02 microoganisms in food

8/12/2019 02 Microoganisms in Food

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lbocsghulbrpgyscas.co

Efncoctcdo

Ugf drkbocsls wgcag aboodt mf dmsfrvfe wctg tgf obhfe fyf boe abo mf sffo do`y tgrdukg b lcardsadpf

brf ab``fe lcarddrkbocsls dr lcardmfs.

Ndde boe wbtfr mfadlf uosbnf ndr adosulptcdo euf td tgf prfsfoaf dn gbrlnu` drkbocsls, adlldo`y

rfnfrrfe td bs kfrls . Ugfsf kfrls brf sd slb`` tgbt tgfy brf covcscm`f td tgf obhfe fyf, mut abo dntfo

abusf ebokfrdus ecsfbsfs. Qcoaf tgfsf drkbocsls abo mf sffo do`y tgrdukg b lcardsadpf, tgfy brf ab``fe

lcarddrkbocsls dr lcardmfs. [gfo tgf mdey cs bttbahfe my kfrls dr pbtgdkfos, lfecacofs ab``fe

botcmcdtcas brf kcvfo. Botcmcdtcas bat bkbcost tgf mbatfrcb wctgco tgf mdey, wctgdut gbrlcok tgf pfrsdo.

Lcarddrkbocsls

Lcarddrkbocsls brf prfsfot co tgf bcr, wbtfr, ndde boe fvfo coscef dur mdecfs. [gc`f b lbidrcty dn tgf

lcardmfs brf gbrl`fss, sdlf dn tgfl gbvf tgf abpbmc`cty dn abuscok ebokfrdus ecsfbsfs.

Lcarddrkbocsls

Mbatfrcb B`kbf Nuokc Zrdtdzdb ^crusfs

=AGBZUF]

ADOUFOUQ

Efncoctcdo

Lcarddrkbocsls

A`bsscncabtcdo dn Lcarddrkbocsls

Vsfnu` Lcarddrkbocsls

Gbrlnu` Lcarddrkbocsls

Lftgdes dn Ndde Zrfsfrvbtcdo

LC ]DD]K OCQLQ


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A`bsscncabtcdo dn Lcarddrkbocsl

Lcardmfs brf lbco`y a`bsscncfe cotd ncvf lbidr krdups 9

Mbatfrcb 9

Mbatfrcb (scoku`br9 mbatfrcul) brf scok`f-ab``fe drkbocsls tgbt vbry co sgbpf boe sczf. Qdlf mbatfrcb brfrduoe dr dvb` (adaaus), dtgfrs brf rde-sgbpfe (mbac``us) dr spcrb`. Qdlf mbatfrcb brf butdtrdpgca bs tgfyadotbco ag`drdpgy``, mut ldst dn tgfl brf gftfrdtrdpgca, sgdwcok sbprdpgytca dr pbrbsctca ldef dn outrctcdo.

Nck. Ecnnfrfot typfs dn mbatfrcb

B`kbf 9

Butdtrdpgca drkbocsls gbvcok uoecnnfrfotcbtfe p`bot mdecfs brf ab``fe b`kbf (scoku`br9 b`kb). B`kbf daaur bmuoebot`y, `chf krbss co bqubtca gbmctbts boe brf b`sd ab``fe 'krbss dn wbtfr' .

Nck. Qdlf ndrls dn b`kbf


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Nuokc 9Nuokc (scoku`br9 nuokus) brf b krdup dn p`bot-`chf drkbocsls fxgcmctcok gftfrdpgca (sbprdpgytca dr pbrbsctca)outrctcdo. Ugfy brf adlldo`y nduoe do mrfbe, `fbtgfr, adttdo, pbpfr, fta. Nuokc krdw vckdrdus`y co eblp,wbrl, ebrh p`bafs, Sfbst, lduès boe lusgrddls brf ndrls dn nuokc. Sfbst, lduès boe lusgrddls brfndrls dn nuokc. Sfbst cs adlldo`y usfe ndr mbhcok mrfbfe, abhfs, fta. Ugf yfbst nfrlfots sukbr prfsfotco tgf wgfbt boe adovfrts ct td abrmdo ecdxcef boe bàdgd`. Ugf kbs fxpboes, sd tgbt tgf edukg (hofbefebttb) rcsfs, kcvcok sgbpf boe n`bvdur td tgf prfpbrbtcdo.

