Promotion of Urban Renovation and Compact Cities Promotion of Urban Renovation and Compact Cities 

Approaching a depopulating society from now on the realization of an environment oriented compact city

45 000140 000

Population: (1,000 people),Car Ownership: (1,000 cars) GDP: 

$/

Development of New Towns

Approaching a depopulating society, from now on, the realization of an environment‐oriented compact city is necessary

35 000

40,000 

45,000 

120,000 

140,000  ($/person)

Concentrated Urban 

30,000 

35,000 

80 000

100,000 Development Around Key Urban Nodes

20,000 

25,000 

60,000 

80,000 

Environmentally‐Oriented Urban Development

10,000 

15,000 40,000 

車両保有台数（千台）

人口（千人）

Development(Compact City)

Car 

OwnershiPopulation

0 

5,000 

0 

20,000 （千 ）

GDP（$/人）

Estimated Value

OwnershipPopulationGDP

1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

(Source) Population shows as moderate range estimated value as of October 1st in each year based on “Census” by Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications and “Estimated future population of Japan” by The National Institute of Population and Social Security Research. (December, 2007) GDP per capita is the data of World Bank (Converted to real values) Numbers of owned cars are by Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. (Total of cars and motorcycles)

Transitions in the urban environment – The advent of depopulation and an aging society

Promotion of Urban Renovation and Compact Cities Promotion of Urban Renovation and Compact Cities A. Depopulation and Aging Society

The population of Japan increased rapidly after WWII up to the rapid economic growth period. During these times, the population flowed into the urban areas. The forecast is that the total population of Japan will peak in 2006 and the total number of households will peak in 2015 before declining. There will be a decline in the younger as well as the productive population and an increase in the over 65 year olds. It is predicted that the low fertility rate and

aging society will accelerate even more. Transition of population in the urban Estimate of the transition in population by age

100,000

120,000

140,000

地方圏

都市圏

p pand rural areas

91～9586～9091～95

96～

2000

Estimate of the transition in population by age

40,000

60,000

80,000

31～35

41～45

51～55

61～65

71～75

81～85

31～3536～4041～4546～5051～5555～6061～6566～7071～7576～8081～85

Male Female 

0

20,000

1920

年 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

2000 10 20 30

T iti f P l ti b Cit (B d 100 i 2000)

01,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006,000

0～5

11～15

21～25

0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000

0～56～10

11～1516～2021～2526～30

112.24110.72

106.83

103.64

101 95102.73 102.64 101.71102 78 102 76 101 85

105

110

115

Transition of Population by City (Based on 100 in 2000) 

2050 (estimate) 

81～85

91～95

76 8081～8586～9091～95

96～Increase in the elderly

88 02

92.20

95.46

93.44

94.23

97.0497.96

88.9692.34

95.51

100.00

101.95 101.71

100.03

97.7797.8297.88

101.95102.78 102.76 101.85

100.13

97.82

89.60

100.1099.37

97.86

95.58

92.70

89.42

99.57

96.69

92.94

97.31

100.80100.61 99.66

97.96

95.61

92.80

99.01

90

95

100

21～25

31～35

41～45

51～55

61～65

71～75

21～2526～3031～3536～4041～4546～5051～5555～6061～6566～7071～7576～80

Male  Female

Decrease in d ti l ti88.02

84.81

80.55

76.26

84.95

75

80

85

S55 S60 H2 H7 H12 H17 H22 H27 H32 H37 H42

三大都市圏政令指定都市圏その他都市圏

非都市圏合計全　　国

01,0002,0003,0004,000

0～5

11～15

21～25

0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000

0～56～10

11～1516～2021～25 productive population

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 20302

• The aging population will accelerate in the neighboring areas of the metropolitan cities in the

Promotion of Urban Renovation and Compact Cities Promotion of Urban Renovation and Compact Cities A. Depopulation and Aging Society: Large Scale Housing Complexes

g g p p g g pfuture.

•These areas overlap with public rental housing complex areas (Areas where large scale housing complexes were built to accommodate the population flowing into metropolitan areas during the rapid economic growth period) .

