02 -development by dr.khalid hammasalh
DESCRIPTION
development .TRANSCRIPT
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENTGROWTH AND DEVELOPMENTGROWTH AND DEVELOPMENTGROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Dr.Khalid Hama salih,
Pediatrics specialist M.B.Ch.; D. C.H
F.I.B.M.S.ped
22
DevelopmentDevelopment
• The term 'child development' is used to The term 'child development' is used to describe the skill and capacity of function describe the skill and capacity of function acquired by children between birth and about 5 acquired by children between birth and about 5 years of ageyears of age
• It is a qualitative change in the childIt is a qualitative change in the child’’s s functioning.functioning.
• It can be measured through observation. It can be measured through observation.
By understanding what to expect during each stage of developmentBy understanding what to expect during each stage of development, , parents can easily capture the teachable moments in everyday life to parents can easily capture the teachable moments in everyday life to enhance their child's language development, intellectual growth, social enhance their child's language development, intellectual growth, social
development and motor skillsdevelopment and motor skills..
NB/Chronological age, physical growth and NB/Chronological age, physical growth and developmental skills usually evolve hand in developmental skills usually evolve hand in hand. Just as there are normal ranges for hand. Just as there are normal ranges for changes in body size with age, so there are changes in body size with age, so there are ranges over which new skills are acquired. ranges over which new skills are acquired.
When considering developmental milestones:When considering developmental milestones: The The median agemedian age is the age when half of a standard is the age when half of a standard
population of children achieve that level; it serves as population of children achieve that level; it serves as a guide to when stages of development are likely to a guide to when stages of development are likely to be reached but does not tell us if the child's skills are be reached but does not tell us if the child's skills are outside the normal range. outside the normal range.
Limit agesLimit ages are the age by which they should have are the age by which they should have been achieved. Limit ages are usually 2 standard been achieved. Limit ages are usually 2 standard deviations from the mean. They are more useful as a deviations from the mean. They are more useful as a guide to whether a child's development is normal than guide to whether a child's development is normal than the median agesthe median ages
There are four fields of There are four fields of developmental skills todevelopmental skills to
These are: These are: A. gross motor A. gross motor B. vision and fine motor B. vision and fine motor C. hearing, speech and language C. hearing, speech and language D.social, emotional and behavioural.D.social, emotional and behavioural.
Gross motor skills are the most obvious initial Gross motor skills are the most obvious initial area of developmental progress. As fine motor area of developmental progress. As fine motor skills require good vision, these are grouped skills require good vision, these are grouped together; similarly, normal speech and together; similarly, normal speech and language development depends on reasonable language development depends on reasonable hearing and so these are also considered hearing and so these are also considered together. Social, emotional and behavioural together. Social, emotional and behavioural skills are a spectrum of psychological skills are a spectrum of psychological developmentdevelopment
gross motor development: an explosion of gross motor development: an explosion of skills during the first year of life ,large muscleskills during the first year of life ,large muscle
vision and fine motor development: more vision and fine motor development: more evident acquisition of skills from 1 year evident acquisition of skills from 1 year onwards onwards
hearing, speech and language: a big expansion hearing, speech and language: a big expansion of skills from 18 months of skills from 18 months
social, emotional and behavioural social, emotional and behavioural development: expansion in skills is most development: expansion in skills is most obvious from 2.5 years. obvious from 2.5 years.