nck. Qdlf ndrls dn nuokc

Zrdtdzdb 9Vocaf`ù`br drkbocsls tgbt fxgcmct boclb`-`chf agbrbatfrcstcas brf ab``fe prdtdzdb (scoku`br9 prdtdzdbo). Ugfwdre prdtdzdbo `ctfrb``y lfbos 'tgf ncrst boclb`'. Ldst prdtdzdb brf gftfrdtrdpgca.

nck. Qdlf ndrls dn Zrdtdzdb


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^crusfs 9

B vcrus cs b lcarddrkbocsl wgcag fxgcmcts agbrbatfrcstcas dn `cvcok bs wf`` bs odo-`cvcok tgcoks. ^crusfs

fxgcmct b vbrcfty dn sgbpfs, gbvcok sclp`f struaturf. ]fprdeuacok do`y coscef b `cvcok drkbocsl, vcrusfs abo

abusf lboy ecsfbsfs.

nck. Qdlf ndrls dn vcrusfs


Gulbos gbvf lboy lcarddrkbocsl co tgfcr co tgfcr eckfstcvf systfl tgbt adotrcmutf td dvfrb`` gfb`tg. Ugf

lcardmcb` adlluocty co gulbos odt do`y prdtfats us nrdl ecsfbsf, mut b`sd prdvcefs ofafssbry vctblcos.

Mbatfrcb b`sd gf`p co octrdkfo ncxbtcdo co prdeuatcdo dn botcmcdtcas, fta. B`kbf brf b`sd usfnu` co b oulmfr

dn coeustrcfs. Ugfrfndrf, fvfo tgrdukg lcardmfs brf rfspdoscm`f ndr ndde spdc`bkf boe lboy ecsfbsfs, tgfy

abo b`sd mf vfry gf`pnu`.

Qdlf lcarddrkbocsls boe tgfcr usfs brf `cstfe co Ubm`f 9

A`bsscncabtcdo Qpfacfs/Oblf VsfF.ad`c, A`dstrcecul sp. Zrdeuatcdo dn vctblcos co tgf `brkf cotfstcof]gczdmcul Octrdkfo ncxbtcdo@batdmbac``us Zrdeuatcdo dn ebcry prdeuats,

`chf ydkgurt, agffsf, fta.Ag`drf` b, Ag`blyedldbos Qfwbkf ecspdsb` systfl]fe boe mrdwo b`kbf Lbounbaturcok au`turf lfecul ab``fe 'bkbr'

usfe co `bmdrbtdrcfs boe gdspctb sLusgrddl Vsfe bs ndde ctflBspfrkc``us n`bvus Bspfrkc``ca baceZfocac``cul odtbtul Botcmcdtcas (Zfocac``co)

Sfbst Zrfpbrbtcdo dn ^ctblco M Adlp`fx,

nfrlfotcok ndr lbhcok mrfbe, abhfs

Nuokc


Mbatfrcb

B`kbf


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Sdkgurt dr aure (ebgc) cs tgf adlldofst fxblp`f dn mfofncacb` usf dn lcardmfs. Sdukgurt cs b pbrt dn

dur ebc`y ecft boe wf fbt ct co vbrcdus ndrls, wctg ecnnfrfot n`bvdur. Ugcs ebgc cs lbef nrdl lc`h my tgf

batcdo dn b mbatfrcul ab``fe `batdmbac`ùs dr `btca bace mbatfrcb. Ct adovfrts tgf sukbr co lc`h (`batdsf) td

`batca bace, kcvcok aure cts sdur tbstf. Ugcs prdafss wbs coctcb``y usfe bs b wby td prfsfrvfe lc`h.

)lc`h co(@batdsf

ùs@batdmbac`

)Sdkgurt(Bace@batca

Aure`cok dn lc`h tbhfs p`bafs obturb``y, euf td gfbt (spfacb``y co sullfr).

Aurecok dn lc`h b`sd tbhfs p`baf euf td beectcdo dn boy dn tgf bace prdeuats suag bs sdur aure, `fldo

iucaf boe fvfo tdlbtd iucaf.

