02-chain-surveying.pdf
TRANSCRIPT
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Su
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Chapter 3
Chain Surveying
Dr. Mazen Abualtayef
The lecture was prepared by Eng. Heba Hamad, The University of Palestine and modified by
Dr. Mazen Abualtayef, The Islamic University of Gaza
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Content
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Equipment used in chain surveying
3.3 Processes in chain surveying
3.4 Mapping details using chain surveying
3.6 Chaining obstacles
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3.1 Introduction
Common Methods for Measuring Distances are:
• Pacing
• Taping
• Tachometry which requires angle-measuring
instrument (Theodolite) and rod (Staff).
• EDM (Electronic Distance Measurement) using
light and infrared waves like total station and
measuring from few meters to tens of kilometers.
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Type Relative Precision Use
Pacing 1/50 to 1/200 Reconnaissance
استطالع
Taping 1/1,000 to 1/5,000 Land surveys
EDM ±0.04 to 1/300,000 All types of
surveying
Measuring Methods
3.1 Introduction
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3.2 Equipment Used in Chain
Surveying
Measurement of Lines:
• Chain
• Tapes
• Invar Tapes: Nickel-steel alloy
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3.2 Equipment Used in Chain
Surveying
Making Right Angles:
• Optical Prism
• Cross Staff
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3.2 Equipment Used in Chain
Surveying
Others:
• Ranging Rod شاخص
• Arrows
• Pegs أوتاد
• Plumb bobs ميزان الشقلة
• Clinometers مقياس الميل
• Abney Level
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3.3 Processes in Chain Surveying
Two types of measurements are performed:
• ranging and measurement of lines
• setting out of right angles
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3.3 Processes in Chain Surveying
Take the following points in mind when doing
measurements:
• the measurement should be in a straight line.
• the tape should be reasonably pulled to
minimize sagging or over-stretching.
• systematic way should be followed to count
the number of times the tape is used.
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3.3 Processes in Chain Surveying
Ranging and Measurement of Lines:
• Level Ground
• Uniformly Sloping Ground
• Uneven Ground
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A. Level Ground
A BA1 A2 A3 A4
Rod Rod
Forward Ranging
3.3 Processes in Chain Surveying
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B. Uniformly Sloping Ground
sinα Ld α cos LH
22 dLH
3.3 Processes in Chain Surveying
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C. Uneven Ground
3.3 Processes in Chain Surveying
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Two cases are to be considered:
- Dropping a perpendicular from point C to a
line AB
- Setting out a line at right angles to another
line AB from a given point C on this line
3.3.2 Setting Out Right Angles
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Method 1
Dropping a perpendicular from point C to a line AB
C
3.3.2 Setting Out Right Angles
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Method 2
Dropping a perpendicular from point C to a line AB
C
3.3.2 Setting Out Right Angles
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Method 3
D F
C
E
BA
Dropping a perpendicular from point C to a line AB
3.3.2 Setting Out Right Angles
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Method 4
Dropping a perpendicular from point C to a line AB
C
3.3.2 Setting Out Right Angles
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Method 1
Setting out a line to AB from C on the line
3.3.2 Setting Out Right Angles
C
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D EC
3.3.2 Setting Out Right Angles
Method 2
Setting out a line to AB from C on the line
F
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3 m
4 m
5 m
3.3.2 Setting Out Right Angles
Method 3
Pythagoras
Setting out a line to AB from C on the line
C BA
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3.4 Mapping Details
In chain surveying, the topographical and man-
made features are located and mapped
• By measuring with the tape the lengths of a
series of selected reference straight lines,
called chain lines.
• And then locating points on the ground
relative to these lines.
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3.4 Mapping Details
Methods of Locating Ground Details
• Method of Ties
• Method of Offsets
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3.4 Mapping Details
Before performing any field measurements, the
surveyor should:
• Visit the area to be mapped
• Notice the shape of the area
• Notice the existing details
• Draw reasonable sketch
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3.4.1 Choice of Chain Lines
Well-conditioned triangles (Angles 30 – 120)
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3.4.1. Choice of Chain Lines
As close as possible to the buildings
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3.4.1. Choice of Chain Lines
At least two stations can be seen
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3.4.1. Choice of Chain Lines
Minimum Number of Lines
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3.4.1. Choice of Chain Lines
Provide check line possibility
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3.4.1. Choice of Chain Lines
Avoid obstacles
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3.4.2 Booking the Measurements
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Considerations to be taken:
• Begin each line at the bottom of a fresh page
• Don’t rely on memory
• Proceed from the bottom to the top
• All details must be sketched roughly to scale
• All other chain lines should be recorded
• Offset are not Drawn and ties are drawn
• Names should be recorded
3.4.2 Booking the Measurements
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3.4.3 Plotting the Details
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The plotting of details proceeds according to:
• Choose the appropriate scale
• Using Pencil, Begin plotting offsets and ties
• Check the details
• All details are then inked
3.4.3 Plotting the Details
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When plotting the details, Try to do the following:
• Make the north to the top of the sheet
• Center the drawing in the middle of the sheet
3.4.3 Plotting the Details
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3.6 Chaining Obstacles
Chaining Obstacles:
• Vision is obscured, chaining is possible
• Vision possible, chaining prevented
• Both of vision and chaining prevented
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a) Vision obscured, chaining possible
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b) Vision possible, chaining prevented
1. Closed Obstacles (Pond)
a. The Parallel Method
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b) Vision possible, chaining prevented
K
1. Closed Obstacles (Pond)
b. The Capital Letter A Method
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b) Vision possible, chaining prevented
From the similar triangles EDF, FGH
FGEC
FGCGHG
2. Linear Obstacles (River)
a. The First Method
ED
FG
FD
HG
River
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FHJG
b) Vision possible, chaining prevented
2. Linear Obstacles (River)
b. The Second Method
River
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b) Vision possible, chaining prevented
2. Linear Obstacles (River)
c. The Third Method
River
DF
B
G
E
CA
ED
EC
EF
EG
ED
EFECEG
.
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c) Both chaining and vision prevented
FA
GAFCGD
FA
HAFCHE
Random Line
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Prolonged Line
c) Both vision and chaining prevented
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CD 2MN
A-Method
c) Both vision and chaining prevented