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TRANSCRIPT
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
It’s Tourism: Concepts and PracticesJohn Walker
Tourism Planning and Sustainable
Development
Chapter 6
It’s Tourism: Concepts and PracticesJohn Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Objectives• After reading and studying this
chapter, you should be able to:– Explain the life cycle of tourism– Differentiate between the various
approaches to tourism planning– Discuss the role of governments in
tourism planning
It’s Tourism: Concepts and PracticesJohn Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Objectives (cont’d.)– Explain the purpose of and reasons for
tourism policy– Explain what sustainable development is
and how tourism is tied to it
It’s Tourism: Concepts and PracticesJohn Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
• Planning:– Selecting various goals and strategies to
ensure they are accomplished• In organizations, executives determine
where the organization is and where it wants to go
– Goals are established for each of the key operating areas
Introduction
It’s Tourism: Concepts and PracticesJohn Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Figure 6–1 • Elements of Efficient and Effective Tourism Development
It’s Tourism: Concepts and PracticesJohn Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
• Planning:– May be short term (tactical or
operational planning) or long term (strategic planning)
– Begins with strategic planning• Tourism master plan
– Starts with an environmental scan that assesses social-cultural, technological, economic, educational, political, and legal factors
Introduction (cont’d.)
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Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
• Sustainable development:– Development that meets present needs
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
• All tourism development should be planned to be sustainable
Introduction (cont’d.)
It’s Tourism: Concepts and PracticesJohn Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
• Effective tourism planning:– Necessary for harmony in development– Helps ensure fair and sustainable
policies are enacted– Help ensure the location avoids decline
by prolonging its maturity phase– Requires public and private sector
interaction
Introduction (cont’d.)
It’s Tourism: Concepts and PracticesJohn Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
• Without proper tourism planning destinations encounter problems– Overdevelopment– Pollution and sewage disposal problems
• Environmental scanning– Analytical process
• Allows investors and executives to anticipate trends and allocate resources accordingly
Introduction (cont’d.)
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Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
• Edward Inskeep– Demand factors
• Created by use of attractions, facilities, and services
– Supply factors• Transportation, infrastructure, water, electric,
sewage disposal, attractions, accommodations, foodservice, facilities, services, and industrial elements
Planning as Part of a System
It’s Tourism: Concepts and PracticesJohn Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Figure 6–2 • A Tourism Planning Framework
It’s Tourism: Concepts and PracticesJohn Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
• Approaches to planning:– Community-focused approach
• Incorporates community opinions
– Sustainable approach• Avoids environmental and cultural degradation
– Systems Approach• Tourism as a complete and integrated system
– Governmental approach• Governments involved with several aspects
Planning (cont’d.)
It’s Tourism: Concepts and PracticesJohn Walker
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• International planning premises– Many are derived from World Tourism
Conferences• Joint Declaration of the United Nations
World Tourism Organization• United Nations Environment Program
(UNEP)
Planning Premises
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Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
• Gunn and Turgut– Goals for tourism planning:
• Enhanced visitor satisfaction• Developing infrastructures and providing
recreation facilities for visitors and residents • Improved economy and business success• Sustainable resource use• Community and area integration
Principles for Development
It’s Tourism: Concepts and PracticesJohn Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Figure 6–3 • Inskeep’s Goals for a Tourism Plan
It’s Tourism: Concepts and PracticesJohn Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
• Necessary in tourism planning and development in several areas, including:– Policy– Regulations– Obtaining finances– Issuing/monitoring loans– Resource management– Superstructure and infrastructure
Government Involvement
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– Transportation– International treaties– Recording and publishing information– Human resource development– Training– Health care– Sanitation
Government (cont’d.)
It’s Tourism: Concepts and PracticesJohn Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
• Edward Inskeep recommends national level of tourism planning focus on:– Tourism policy– Physical structure plan– Major infrastructure considerations– Tourism organizational structures,
legislation, and investment policies
Planning at a National Level
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– Overall tourism marketing strategies and promotion programs
– Education and training programs– Facility development and design standards– Sociocultural, environmental, and economic
considerations and impact analyses– National-level implementation techniques– Land use planning
National Level (cont’d.)
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• Claire Gunn, elements necessary for regional development:– Natural resources– Cultural resources– Viable service communities– Access– Markets– Favorable development image
Regional Development Elements
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– Local acceptance of tourism– Favorable government controls– Available land for development– Availability of entrepreneurs and
managers– Availability of labor– Availability of finances
Regional Development (cont’d.)
It’s Tourism: Concepts and PracticesJohn Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
• Many nations have regarded tourism as an economic quick fix– Results in:
• Overtouristed destinations• Overburdened facilities• Overbuilding of hotels• Polluted beaches• Cultural conflict• Dissatisfied tourist
Unsuccessful Development
It’s Tourism: Concepts and PracticesJohn Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
• Stephen Smith, typical evolution of unplanned tropical beach resorts– Some local settlement; no significant
tourism– First tourism; second home strip
development– First hotel; high-budget visitors; new
jobs– More hotels; strip intensified; houses
displaced
Unsuccessful (cont’d.)
It’s Tourism: Concepts and PracticesJohn Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
– More lodging; cultural disruptions; beach congestion/pollution
– More hotels; flood and erosion damage; tourism dominates
– Resort government fails; urbanized resort.