Gbrlnu` Lcarddrkbocsls

Ugf ecsfbsf abuscok lcarddrkbocsls brf ab``fe pbtgdkfos. Ct cs ofafssbry td prdtfat dursf`vfs nrdl tgf

ecnnfrfot ecsfbsfs abusfe my lcarddrkbocsl dr kfrls. Ugf adlldofst ldef dn fotry ndr tgfsf kfrls

cs tgf ndde wf fbt boe tgf wbtfr wf ercoh. Qdlf gbrlnu` lcarddrkbocsls boe tgf ecsfbsfs abusfe brf

kcvfo co Ubm`f 9

A`bs s cncabtcdo Qpf acf s /Oblf Ecs f bs f s abus f eQb ldof` b, A`dstrcecul Ndde pdcsdocokLyadmbatfrcul, fta. Uumfrau dscs, wgddpcok adukg, agd frb, typgdce

B`kbf Afpgb furds ]fe rust dn tfb boe adnnff p botsLduès, l c efws Qpdc`bkf dn ndde, rust dn wgfbt, m ckgt dn pdtbtdfs]cokwdrl, f ta . Nuokb` confa tcdo, b tg f tf 's nddtF. gcstd`ytcab B ldfmcbscs, eysfotryZ`bsldecul Lb`brcbLfbs fs vcrus Lfbs fsZd cd vcrus Zd cdlyf`ctcsGC^ BCEQ

^crusfs

Ubm`fGbrlnu` Lcarddrkbocsls

Nuokc

Zrdtdzdb

Mbatfrcb

Qdlftclfs, ecsfbsf abrrycok kfrls brf abrrcfe my dtgfr drkbocsls. Ndr f.k. Ugf pbtgdkfo ndr lb`brcb

cs abrrcfe my b ldsquctd (tgf nflb`f Bodpgf`fs, ldsquctd) boe fotfrs tgf mdey wgfo tgf ldsquctd mctfs.

Gfrf, tgf ldsquctd bats bs b abrrcfe wgc`f tgf gulbo cs tgf gdst. Qcoaf ldsquctdff brf abpbm`f dn

abrrycok boe sprfbecok lboy ecsfbsfs `chf lb`brcb, efokuf, fta. Ct cs vfry clpdrtbot td adotrd` tgf

rfprdeuatcdo dr mrffecok dn ldsquctdfs. Qcoaf ldsquctdfs mrffe do wbtfr, wf lust fosurf tgbt tgfrf cs

od stboecok rbco wbtfr dr wbtfr co add`frs, fta. ofbr dur gdlfs.


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Gdw cs ndde spdc`t 4

Qdlf nddes kft pfrcsgfe fbsc`y, cn odt stdrfe co rfnrckfrbtdrs. Ndr fxblp`f, nddes `chf nructs, vfkftbm`fs,addhfe ndde kft spdc`t cn hfpt bt rddl tflpfrbturf. Nuokb` krdwtg do mrfbfe (ab``fe mrfbe ldu`e) cs sffoadlldo`y, fspafatb``y co rbcoy sfbsdo. Qpdc`bkf dn ndde cs euf td tgf batcdo dn lcarddrkbocsls prfsfot

co tgf ndde dr dutscef. Co sullfrs lc`h kdfs rboace (aure`fe) euf td gckg tflpfrbturf, tgbt's wgy ct offestd mf stdrfe co b add` boe ery p`baf. Ncoe dut tgf rfbsdo wgy pu`sfs, krbcos boe spcafs ed odt kft spdc`t,`chf nructs & vfkftbm`fs.

Lftgdes dn Ndde Zrfsfrvbtcdo

[gbt ed ydu ed wctg `fnt-dvfr ndde bntfr ecoofr 4 Ct cs hfpt co tgf nrcekf. Cn `fnt dutscef, tgf ndde abokft spdc`fe, boe abo abusf ndde pdcsdocok cn fbtfo. [f gbvf sffo gdw ebokfrdus lcarddrkbocsls abo mf. Ugbt cs wgy ct cs vfry clpdrtbot ndr us td mf abrfnu` bmdut ndde qub`cty boe prfsfrvbtcdo. Ecnnfrfotlftgdes usfe td prfvfot spdc`bkf dn ndde, my `clctcok tgf krdwtg dn lcardmfs brf 9

]fnrckfrbtcdo

Ndde cs hfpt bt `dw tflpfrbturf td rfeuaf tgf rbtf dn rfprdeuatcdo dn tgf lcarddrkbocsls boe prfvfotndde spdc`bkf.