PEDIATRIC ASSESSMENT PEDIATRIC ASSESSMENT INSTRUMENTSINSTRUMENTS
DENVER DEVELOPMENTAL SCREENING DENVER DEVELOPMENTAL SCREENING TEST(DDST)TEST(DDST)
BAYLEY SCALES OF INFANT BAYLEY SCALES OF INFANT DEVELOPMENT(BSID)DEVELOPMENT(BSID)
PEABODY MOTOR SCALES PEABODY MOTOR SCALES
GROSS MOTOR FUNCTION MEASURES GROSS MOTOR FUNCTION MEASURES (GMFM)(GMFM)
Birth• Gross motoGross motorr:The newborn's movement are :The newborn's movement are
random, diffuse and uncoordinated.random, diffuse and uncoordinated. Complete head lag
• Visio&Fine motorVisio&Fine motor. Holds hand in fist. Holds hand in fist• Bright lights appear to be unpleasant to Bright lights appear to be unpleasant to
newborn infant.Follow objects in line of visionnewborn infant.Follow objects in line of vision• Hearing &speechHearing &speech:The newborn infant :The newborn infant
responds to sounds with either cry or eye responds to sounds with either cry or eye movement, cessation of activity and / or startle movement, cessation of activity and / or startle reaction. reaction.
SocialSocial:The newborn infant expresses his :The newborn infant expresses his emotion just through cry for hunger, pain or emotion just through cry for hunger, pain or discomfort sensation. discomfort sensation.
66- - 8weeks8weeks gross motor gross motor ::Pelvis flatter
HeadControldeveloping but head noding
Curved back, needs supportCurved back, needs support
vision and fine motor vision and fine motor ::
Follows moving objects 180 degreFollows moving objects 180 degre
hearing,& speech hearing,& speech ::listens to voice and listens to voice and cooscoos
SocialSocial: : Smiles on social contactSmiles on social contact
4 months gross motor gross motor Lifts head and shoulders with weight on
forearms no head lag when pulled to sitting no head lag when pulled to sitting position,position,
vision and fine motor vision and fine motor reaches for and grasps reaches for and grasps objects andobjects andHolds a rattle and shakesPurposefullyHolds a rattle and shakesPurposefully
brings them to mouthbrings them to mouth hearing,& speech :hearing,& speech :Laughs out loud, exited at sight Laughs out loud, exited at sight
of food, may show displeasureof food, may show displeasure Social : Social : social contact isocial contact i
6 months
gross motor gross motor Arms extended supporting chest off couchSits with self proppingSits with self propping
Stands with support Roles over, creep-crawlsStands with support Roles over, creep-crawls vision and fine motor vision and fine motor Reaches for and grasps Reaches for and grasps
large objects, large objects, transfers object from Hand to hand transfers object from Hand to hand
Hearing,& speech Hearing,& speech forms polysyllabic vowel soundsforms polysyllabic vowel sounds Social:Social: Prefers mother, responds to changes in Prefers mother, responds to changes in
emotional contentemotional content of social contact of social contact
99 monthsmonths
gross motor: gross motor: Gets in to sitting position alone,crowlGets in to sitting position alone,crowl
Pulls to standing and standsholding onPulls to standing and standsholding on vision and fine motor: vision and fine motor: grasps objects with grasps objects with
thumb and thumb and forefinger (forefinger (Immature pincer graspImmature pincer grasp
Hearing,& speech :Hearing,& speech :Double babble: dada mama Double babble: dada mama babababa
Social :Social :responds to sound of name,responds to sound of name,waves bye byewaves bye bye
1212 monthsmonthsgross motor: gross motor: Stands, and walks withStands, and walks with
one handheldone handheld
vision and fine motor: vision and fine motor: Mature pincer graspGives Mature pincer graspGives bricks to examinerbricks to examiner
Hearing,& speech Hearing,& speech says a few words besides mama says a few words besides mama and dadaand dada
Social : Social : plays simple ball games, makes postural plays simple ball games, makes postural adjustments toadjustments to
dressingdressing
1515 monthmonth
gross motor gross motor Walks independently andWalks independently and
stoops to pick up objects stoops to pick up objects
vision and fine motor: vision and fine motor: Builds a tower of two Builds a tower of two cubescubes
Hearing,& speechHearing,& speech 10 words ;No Ta Teddy Bed 10 words ;No Ta Teddy Bed Dog, BottleDog, Bottle
Social : Social : Drinks from a cupDrinks from a cup
22 years ( 24 mo )years ( 24 mo );;
gross motor: gross motor: Runs up and down stairs one Runs up and down stairs one step at a timestep at a time
vision and fine motor: vision and fine motor: Scribbles with a pencilScribbles with a pencil Hearing,& speechHearing,& speech Linking two words Daddy Linking two words Daddy
gone, Teddy's tiredgone, Teddy's tired Social : Social : Toilet trained by day Spoon-feeding Toilet trained by day Spoon-feeding
selfself
3 year’s ( 36 mo);
gross motor: ; Rides tricycle, stands momentarily on one foot.