Growing rate of the elderly in metropolitan areas (the increase of population over 75) and large scale housing complexes

p g p )

Increase rate of population ofIncrease rate of population of over 75s in 2025 (Index based on 100 in 2005)

To 150

Housing complexes with over 1,000 apartments

To 175To 200

To 225To 250T 275Public housing To  275To 300To 325To 350351 and over 

Public housing

Housing for public corporations Housing for UR Urban Renaissance Agency

3

Population structure when there is no rebirth and the younger generation do not live in the housing complexes

Promotion of Urban Renovation and Compact Cities Promotion of Urban Renovation and Compact Cities A. Depopulation and Aging Society: Large Scale Housing Complexes

• As large numbers of housing were

provided in the same period, the number 60～ 6465～ 6970～ 7475～ 7980～ 8485～〈男〉 〈女〉

1. About 20 years since the complex was built

Lop sided in

A family of 3 or 5. Male Female

of age groups entering the complexes

are decreasing significantly.

0～ 4歳5～ 910～ 1415～ 1920～ 2425～ 2930～ 3435～ 3940～ 4445～ 4950～ 5455～ 59 Lop-sided in

age between the parents and children

• Rapid increase in the aging parents and

children leaving home. Will bring about

accelerating number of elderly people

0～ 4歳

2. About 30 to 40 years since the complex was built

85～〈男〉 〈女〉

Increase of aged parents living together as children leave homeMale Female

Female

accelerating number of elderly people

and decrease in population.

25 2930～ 3435～ 3940～ 4445～ 4950～ 5455～ 5960～ 6465～ 6970～ 7475～ 7980～ 84

〈男〉 〈女〉

Aging parents

Children l

leave home

• The aging parents will demise around

the same period.

• When the demand in housing is low, the 3. About 40 to 60 years since the complex was built

0～ 4歳5～ 910～ 1415～ 1920～ 2425～ 29 leave

home

Increase of singlechildren will not live in the complex and

there will be no new residents. Further

acceleration in population and50～ 5455～ 5960～ 6465～ 6970～ 7475～ 7980～ 8485～〈男〉 〈女〉

50～ 5455～ 5960～ 6465～ 6970～ 7475～ 7980～ 8485～〈男〉 〈女〉

Increase in

Increase of single elderly families

MaleFemale     Male

Female

acceleration in population and

household decline.

0～ 4歳5～ 910～ 1415～ 1920～ 2425～ 2930～ 3435～ 3940～ 4445～ 49

0～ 45～ 910～ 1415～ 1920～ 2425～ 2930～ 3435～ 3940～ 4445～ 49

single elderly families extinction of households

4

Apparent issues arising in large scale housing complexes

Promotion of Urban Renovation and Compact Cities Promotion of Urban Renovation and Compact Cities A. Depopulation and Aging Society: Large Scale Housing Complexes

● Cities with many steps ・As the developments were made on hills, there are many steep roads and many steps on pedestrian walkways ・The access to buses are difficult as pedestrian and vehicles

● Deteriorating houses and no universal design ・There are many housing complexes that were built 40 years ago. The facilities are deteriorating and the layout of the rooms are obsolete. The access to buses are difficult as pedestrian and vehicles

are separated. ・Public housing with no elevators and lacks earthquake prevention functions. ・The apartments are too small for families and with the lack of support facilities for children, it prevents young households to move in.

Access to bus stop bystairway

Apartment blocks without● Deteriorating neighboring facilities・Deteriorating and obsolete facilities ・Lacks convenience lifestyle-related facilities in walking distance. ・Difficult to maintain supermarkets and shops due to decrease in

demand from depopulation

pelevators

●Rapid increase of empty apartments and land

Deteriorating neighboring 

●Rapid increase of empty apartments and land ・The status quo of increasing empty land and apartments give

impact to further decrease in households

facilities 

●Gap between the needs and actual condition of parks●Gap between the needs and actual condition of parks ・Gap between the needs and actual conditions of parks such as the deterioration and obsolete playground and facilities, and no universal design

Company apartments on sale Empty land in cities

5

Status quo of deserted houses (Statistical survey of housing and land in 2008 by MIAC)

Promotion of Urban Renovation and Compact Cities Promotion of Urban Renovation and Compact Cities A. Depopulation and Aging Society: Empty Houses

q ( y g y )

• The total number of houses as of October 1, 2008 is 57.59 million and the number of empty houses is 7.57 million. The ratio of empty houses is 13.1%, the highest to date, and 980 000 deserted houses has increased from the 2003and 980,000 deserted houses has increased from the 2003.