Efgyerbtcdo dr erycok

Ndde ctfls brf ercfe co tgf suo dr my sprbycok dr nrffzcok. Ugcs prdafss cs adlldo`y usfe ndr prfsfrvcoknructs, b`tgdukg sdlf outrcfots brf `dst my erycok.

Beectcdo dn sb`t dr sukbr

Lcardmfs offe wbtfr ndr krdwtg. My beecok sb`t dr sukbr, wbtfr cs lbef uobvbc`bm`f, tgfrfmy adotrd``coklcardmcb` krdwtg. Zcahf`s boe ibls brf prfsfrvfe ndde ctfls (nructs boe vfkftbm`fs) boe abo mf hfpt ndr lboy ldotgs.

Nrffzcok

Nrdzfo ndde cs vfry pdpu`br odwbebys bs ct gbs krfbtfr sgf n `cnf, wctgdut luag `dss dn outrcfots.]feuatcdo co tflpfrbturf boe uobvbc`bmc`cty dn wbtfr gf`p td `clct lcardmfs.

QldhcokLfbt prdeuats brf prfsfrvfe my tgf prdafss dn sldhcok wgcag usfs erycok tfagocquf bs wf`` bs sdlfsumstboafs nrdl sldhf.

Zbstfurczbtcdo boe GdldkfoczbtcdoZbstfurczbtcdo cs b prdafss my wgcag lcarddrkbocsls brf efstrdyfe my gckg tflpfrbturf boe sueefoadd`cok. Lc`h cs gfbtfe td brduoe ;:A boe tgfo sueefo`y add`fe. Ct cs adlldo`y usfe ndr lc`h, scoaf dtgfr ndde ctfls abo `dsf gfbt-sfosctcvf outrcfots.Gdldkfoczbtcdo cs tgf prdafss dn pbsscok b sumstboaf (usub``y lc`h) uoefr gckg prfssurf tgrdukg tgcotumfs, wgcag rfeuafs tgf tfoefoay dn arfblcok dn nbt.

AboocokAboofe prdeuats brf ncrst sumifatfe td gckg gfbt prdafsscok, tgfo sfb`fe co abos. [gc`f aboocok coarfbsfssgf`n `cnf. abrf lust mf tbhfo td fosurf tgbt tgf abos brf odt eblbkfe dr mu`kcok, wgcag wdu`e coecabtfespdc`bkf.


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Qtfrc`czbtcdo

Cdoczcok rbecbtcdos brf usfe td efstrdy lcarddrkbocsls wctgdut bnnfatcok gfbt-sfosctcvf outrcfots. Ugcs prdafss cs adlldo`y usfe ndr prfsfrvbtcdo dn lusgrddls, strbwmfrrcfs, pdtbtdfs, fta.

Ugf lcardmcb` wdrè cs nbsacobtcok`y vbst, wctg ecnnfrfot spfacfs boe typfs dn drkbocsls, rbokcok nrdl tgf

gf`pnu` cotfstcob` mbatfrcb td tgf efbe`y vcrusfs. Ugf prfsfoaf dn lcarddrkbocsl co ndde lust my fxblcofeboe abrf lust mf tbhfo td fosurf prdpfr addhck boe prfsfrvbtcdo dn ndde.

Octrdkfo Ncxbtcdo

Ugf prdafss dn adovfrtcok btldspgfrca octrdkfo cotd adlpduoes dn

octrdkfo, lbco`y octrbtfs, wgcag abo mf fbsc`y usfe my p`bots cs ab``fe

octrdkfo ncxbtcdo . Cn abo mf ncxfe co twd wbys.

2. Obturb` ncxbtcdo dr Btldspgfrca ncxbtcdo

=. Brtcncacb` ncxbtcdo dr Coeustrcb` ncxbtcdo.

Obturb` Ncxbtcdo dn Octrdkfo

Co obturf octrdkfo dn tgf btldspgfrf abo mf ncxfe my tgrff lftgdes wgcag brf `cstfe mf`dw.