– Serious pollution; lateral spread; fully urbanized
• Model can be applied to other types of tourism development
Unsuccessful (cont’d.)
It’s Tourism: Concepts and PracticesJohn Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
• United Nations first coined the term sustainable development in 1972 – Used it to stress responsible actions in
development projects
• Key concepts:– Meeting needs of visitors and
communities– Protecting the tourism attraction as part
of a national economic resource
Sustainable Development
It’s Tourism: Concepts and PracticesJohn Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
• Tourism must improve the quality of life of the host population– Conserving and protecting natural
surroundings
• Community-based tourism:– Focuses on community involvement
• Quality tourism: – Offers tourists “good value for money”
Sustainable (cont’d.)
It’s Tourism: Concepts and PracticesJohn Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
• Function as management and planning tools for tourism development– General core indicators
• Can be applied to all destinations
– Destination-specific indicators • Can be applied to particular ecosystems or
types of tourism at a particular site, location, or destination
UNWTO Indicators
It’s Tourism: Concepts and PracticesJohn Walker
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• Subcategories:– Ecosystem-specific indicators
• For example, for coastal areas, parks and protected areas, or mountainous areas
– Site-specific indicators• Developed for one specific site
UNWTO Indicators (cont’d.)
It’s Tourism: Concepts and PracticesJohn Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
• Identifying and measuring indicators allows you to: – See specific cause-and-effect
relationships• Identify and prevent/mitigate emerging
issues • Identify impacts before they are problematic• Support sustainable tourism development
while identifying limits and opportunities• Promote management accountability and
responsible decision making
UNWTO Indicators (cont’d.)
It’s Tourism: Concepts and PracticesJohn Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Figure 6–4 • The Core Indicators of Sustainable TourismSource: United Nations World Tourism Organization, What Tourism Managers Need to Know (Madrid, Spain: UNWTO, 2004), 11–21. © UNWTO. 9284404409.
It’s Tourism: Concepts and PracticesJohn Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
• Made up of core indicators and ecosystem-specific indicators– Combined into a single measure of
sustainability that can be monitored
Composite Indices
It’s Tourism: Concepts and PracticesJohn Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Figure 6–5 • Composite Indices for Sustainable TourismSource: United Nations World Tourism Organization. www.UNWTO.org, © UNWTO. 9284404409.
It’s Tourism: Concepts and PracticesJohn Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
• Ecosystem-specific indicators– Coastal zones and mountain regions– Managed wildlife park and unique
ecological sites– Urban environments– Cultural sites and small islands
• Site-specific management indicators– Designed for application at one specific
site
Supplementary Indicators
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Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Figure 6–6 • Ecosystem-Specific Indicator—Coastal ZonesSource: United Nations World Tourism Organization. © UNWTO. 9284404409.
It’s Tourism: Concepts and PracticesJohn Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
• Agenda 21:– Helps in defining priority areas for action– Includes objectives and suggested steps
to achieve them– Strategic and economic importance of
travel and tourism is analyzed– Enormous benefits in a sustainable
tourism industry are clearly demonstrated
Composite Indices (cont’d.)
It’s Tourism: Concepts and PracticesJohn Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
• Green Globe Program:– Evaluates current level of environmental
performance of a tourism entity – Uses a strategic environmental
assessment
Environment Assessment
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Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
• Assessment results include:– Documenting of positive and negative
environmental impacts– Identifying critical performance gaps– Identifying opportunities for remedial action– Environmental policy for the tourism sector– Detailed report on the current situation– Identifying specific sustainable development
recommendations
Environment (cont’d.)
It’s Tourism: Concepts and PracticesJohn Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
• Action, planning, prioritizing, and monitoring– After the assessment has been made,
Green Globe assists with:• Setting environmental improvement priorities• Implementation of timetables• Researching sources of funding• Identification of sustainability indicators
Environment (cont’d.)
It’s Tourism: Concepts and PracticesJohn Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
• Conferences:– 1992 UN Conference on the
Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro
– 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development held in Johannesburg
– International Conference on Climate Change and Tourism
Climate Change
It’s Tourism: Concepts and PracticesJohn Walker
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• Climate change (i.e., global warming)– Great concern to tourism planners,
governments, and citizens– Current threats of climate change:
• Greenland• Arctic and Antarctica• Great Barrier Reef• Florida Everglades
Climate Change (cont’d.)
It’s Tourism: Concepts and PracticesJohn Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
• Kyoto Protocol– Adopted in 1977 – Response to mounting concerns about
climate change– Formalized commitment to cut
greenhouse gas emissions by 5 percent by 2012
• These have only increased since 2003
Climate Change (cont’d.)
It’s Tourism: Concepts and PracticesJohn Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
• World Tourism Organization – Djerba Declaration on Tourism and
Climate Change urged governments to:• Adopt the Kyoto Protocol• Research and collaborate on climate change• Move tourism up the agenda in climate
change discussion• Implement sustainable water use practices
and the ecological management of sensitive areas
• Raise consumer awareness
Climate Change (cont’d.)
It’s Tourism: Concepts and PracticesJohn Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
• Challenges and opportunities include:– Making it clear that protecting the
environment is not incompatible with economic development
• Sustainable development clearly benefits both the economy and the environment
– Connecting environmental sustainability to the fight to eradicate poverty and to eradicate world hunger
Climate Change (cont’d.)