01.greek archa
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The
Greekarchitect
ure
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Minoan Queen Fresco, Knossos
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Knossos Palace, Crete
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Knossos Palace, Crete
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1400 b.C.
1200 b.C.
Mycenean period
Dori
Greek architecture
The name Mycenae is recorded in the Homeric epics
as the seat of King Agamemnon.
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Mycenean city
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Tiryns city Cyclopean Sun-dried bricks and wooden
c ol um ns . A sy mm et ri ca l
planning. Lively frescoes
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Mycenae city Lion gate
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Mycenae city Treasury of Atreus
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2000 b.C.
1200 b.C.
Mycenean period
Dori
XI b.C.
VIII b.C.
Hellenic Middle Age
VI b.C.
Archaic Period (Greek buildings
in the colonization period (8th -
6th century BC), were made of
wood or mud-brick or clay)
VI b.C.
IV b.C.
Classic period
Greek architecture
146 b.C.
Roman conquest the Greece
after the battle of Corinth
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VIII -VI century b. C.
States in war with Persia
Neutral States
Conquests of Dario
Conquests of Perse
Athen
PERSIAN EMPIRE
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X b.C. VIII b.C.
Geometrical
period
IX b.C.
Proto-geometrical
period
MEGARONTEMPLE
J. WHITLEY
DARK AGE HISTORY
Greek architecture
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Archaic Kouros 525 BC
Classical Warrior 460 BC
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X b.C. VIII b.C.
Geometrical
period
IX b.C.
Proto-geometrical
period
POLISASTY
Greek urban planning
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Lefkandi/Xeropolis in Eubea
!"#$% "' ()*(+
H o u s e h o l d :
master rules
wife, slaves,
children
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A e r i a l v i e w o f t h e
settlement at Nichoria in
Messenia. Dated to the
10th century B.C.
(W. A. McDonald et al.
1975. "Excavations at
Nichoria in Messenia:1972-1963." Hesperia
44:69-141: pl. 22a).
Villages: ruled
by chief or king= monarchical
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Plan of the settlement at Karphi. Datedto ca.1050-950 B.C.
(J. Wilson Myers, Eleanor Emlen
Myers and Gerald Cadogan, eds.
1992. The Aerial Atlas of Ancient
Crete . Berkeley: Universi ty of
California Press: fig. 15.1).
Reconstructed view of the settlement
at Karphi. Dated to ca.1050-950 B.C.
(Krzysztof Nowicki. 1987. "The History
and Setting of the Town at Karphi."
SMEA26: 235-250: fig. 6).
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- The example of Smyrna, whichwas rebuilt after a great fire inthe 7th century B.C.
- The rebuilt city had a series of
parallel streets running northand south; at one point therewas an open space laid out for
the agora and near it, on a hill,was a temple.
- This scheme was a simple
one, but it represents a definiteplan, applied to the larger
urban area and based on thenatural topography.
City: equal citizens rule in turns asstatesmen: constitu-tionalrule;Different kinds of rule in different
organizations.
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Household: master
rules wife, slaves,children;
Villages: ruled bychief or king =monarchical;
City: equal citizens
rule in turns asstatesmen: constitu-tionalrule;
Different kinds ofrule in different
organizations.
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The polisis the end of both the household and
the village, providing both with their
completion in the fullest sense. The polis
allows for man to reach his end, or what is
best.
Aristotle states, Again, that for the
sake of which [a thing exists], or the end, is
what is best; and self-sufficiency is an end
and what is best.[1] Because the polisallows
for self-sufficiency it is best above the
other two. The polis is superior to the
household and village because, the whole mustof necessity be prior to the part[2]
[1]Aristotles Politicsbook 1 chapter 2 lines 1252b 33-34 &
1253a1
[2]Aristotles Politicsbook 1 chapter 2 line 1253a 20
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What is the polis?
1.
Greek city-state
2.
Aristotle: a special
kind of association
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Definition of the polis
Every state is a communityof some kind,and every community is established with aview to some good; for everyone always actsin order to obtain that which they thinkgood.
the state or political community, which isthe highest of all, and which embraces allthe rest, aims at good in a greater degreethan any other, and at the highestgood(Pol. 1.1).
a partnership of citizens in theconstitution(3.3)
The state (polis) is NATURAL.
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Relation of state to nature of
man
man is by nature a politicalanimal(emph. added; Pol. I.2)
Therefore man is intended by nature for asociallife;
Anyone who is not social is either a beast
or a god(Pol.1.2);
Man has speech and reason (Logos) given bynature; he can therefore judge
Just/unjust
Expedient/inexpedient
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Key characteristics of the polis
Community
All-embracing
Whole greater than sum of parts
Hierarchical
Aims at good in a greater degree
Not just any good:
Polis aims at highestgoodwhich is?
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the identity of a cityis not constituted by its
walls(Pol. III.3).
1stexample: Athen
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the identity of a city is not constituted by its walls(Pol.
III.3)METROPOLIS
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the identity of a cityis not constituted by its
walls(Pol. III.3).
2nd example: Hippodamos of
Miletus
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Hippodamos of Miletus
- Born in Miletus (in Asia Minor) toward the
end of the 6th century B.C.
-According to Aristotle: "he invented the
division of cities by classes;" he was
eccentric in appearance and habits; and theauthor of a treatise on the ideal
constitution. So he was a theoretician more
than a practicioner.
- Hippodamos, however, was responsible for the
laying out of Piraeus (the port of Athens)
at some point during the second quarter of
the 5th century B.C. and he took part in the
foundation of the colony of Thurii in
southern Italy in 444/3BC.
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Hippodamos of Miletus was a Greek town planner of the
5th century BC. He created plans of Hellenic colony
cities that featured order and regularity, in
contrast to the more common intricacy and confusion
common to cities such as Athens, and he is seen as
the originator of the idea that a town plan might
formally embody and clarify a rational social order.
According to Aristotle (in Politics), he originated
the art of Town Planning, and devised an ideal city
to be inhabited by divided into
three classes (soldiers, artisans and 'husbandmen'),
with the land also divided into three (sacred, publicand private). He also evidently had a reputation as a
lover of attention. According to
His grid plans consisted of series of broad, straight
streets, cutting one another at forty-five and one
hundred thirty-five degree angles.
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$1-
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Sacred Zones where offers
could be made to the gods
Public Zones where thesoldiers could live
Private Zones for the
artisans and 'husbandmen'
The city would have been separated in
three sectors:
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Plan of Miletus (470 b.C.)
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Plan of Miletus (470 b.C.) Miletus (in Asia Minor)
Rebuilt after the defeat of the Persians in
479 BC, perhaps (although there is no
specific evidence) with the assisance of
Hippodamos.-
This was done with a rigidly orthogonalplan using a repeated pattern of
identical units (city "blocks").
- Ample space was provided for the
city's commercial and religiousbuildings.
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The plan provided a limited number ofwider arterial avenues (main streets).
- The city wall enclosed but was not
organically related to the city.
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Miletus was thus "ahead of its time" andit was not until several decades laterthat these ideas received their full
development -- most toward the end ofthe 5th century.
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The polis and the
colonization influenced
the Greek cultural system.In fact in the polis every
Greek man was a citizen
with the some rights.
Jaeger (Paideia, 1953)
wrote that the polis was
the social frame of Greekculture in which we must
to site the value of
literature and art.