Ncxbtcdo dn Octrdkfo my Mbatfrcb 9 Ugf rddt odeu`fs dn afrtbco `fkolcodus p`bots `chf pfbs, mfbos,

fta. adotbco octrdkfo ncxcok mbatfrcb ab``fe ]gczdmcul . Ugf mbatfrcb abo ecrfat`y ncx octrdkfo kbs td

octrdkfo adlpduoes wgcag abo tgfo tgf utc`csfe my tgf p`bots. Qdlf odo-`fkulcodus p`bots `chf Bòus

boe Kcohkd b`sd ncx btldspgfrca octrdkfo.

Ncxbtcdo dn Octrdkfo my Mùf - Krffo B`kf 9 Mùf-krffo b`kbf `chf Odstda boe Bobmbfob abob`sd gf`p co octrdkfo ncxbtcdo. Ugfsf brf usub``y nduoe co pbeey ncfès.

Ugf ncxbtcdo dn octrdkfo my mbatfrcb boe b`kbf cs ab``fe mcd`dkcab` ncxbtcdo dn octrdkfo. Ldst dn

tgf octrdkfo co obturf cs ncxfe my tgcs lftgde

Ncxbtcdo dn Octrdkfo my @ckgtocok 9 Eurcok `ckgtcok co tgf shy, wgfo gckg tflpfrbturf cs prdeuafe,

tgf octrdkfo kbs dn tgf btldspgfrf rfbats wctg dxykfo td ndrl octrdkfo dxcef. Ugcs octrdkfo dxcef

ecssd`vfs co rbcowbtfr td ndrl b vfry ecùtf sdùtcdo dn octrca bace. Ugf octrca bace tgus ndrlfe rfbats

wctg b`hb`cs prfsfot co tgf sdc` td ndrl octrbtfs wgcag brf tgfo bmsdrmfe my tgf p`bots.

Brtcncacb` ncxbtcdo dn Octrdkfo

Co tgcs lftgde tgf btldspgfrca octrdkfo cs lbef td adlmcof wctg gyerdkfo kbs td ndrl blldocb (Gbmfr's

prdafss). Ugcs blldocb abo mf dxceczfe td lbhf octrbtfs dr rfbat wctg bace td ndrl blldocul sb`ts. Ugf

octrbtfs bs wf`` bs blldocul sb`ts adotbco ncxfe octrdkfo boe brf usfe bs nfrtc`csfrs.

Nck.]ddt Odeu`fs


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Octrdkfo Aya`f

Ugf acrau`btcdo dn octrdkfo tgrdukg tgf `cvcok boe odo-`cvcok adlpdofots dn tgf mcdspgfrf (bcr, sdc`, wbtfr, p`bots boe boclb`s) cs ab``fe octrdkfo aya`f. Octrdkfo aya`f lbcotbco tgf pfrafotbkf dn octrdkfo co tgfbtdldspgfrf ldrf dr `fss bt b adostbot.

BULDQZGF]CA OCU]DKFO

@ckgtocokncxfs octrdkfo

Qdlf mbatfrcb & m`uf krffo b`kbfncx btldspgfrca

octrdkfo

Octrdkfodus wbstfnrdl fxarftcdo

boe efbtg

Adlpduoes dn octrdkfo co tgf Qdc`

Boclb s fbt p`bots

Z`bots tbhfoctrdkfo

nrdl tgf Qdc`

Mbatfrcb rf`fbsfoctrdkfo nrdladlpduoes dn

octrdkfo cotd tgfbtldspgfrf

Mbatfrcb adovfrtbtldspgfrca octrdkfo

cotd octrdkfodusadlpduoes

Qtfps Covd`vfe co Octrdkfo Aya`f

Ugf btdlspgfrca octrdkfo cs ncxfe cotd octrdkfo adlpduoes `chf octrbtfs gy ]gczdmcul mbatfrcb, m`uf-

krffo b`kbf, `ckgtocok dr coeustrcb` lftgde. Ugf p`bots bmsdrm octrbtf adlpduoes nrdl tgf sdc` boe wbtfr boe adovfrt tgfl cotd p`bot prdtfcos.

Ugf p`bots brf fbtfo up my boclb`s boe tgus p`bot prdtcfos brf usfe ndr lbhcok boclb` prdtfcos.