• The ratio of deserted houses by prefecture shows Yamanashi Prefecture at the top with 20.3%, and the lowest in Okinawa Prefecture at 10.3%. The ratio of deserted houses in all prefectures is over 10%houses in all prefectures is over 10%.

Transition in the number of deserted houses and ratio of deserted houses in Japan

Ratio of deserted houses by prefecture (2008)

a d at o o dese ted ouses Japa(from 1963 to 2008)

Ratio of D

Num

10,000 Houses

Deserted H

ouses

mber of D

eserted Houuses

1963 1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008

6(Created by the Bureau of Statistics, MIAC)

Examples of problems with deserted houses

Promotion of Urban Renovation and Compact Cities Promotion of Urban Renovation and Compact Cities A. Depopulation and Aging Society: Empty Houses

〇Deterioration in disaster preventionCollapse and destruction of house, roof, and outer wall Fi h d

風景・景観の悪化Deteriorating landscape and scenery

Impact to Neighborhood with Bad Land Use (Number of Incidents)

Fire hazards

〇Deterioration of crime prevention Entices crime

ゴミなどの不法投棄等を誘発

防災や防犯機能の低下Deteriorating fire and crime prevention

Entice illegal disposal of waste

〇Illegal disposal of waste

〇Deteriorating hygiene and develop bad odor Appearance and amassing of mosquitoes, flies, rats, wild

dogs and cats 悪臭の発生

火災の発生を誘発Fire hazard

Develop bad odordogs and cats

〇Deterioration of landscape and scenery

〇Others Overgrown trees branches and weeds and the scattering

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

その他Others

Overgrown trees, branches, and weeds, and the scattering of fallen leaves and such *Questionnaire results from 1,804 cities, towns, and villages in Japan by

the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transportation, and Tourism (January 2009) The response rate was 67%. *The above number of incidents are based on multiple answers. *Bad land use includes deserted houses, empty houses, houses full of waste, abandoned farming land , g

7

Promotion of Urban Renovation and Compact Cities Promotion of Urban Renovation and Compact Cities B. Compact Cities: Image of Cities Realize sustainable cities by promoting a strategy of concentrating urban development on key transportation 

Conversion from diffused type urban form to a concentrated type urban form

Realize sustainable cities by promoting a strategy of concentrating urban development on key transportation nodes and by improving the convenience of using public transportation

(4) Desired image of urban area(1) Urban Form in the Past

P ti f b ildi t t dPromotion of building concentrated bases along major paths of public transportation

Core urban area in central part and low density suburbs

Reinvention of the Urban Form

Continue with

(2) Current Urban Form(3) Diffused Low Density Urban Form

Current Urbanization 

Trend

Continue with the Current Trend of Low Density Development

Progression of urban sprawl The whole urban area becomes diluted

• The trend in the city center situation on the whole is still grave There is a decline in the resident populationStatus Quo of City Centers: Scattering of urban functions and trend in deserted city centers

Promotion of Urban Renovation and Compact Cities Promotion of Urban Renovation and Compact Cities B. Compact Cities: City Centers

• The trend in the city center situation on the whole is still grave. There is a decline in the resident population and the amount of commercial sales.

• Large scale commercial facilities are increasing in old factory sites and in the suburbs. Decline in the resident population and sales amount in the city centers Increase of empty lands in city centers

Transition of population in the city center by city population scale (Average)

Transition of sales amount in the city center by city population scales (Average)  1976   1997  2002   

2,000

2,500

3,000

40%

50%

60%100 M yen /year

6

7

8

9

10

20%

25%

30%

10,000 persons

0

500

1,000

1,500

S54 S57 S60 S63 H3 H6 H9 H11 H14

0%

10%

20%

30%

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

S50 S55 S60 H2 H7 H12

0%

5%

10%

15%

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 1979 1982 1985 1988 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002

*Total census of cities with a population of over 200,000 persons in area other than the three metropolitan areas (Tokyo, Saitama Prefecture, Chiba Prefecture, Kanagawa Prefecture, Aichi Prefecture, Kyoto, Osaka, Hyogo Prefecture, and Nara Prefecture) ）and government ordinance cities.

