Shawn Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng.Assistant ProfessorFaculty of Engineering and Applied ScienceMemorial University of Newfoundlandspkenny@engr.mun.ca

ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering

Lecture 02: Pipeline Systems Engineering and Routing Considerations

2 ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering – Lecture 02© 2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng.

Lecture 02 Objective

To provide an overview of subsea pipeline systems engineering and key factors in pipeline routing

3 ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering – Lecture 02© 2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng.

Pipeline Systems Primary FunctionProduct Transport

Liquid hydrocarbonsNatural gasNatural gas liquidsWaterChemicals

Key ElementsProduct typeDelivery rateOperating pressureDistance from field development to marketCurrent and future demand/capacity

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Pipeline Transportation SystemsFlowlines

Field development to a subsea manifold or production facility

Gathering LinesConnecting multiple flowlines to a production facility

Export PipelineTransport from a production facility to domestic or international market

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Project Phases

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Systematic ApproachManagement

Project execution planTechnical

Development planDesign basisSafety plan

AuxiliaryProject summaryEconomic benefits planEnvironmental impact assessmentSocio-economic impact assessment

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Project Execution PlanOverview

Early stage, live document, project wideClient objectives, drivers and risk tolerance

Primary ComponentsProject scope and deliverablesOrganizational hierarchy, roles and responsibilitiesExecution strategies for engineering, quality, procurement, construction, commissioning and safetyProject scheduleIntegrated communication protocols and decision making processes

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Design Basis

OverviewEarly stage, live document, project wideClear, complete and authoritative reference

Primary Components Pipeline system overviewOperational parametersEnvironmental and physical dataMaterials engineeringDesign issues and constraintsDesign methodology and philosophy

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Major Design IssuesProduct CharacterizationRoute SelectionMaterials SelectionHydraulic AnalysisMechanical DesignCoatings Components and AssembliesConstructability and InterventionOperation, Inspection and RepairDecommissioning and Abandonment

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Major Cost Factors

Linepipe TonnageMaterialTransportationLength•

Alignment & heading changes

Example≈ US$25k / WT(mm)-D(m)-L(km)762mm OD; 100km; 17.1mm⇒22.2mm WT≈ US$10M differential

Ref: SEIC (2005)

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Major Cost Factors (cont.)Vessel Selection

PerformanceWater depth rangeTension limits

Construction Vessel TimeAlignment, heading angleStinger change-outPlatform, landfall approachCrossings, interactionsMonitored, restricted lay operations Ref: Saipem (2006)

Castoro Sei

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Major Cost Factors (cont.)

Route Intervention ActivitiesDredgingTrenchingPre-sweepingRock dumpingSpan correction

Ref: Saipem (2006)

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Route Selection – OverviewPipeline Route Characterization

Landfall and platform approachesLength, kilometer post and intermediate stationsChanges in alignment and elevation profile

System Environment Characterization

Political and social factorsPhysical and environmental factorsEngineered systems

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Route Selection – Critical Activity

Upfront Planning and AssessmentDesk study•

“Ounce of prevention >> pound of cure”

Utilize available resources•

Regulator and operator experience & lessons learned

•

Government departments & agencies•

New technologies, data acquisition & historical archives

Uncertainty•

Prioritize and plan for engineering surveys

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Route Selection – Politics

Landfall and Platform Approaches

Ref: Saipem (2006)Ref: Lanan (2007)

Ref: BHP (2005)

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Route Selection – PoliticsRegional and International Scope

Political, civil or military instabilityJurisdictions & regulationsArchaeological, historical significanceExamples

•

Black Sea•

Europipe

•

Oman–India•

Medgaz

•

Vancouver Island & Georgia Strait

Ref: Saipem (2006)

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Route Selection – Remote SensingRef: Hansen (2005)

Ref: Google (2005)

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Route Selection – Existing Data

Ref: EnCana (2002)

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Route Selection – Sensitive Areas

EnvironmentalSignificant or sensitive ecosystem•

Wetlands, estuaries, northern environments

Resident habitatBreeding groundsMigration patterns

Cumulative effectsMilitary Zones

Ref: EnCana (2002)

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Route Selection – Seabed Characteristics

Bathymetry & SlopeSoil Properties

TypeIndex & strengthSpatial distribution

W

F

Ref: NOAA (2005)

Ref: BCOG (2001)

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Route Selection – Seabed Characteristics

Significant Features

Ref: Hydro (2005)

Ref: Hansen (2005)

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Route Selection – Seabed Characteristics

Seabed MobilitySediment transportSandwave migrationScour

Ref: Heap (2004)

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Route Selection – Seabed HazardsSeismic

FaultingLiquefaction

MassSlidesSpreadsFallsFlows

SubsurfaceShallow gas

•

Pockmarks•

Subsidence

Subsea vents•

Pinnacles

Ref: Trifunac et al. (2002)

Ref: BCOG (2001)

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Route Selection – Physical Environment

CurrentsSystems, tidal,delta, loopSurface

WavesWind induced•

Shallow water, breaking

•

Bathymetry, refraction, wave crest orthogonality

Internal•

Pycnocline

[density] ø

(water temp., salinity)

Ref: NASA (2005)

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Route Selection – Physical Environment

Seabed Use and ObstaclesOil and gas industry developmentsCommunicationsMobile and fixed gear fishing zonesShipping traffic lanesMilitary exercise zonesMilitary/civilian dumping groundsMining, dredging zonesExpected or anticipated future operations, developmentsShipwrecks

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Route Selection – Physical Environment

Unique Features – Ice Gouging

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Route Selection – Physical Environment

Unique Features – Ice Gouging

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Route Selection – Physical Environment

Unique Features –Strudel Scour

Ref: MMS (2005)

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Route Selection – Physical Environment

Unique Features – Permafrost

Ref: NRCan (2005)

30 ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering – Lecture 02© 2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng.

Reading List

1. Chaudhuri, J and Nash, I. (2005). Medgaz: the ultra-deep pipeline. Pipeline World, June, 10p. [2005_Pipeline_World_06_Medgaz_Pipe

line.pdf]

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ReferencesBCOG (2001). BC Offshore Oil & Gas Technology Update. JWEL Project No. BCV50229, October 19, 2001 BHP (2005). http://www.bhpbilliton.comEnCana (2002). Development Plan – Revised Volume 2, Deep Panuke Offshore Gas Development Project, 142p.Google (2005). earth.google.comHansen, B. (2005). How Hydro’s Ormen Lange Project Can Contribute to the Development of the Russian Arctic. Proc., IBC Arctic Oil and Gas Development Conference, Challenges and Opportunities – The Technology Solution, London, UK.Heap, A. (2004). “Shifting sands the clue to the vanishing seagrasses.” AusGEO, 75 September, p.32-34.Hydro (2005). http://www.hydro.com/ormenlange/enLanan, G. (2007). Offshore Arctic Pipeline Operations. Proc., IBC Offshore Oil and Gas in Arctic and Cold Waters Conference, Stavanger, NorwaySaipem (2006). http://www.saipem.eni.it/index.aspSEIC (2005). http://www.sakhalinenergy.com/Trifunac, M.D., A. Hayir and M.I. Todorovska (2002) “Was Grand Banks event of 1929 a slump spreading in two directions?” Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 22, pp.349-360. MMS (2005). www.mms.govNASA (2005). http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/NOAA (2005). Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, US Department of Commerce, http://www.oar.noaa.gov/NRCan (2005). http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/inter/index_e.html