[gfo tgf p`bots boe boclb`s ecf, tgf putrfnycok mbatfrcb boe nuokc prfsfot co tgf sdc` efadlpdsf tgf prdtcfos dn efbe p`bots boe boclb` cotd blldocb. Ugcs prdafss cs ab``fe blldocncabtcdo.

Blldocb tgus ndrlfe cs adovfrtfe ncrst cotd octrctfs boe tgfo cotd octrbtfs my tgf batcdo dn Octrdsdldobsboe Octrdmbatfr mbatfrcb rfspfatcvf`y. Ugf prdafss cs ab``fe octrcncabtcdo. Ugfsf octrbtfs brf bkbcobmsdrmfe my p`bots boe tgf aya`f cs rfprfbtfe.

Ugf sdc` adotcbos efocrcnycok mbatfrcb ab``fe Zsfuedldobs wgcag adovfrt octrbtf ndrl dn octrdkfo cotd

nrff octrdkfo wgcag kdfs mbah cotd tgf btldspgfrf. Ugf prdafss cs ab``fe efoctrcncabtcdo.


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FWF]ACQF - 2

B. Dmifatcvf Rufstcdo.

R.2 @cagfos brf adlpdsctf drkbos, adoscstcok dn b`kbf boe

(B) ldssfs (M) prdtdzdbos

(A) mbatfrcb (E) nuokc

R.= Lusgrddl cs -

(B) b p`bot adoscstcok dn ncof krffo tgrfbes

(M) bo fecm`f nuoks(A) b mrydpgytf efvdce dn rddts, stfl boe

`fbvfs

(E) b n`dwfrcok p`bot

R.1 [gcag dn tgf nd``dwcok ecsabsfs cs abusfe my b nuoks

(B) slb`` pdx (M) tumfrau`dscs

(A) aboafr (E) bspfrkc``dscs

R.5 Sfbst cs

(B) b`kb (M) nuokus

(A) mbatfrcul (E) `cvfwdrt

R.6 Nfrlfotbtcdo dn sukbr daaurs my

(B) Qbaagbrdlyafs (M) Luadr

(A) Bspfrkc``us (E) Zfocac` cul

R.> Ugf mcd`dkcab` prdafss abrrcfe do my tgf]gczdmcul cs ab``fe

(B) octrcncabtcdo (M) blldocncabtcdo

(A) octrdkfo ncxbtcdo (E) nfrlfotbtcdo

R.; Ugf slb``fst drkbocsls wgcag abusf ecsfbsfbldok p`bots brf

(B) vcrusfs (M) nuokc

(A) mbatfrcb (E) Lyadp`bslb

R.7 ocn kfofs daaur co(B) Zfocac` cul (M) Bspfrkc``us

(A) ]gczdmcul (E) Qtrfptdadafus

R.3 M`bah rust dn wgfbt cs abusfe my

(B) ]gczdpus (M) Vstc`bkd

(A) Zfocac` cul (E) Zuaacocb

R.2: Ugf nuokb` pbrtofr co `cagfo cs

(B) sylmcdtca(M) pbrbstctca

(A) gbs od outrctcdob` rf`btcdosgcp wctg b`kb

(E) edfs kdde td tgf b`kb wctgdut kfttcokboytgcok co rfturo

R.22 @cagfo rfprfsfots

(B) sylmcdtca bssdacbtcdo dn bo b`kb boe bnuokus

(M) pbrbsctca bssdacbtcdo dn bo b`kb boe bnuokus

(A) lyagrrgczb` bssdacbtcdo

(E) adllfosb`csl

R.2= Qlb`` pdx cs abusfe my

(B) vcrus (M) mbatfrcb

(A) gdusfn`y (E) ldsquctd

R.21 [gcag dn tgf nd``dwcok cs truf dn vcrusfs 4

(B) Ugfy lu`tcp`y do`y co tgf gdst af``

(M) Ugfy covbrcm`y adotbco EOB

(A) Ugfy daaur do`y coscef mbatfrcb

(E) Ugfcr kfoftca lbtfrcb` cs ]OB boe odtEOB

R.25 Kfoftca lbtfrcb` dn vcrusfs cs

(B) EOB do`y (M) ]OB do`y

(A) EOB dr ]OB (E) Odof dn tgfsf


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R.26 ^crusfs brf fssfotcb``y lbef up dn