(Actual figure) (Ratio of whole city) 

*The data for sales amount in the past fiscal years were corrected by using the consumer index in 2002 as 100.

S54 S57 S60 S63 H3 H6 H9 H11 H14

Shopping malls with closed-down stores

S50 S55 S60 H2 H7 H12

0.2～0.3M 0.3～0.5Ｍ Over 0.5M

0.2～0.3M 0.3M～0.5Ｍ

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Over 0.5Ｍ

Location of large scale stores Rural Areas Three major metropolitan areas 

17

11

78

83

3

6

2S56－S60

S55以前

13

8

70

86

15

6

2

1

15

14

11

17

45

64

80

78

38

18

8

3

3

4

2

2

H8-H12

H3-H7

S61-H2

S56 S60

19

19

8

13

36

47

65

70

27

20

22

15

18

13

6

2

9 46 39 4

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

H13-H16 15

9

38

36

29 19

8

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Houses Commercial Industry Suburbs

*Stores over 10,000m2 selling area for goods. 9

Relationship between compact cities and low carbon cities (1): CO2 Emissions and Urban Structures

Promotion of Urban Renovation and Compact Cities Promotion of Urban Renovation and Compact Cities B. Compact Cities: Creating Low Carbon Cities

・CO2 emissions affect the urban structures significantly. ・For example, Maebashi City and Kochi City, which both have the same size and population, Maebashi City has

approximately 40% more annual CO2 emissions per person in the passenger transportation sector as it is a low density city dependent in vehicle transportation.

・In addition, city areas with high population density, tend to have lower CO2 emissions per person, thus there is high

CO2 emissions per person = 1.21 tons Population: approximately 280,000 persons

Size: approximately 147.34 km2

Automobile CO2 emissions among differences in population density

In addition, city areas with high population density, tend to have lower CO2 emissions per person, thus there is high correlation between compact and low carbon cities.

Metropolitan city centersKanazawa

↓M

aebashi

Autom

obile CO

2

Metropolitan vicinities

Rural Cities

Kasugai

Gifu

Aki

Joetsui City

Emissions per Person

Fukuoka

Matsudo

Uji

CO2 emissions per person = 0.87 tonsPopulation: approximately 330,000 persons Size: Approximately 144.95km2

↓

n (g‐CO2) per Perso

Tokyo         Tokorozawa

Kochi C

ity

n/Day)

OsakaKyoto

*1 CO2 emissions per person is for passenger transportation sector only

Source: Environmental White Papers 2006 Source: Mamoru Taniguchi: Time Series Analysis of Automobile CO2 Emissions from Urban Structures, Journal of City Planning Institute of 

Japan, No. 43‐3, October 2008 , 10

Population Density in Cities (person/ ha)

Relationship between compact cities and low carbon cities (2): Joining medical, work, and housing and low carbon

Promotion of Urban Renovation and Compact Cities Promotion of Urban Renovation and Compact Cities B. Compact Cities: Creating Low Carbon Cities

・Relocating medical institutions to the suburbs is one of the causes of preventing compact and low carbon cities.

Case studies of public facilities relocated to the suburbs

City A City B

City Hall relocated in 1964

Hospital closed in 1985

Prefectural Hall relocated in 1964

Hospital relocated in 1998

Hospital relocated in 1993

Public Library relocated in 2003

Legend

Hospital over 300 beds

Public buildings

Cultural Centers

Relocated Centers 

病院の郊外移転後のアクセス

移自家用車

(Reference materials from 7th Subcommittee )

Source: Urban Planning in Regenerating City Centers – Advisory Committee Report (City Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transportation, and Tourism, August 2005)

Access to Hospitals after Relocating to Suburbs

Be

Hospital relocated in 1998City center

31

11

1

13

1

2

移転

転前

自家用車

公共バス

電車

7

Source: Research on the Facts in Relocating Medical Institutions in Rural Cities and the Evaluation of Impact to City Centers by

