone (CS) Salivation (CR)

Food (UCS)

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Historical Development of Behaviorism

Behaviorism (John Watson) Coined term “behaviorism” Focused on observable behaviors – emotional

responses Watson & Rayner (1920) – baby Albert

Operant Conditioning (B.F. Skinner) Voluntary behaviors The arrangement of environmental variables to

establish a functional relation between a voluntary behavior and its consequences.

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Applied Behavior Analysis

“The process of applying sometimes tentative principles of behavior to the improvement of specific behaviors, and simultaneously evaluating whether or not any changes noted are indeed attributed to the process of application.” (Baer, Wolf, & Risley, 1968, p.91)

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7 Characteristics of Research to Qualify as Applied Behavior Analysis

Identified by Baer, Wolf, & Risley (1968)

1)Applied – behavior selected for change must be socially important2)Behavioral – behavior must be observable and measurable3)Analytic – intervention must demonstrate control over the behavior4)Technological – written in such a way that it is easily replicated5)Effective – demonstrate a meaningful change in the desired behavior6)Conceptually Systematic – use appropriate terminology and behavioral concepts7)Generality – must demonstrate maintenance and generalization of the behavior

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