(B) prdtfco boe oua`fca bace

(M) stbragfs boe abrmdgyerbtfs

(A) prdtfcos boe `cpces

(E) stbrag, prdtfco abrmdgyerbtfs boe `cpces

R.2> Octrcnycok mbatfrcb

(B) rfeuaf octrbtf td nrff octrdkfo

(M) dxcecsf blldocb td octrbtfs

(A) adovfr t nrf oct rdkfo td oct rdkfoadlpduoe

(E) adovfrt prdtfco cotd blldocb

R.2; Odeu`fs wctg octrdkfo ncxcok mbatfrcb brfnduoe co

(B) lustbre (M) pfb

(A) wgfbt (E) adttdo

R.27 Drkbocsls wgcag abo ncx btldspgfrcaoctrdkfo brf

(B) ldssfs (M) mbatfrcdpgbkfs

(A) aybodmbatfrcb (E) krffo b`kbf

R.23 [gcag dn tgf nd``dwcok abo mf b kdde prdtfcorcag ndde

(B) Qpcrdkyrb (M) Qpcru`cob

(A) Qpgbaf brcb (E) Ag`blyedldobs

R.=: Co rcaf ncfès tgf sdc nfrtc`cty abo mf clprdvfe my beectcdo dn

(B) kypsul

(M) sdecul ag`drcef

(A) Bragbfmbatfrcb

(E) Aybodmbatfrcb

R.=2 Bmc`cty td ncx btdldspgfrca octrdkfo cs nduoeco

(B) ]fe b`kbf (M) Mrdwo b`kbf

(A) Krffo b`kbf (E) Mùf-krffo b`kbf

R.== Aybodmbatfrcb brf agcfn`y usfe bs mcd-nfrtc`czfr co tgf ardp dn

(B) wgfbt (M) krbl

(A) pbeey (E) lustbre

R.=1 Mbatfrcb wgcag adovfrt tgf ecssd`vfe octrbtf

dn tgf sdc` cotd nrff octrdkfo brf(B) octrbtf mbatfrcb

(M) octrcnycok mbatfrcb

(A) efoctrcnycok mbatfrcb

(E) blldocnycok mbatfrcb

R.=5 [gcag dn tgf nd``dwcok cs b mbatfrcb` ecsfbsfs

(B) Uumfrau`dscs (M) Lfbs`fs

(A) Qlb`` pdx (E) ]bmcfs

R.=6 Ugf mbatfrcul bssdacbtfe wctg efoctrcncabtcdo

(B) Bzdtdmbatfr

(M) ]gdedspcrc`ùl

(A) Zsfuedldobs

(E) ]gczdmcul


11/12


B. Lbtag tgf nd``dwcok

2. Uumfrau`dscs b) Coaumbtdr

=. Qldhcok m) Gckg gfbt

prdafsscok

1. Aboocok a) Zrdtdzdb

5. Bldfmcbscs e) Lfbt prdeuats

6. Lcardwbvf f) Mbaftrcb

M. Nc`` co tgf m`bohs

R.2 Ecsfbsf abuscok lcarddrkbocsls brf ab``fe .

R.= . brf usfe co tgf prfpbrbtcdodn pfocac` co.

R.1 Ugf sukbr prfsfot co lc`h cs .

R.5 M`ckgt dn pdtbtd cs abusfe my .

R.6 Ugf prdafss dn ndde prfsfrvbtcdo uscokcdoczcok rfbecbtcdos cs .

A. Qtbtf Uruf dn Nb`sf

R.2 [gddpcok adukg cs b ecsfbsfs abusfe my bvcrus.

R.= Lfbt prdeuats abo mf prfsfrvfe my sldhcok.

R.1 Zbstfurczfe lc`h gbs b `dokfr sgf n `cnf tgbonrfsg lc`h.

R.5 Lcarddrkbocsls gf`p p`bots co octrdkfoncxbtcdo.

R.6 ]fprdeautcdo dn lcardmfs rfeuafs wctgcoarfbsf co tflpfrbturf.

E. Boswfr co dof wdre

R.2 Drkbocsl usfe co tgf prdeuatcdo dn agffsf.

R.= Ecsfbsf abusfe my fbtcok spdc`fe ndde.

R.1 Lftgde usfe ndr prfsfrvcok strbwmfrrcfs.

R.5 Lcarddrkbocsls fxgcmctcok mdtg boe odo-`cvcok agbrbatfrcstcas.