7th Subcommittee ) Automobile

Public busesPublic buses

Trains

eforeAfte 31 1 1

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

転後 不明

Evaluation of Impact to City Centers by Administration by Kosuke Kunitani and Norihiro Nakai (Journal of City Planning from The City Planning Institute of Japan)

11

Unknown

er

Toyama City created a compact city structure (lines and circles) centered around the transportation axis of Toyama City created a compact city structure (lines and circles) centered around the transportation axis of

Promotion of Urban Renovation and Compact Cities Promotion of Urban Renovation and Compact Cities B. Compact Cities: Precedent Case Studies

y y p y ( ) py y p y ( ) prailways, existing and new LRT as well as route bus lines and used housing subsidies to build housing near railways, existing and new LRT as well as route bus lines and used housing subsidies to build housing near stations and bus stops. stations and bus stops.

Diagram of compact city structure by using public transportation          

TToyama

Legend

Established LRT as Established LRT as transportation axis transportation axis

Railway, route buses, bus servicesRailway serviceBus service 

Extended hubsRural hubs

■ Diagram of future line and area urban structure Toyama Citystructure Toyama City(Public transportation is the line and the living areas are the circles)

Source: Urban Master Plan of Toyama City 12

■ Background and Prospects of Urban Development •Urban development in Japan expanded with the development of new towns during the rapid economic growth period d h d l f h b d h bl h dand the development of hubs during the stable economic growth period. 

• With the depopulating society, we must realize a low carbon compact city structure. 

45 0140

New town development

Hub development

Low carbon compact city structure

35 0

40.0 

45.0 

120 

140  development p structure

25 0

30.0 

35.0 

80 

100 

ons) 

Population

15 0

20.0 

25.0 

60 (M pers

（％

）

5 0

10.0 

15.0 

20 

40 Ratio of population over 65 years old

0.0 

5.0 

0 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060

Estimated value 

Source: Population: Census by the Statistics Bureau of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications and Future Estimate go Population in Japan  by the National Institute of Population and Social Security Research (Estimate of January 2012) of each year on October 1 (medium estimate figures) 

13

■ Basic Ideas in Low Carbon City Development

◇The coming of depopulation and hyper◇The coming of depopulation and hyper‐aged society ◇Necessity to reduce environmental load ◇Increase in competition between global cities 

Live in a community centered around core b f ti d bli i Whil

Transfer  to a compact city structure 

Low carbon urban functions

urban functions and public services. While realizing a good urban space efficiently, secure sustainability, safety, and security 

Support development of public facilities (including medical institutions, welfare facilities, local interaction facilities) 

1. Concentrate urban functions 

Use non‐used energy to promote development of local air conditioning facilities and networks Promote local‐made local‐use recyclable energy in cities

3. Promote use of energies in the entire area 

Secure appropriate location of urban functions

14Secure greenhouse gas absorption and heat island 

t d t th t h l

Create an environment by concentrating various functions along public transportation and in walking distance. 

2. Urban transportation policies cities*Restrict the building to large scale 

facilities, hospitals, and schools that have major impact on urban structures and infrastructures in wide areas 

4. Preserve greenery and promote urban parks 

14measures to preserve and create greenery that helps improve the warming  environment 

Link various functional hubs with public transportation *the concentration of various urban 

functions (housing, public facilities, commerce, etc) to the city center 

Guidelines to make possible selections of urban development measures for effective

Guidelines for a Low Carbon Urban Development (Announced in August 2010) 

*Focus public investment to the city center 

14

Guidelines to make possible selections of urban development measures for  effective reductions of greenhouse gas emissions

∗Submit “Act  on Promoting Low Carbon Cities (Draft)” to the Diet 

Promotion of Low Carbon Cities

■Law to Promote Low Carbon in Cities  

Promotion of Low Carbon Cities

Background

With the change in energy demand due to the Great East Japan Earthquake and based on the uplift of consciousness among the people on energy and global warming, promote private investments in city areas, to create success stories on the rationalization of low carbon cities and transportation and energy use to spread these concepts to activate housing markets and regional economy.