vision and fine motor:; copies a circle imitates a cross.
Hearing,& speech knows age and sex, counts three objects correctly.
Social; plays simple games with other children, washes Dresses self (except buttons)hands.
4 years (48 mo);
gross motor; Hops on one foot, uses scissors to cut out pictures.
vision and fine motor; Copies circle and square, draws a man with 2 to 4 partsbesides head.
Hearing&Language; counts up to4 accurately, tells story.
Social; plays with several children with the beginning of role play,goes to toilet alone
5 year ( 60 mo);
gross motor; Skips.
vision and fine motor; copies a triangle, names heavier of two weights.
Hearing&Languag; Repeats sentences of 10 syllables , counts 10 pennies correctly.
Social; dresses and undresses, asks questions about meaning of words.
Motor Skills-SummaryMotor Skills-Summary
Age 3-tricycle, copies circleAge 3-tricycle, copies circle
Age 4-hops, copies squareAge 4-hops, copies square
Age 5-skips, copies triangleAge 5-skips, copies triangle
school ageschool age
During school age, evidence of developmental During school age, evidence of developmental progression is predominantly through progression is predominantly through cognitive development, abstract thinking and cognitive development, abstract thinking and
skills of conceptualisationskills of conceptualisation , ,
Adolescence; is a period of development which involves with in it ;
Puberty; which is a biological process in which a child becomes an adult.
These changes include; development of secondary sexual characteristic, increase to adult size and development of reproductive capacity.
Adolescence has 3 stage; Early, middle, and late.
;
BiologicalPsychologicalSocial
Early adolescenceEarly pubertyFemales - breast bud, pubic hair development, start of growth spurtMales-testicular enlargement, start of genital growth
Concrete thinking but begin to develop moral concepts and awareness of their sexual identity
The early emotional separation from parents, start of a strong peer identification, early exploratory behaviours, e.g. may start smoking
Mid-adolescenceFemales - end of growth spurt, menarche, change in body shapeMales - sperm production, voice breaks, start of growth spurtAcneBlushingNeed for more sleep
Abstract thinking, but still seen as 'bulletproof', increasing verbal dexterity, may develop a fervent ideology (religious, political)
Continuing emotional separation from parents, heterosexual peer interest, early vocational plans
Late adolescenceMales - end of puberty, continued growth in height, strength and body hair
Complex abstract thinking identification of difference between law and morality, increased impulse control, further development of personal identity, further development or rejection of ideologies
Social autonomy, may develop intimate relationships, further education or employment, may begin or develop financial independence
Gross motor developmentGross motor development Prone positionProne position BirthBirthGenerally flexed postureGenerally flexed posture 6 weeks6 weeksPelvis flatterPelvis flatter 4 months4 monthsLifts head and shoulders with Lifts head and shoulders with
weight on forearmsweight on forearms 6 months6 monthsArms extended supporting Arms extended supporting
chest off couchchest off couch
Pull to sitPull to sitBirthBirth Complete head lagComplete head lag 6 weeks6 weeksHead control DevelopingHead control Developing 4 months4 monthsNo head lagNo head lag
Head ControlHead Control
Newborn Age 6 months
Sitting UpSitting Up
Age 2 months Age 8 months
AmbulationAmbulation
13 month old
Nine to 12-months