R.6 Ldef dn outrctcdo dn b`kbf.

F. @dok Bos. typfR.2 Kcvf fxblp`fs nrdl ebc`y `cnf bmdut tgf

mfofncacb` fnnfats dn lcarddrkbocsl.

R.= Fxp`bco tgf ecnnfrfoafs mftwffo b`kbf boenuokc.

R.1 Gdw cs aure ndrlfe 4 [gbt brf tgf mfofnctsdn fbtcok aure 4

R.5 [gbt cs ndde pdcsdocok boe gdw abo ct mf prfvfotfe 4

R.6 [gbt cs tgf usf dn botcmcdtcas ndr nckgtcok boconfatcdo 4

N. Kcvf rfbsdos

R.2 ^crusfs brf adoscefrfe do tgf mdrefr`cof dn `cvcok boe odo `cvcok.

R.= Sfbst cs usfe co mrfbe

R.1 Qb`t cs beefe td pcah fs co `brkfr blduot.

R.5 B`kbf cs ab``fe krbss dn wbtfr.

R.6 Lcarddrkbocsls brf ab``fe nrcfoes boe ndr

K. fry Qgdrt Bos.

R.2. Oblf tgf abusfs dn typgdce 4

R.=. Oblf tgf ecsabsf abusfe my a`dstrcecul sps.

R.1. Oblf tgf mbatfrcb rfspdoscm`f ndr aurendrlbtcdo 4

R.5. Oblf b mbatfrcb ncxcok btldspgfrca octrdkfoco rddts dn `fkylcodus p`bots.

R.6. Oblf tgf abusf dn lb`brcb

G. Qgdrt Bos Rufstcdo

R.2. [gbt cs pbstfurczbtcdo & gdldkfoczbtcdo 4

R.=. [gbt ed ydu uoefrstboe my stfr`czbtcdo

R.1. [gbt brf tgf adlldo lftgdes dn ndde prfsfrvbtcdo 4

R.5. [gbt cs Octrcncabtcdo

R.6. [gbt cs lfbot my efoctrcncabtcdo 4

FWF]ACQF - =


12/12


B. Lbtag tgf nd``dwcok

Qd`.2 f

Qd`.= e

Qd`.1 m

Qd`.5 a

Qd`.6 b

M. Nc`` co tgf m`bohs

Qd`.2 Zbtgdkfos

Qd`.= Zfocac``cul odtbtul

Qd`.1 `batdsf

Qd`.5 lduès

Qd`.6 stfr`czbtcdo

A. Qtbtf Uruf dn Nb`sf

Qd`.2 Nb`sf

Qd`.= Uruf

Qd`.1 Uruf

Qd`.5 Uruf

Qd`.6 Nb`sf

FWF]ACQF-=

E. Boswfr co dof wdre.

Qd`.2 @batdmbacùs

Qd`.= Ndde pdcsdocok

Qd`.1 Qtfr`czbtcdo

Qd`.5 ^crus

Qd`.6 Butdtrdpgca

F. Kcvfo rfbsdos

Qd`.2 ^crus ed odt gbvf do`y af`` lbagcofry boeabo rfprdeuaf do`y coscef gdst.

Qd`.= Zrfpbrbtcdo dn mrfbe rfqucrfs nfrlfotbtcdo.

Qd`.1 [btfr rfqucrfe ndr krdwtg dn lcarddrkbocslcs lbef uobvbc`bm`f.

Qd`.5 Ct daaurs bmuoebot`y `chf krbss co bqubtcagbmctbts.

Qd`.6 Qdlf lcarddrkbocsls brf pbtgdkfos wgc`f

dtgfr brf usfnu` td gulbo.

N. fry Qgdrt Bos.

R.2 Qb`ldof``b typgc

R.= Ndde pdcsocok

R.1 @batd mbac`ùs

R.5 ]gczdmcul

R.6 Z`bsldecul vcvbx

FWF]ACQF-2

BOQ[F] HFS

Rufs. 2 = 1 5 6 > ; 7 3 2: 22 2= 21 25 26

Bos. E M E M B A E A E B B B B A B

Rufs. 2> 2; 27 23 =: =2 == =1 =5 =6

Bos. M M A M E E A A B A

02 microoganisms in food

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