● Enact basic polities (Minster) ● Enact low carbon urban plans (Cities, towns, and

villages) ● Certify private low carbon buildings and others

Summary

g g y

Promote low carbon cities

Image of low carbon city plans

Promote use of public transportation Compact city functions

Establish compact hospitals, welfare centers, offices, l

Constant ventilation 

<Image of a low carbon house>

Certify private low carbon buildings【Image of low carbon buildings】

Establish bus routes and LRT, enforce shared transportation and deliveryControl automobile CO2 emissions

p pand residential complexes Establish private compact parking facilities Urban planning in walking distance (pedestrian walkways, establish bicycle lanes, and universal designs)

Insulated outer walls

Eaves on windows facing 

Ceiling insulation 180mm

ventilationsystem 

Air conditioning for heating and cooling 

Solar panels 

＋outer walls 100mm

facingsouth 

Floor insulation100mm

Shades on windows facing east and west 

Multi‐layered windows (shutters, if 

possible) Airtight layers to prevent continuing humidity 

Highly efficient hot water heater 

Promote preservation and greening of parks by NPOs

Promote management and use of greenery and energy in the entire region

Low carbon buildings

Grant incentives to low carbon buildings such as special tax measures (such as delving deep into reducing housing loans), and special floor area ratio

Years of Deduction Deduction Maximum Tax Reduction

【More reduction in housing loans】

And so on

15

p g g p yUse non used sewerage heat Set up solar panels and battery storage in urban parks and areas near harbors and ports

Establish low carbon buildings and houses under private leadership

Low carbon buildings abode period ratio (Ten Years)

2012 Ten years １％4 million yen (3 million yen for

normal houses)

2013 Ten years １％3 million yen (2 million yen for

normal houses)

・ Created by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport, and Tourism to support review, and technical 

■ Low Carbon Urban Development Guidelines 

measures on “Low Carbon Urban Development” in various areas ・ New guideline on low carbon urban development policies and how to analyze its effects 

Guideline to help select city planning policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions effectively. 〇 Basic ideas of low carbon urban development is organized in three categories and measures for

Low Carbon Urban Development Guidelines  (Announced in August 2010)

〇 Basic ideas of low carbon urban development is organized in three categories and measures for ‘transportation and urban structures’, ‘greening’, and ‘energy’ 

Preserve parks Use energy in the entire areaConcentrate urban functions Preserve parksUrban greenery 

Use energy in the entire areaUse of non‐used energies 

Concentrate urban functionsTransportation measures 

Realize a low carbon city 

16

<Low Carbon Urban Development Guidelines> 

■ Case Studies of the Application of the Low Carbon Urban Development Guidelines 

p1.To make basic information needed for each city to consider measures for a low carbon city clear and possible. 2. Particularly, it is expected not only to consider individual measures, but also to delve into giving objective and integrated considerations of the directions of urban (compact city) structures.  

Premises for urban development policies （(over 30 main items and can establish more details) ・Arrange night‐time population and its 

Organize and simulate each  Calculate the CO2 emissions of the whole city according to the

The CO2 emission for traffic in a compact city in 2050 Example of simulation results of the urban area of Sendai City under the hypothesis that major 

g g p pdensity (degree of intensity) ・Establish traffic facilities and enact intangible measures  ・ Update buildings and so forth 

element systematically  the whole city according to the combinations of the measures 

p ywill be

24.0% less compared to today (820,000 tons‐CO2/ year) 

Impact of transfer efficiencies due to a compact city structure (centralize population to the hubs): 12.0% 

reductionI t b t ffi 4 9% d ti

measures were implemented based on the guidelines Status Quo  Future (2050)

Impact by traffic measures: 4.9% reductionImpact by depopulation: 7.1% reduction 

The CO2 emission for private households in a compact it in 2050 ill be

Population density during the night A: City 78→120 persons/ha

(Persons/ ha) city in 2050 will be 26.0% less compares to today 

(630,000 tons – CO2/ year) Impact of energy efficiencies due to a compact city structure (centralized population to the hubs): 8.1% reductionImpact due to depopulation: 17.9% reductionI t t CO2 d ti d t t i t f

B: Hubs 50→80 persons/ haC: Traffic axis     46→60 persons/ ha

D: Neighborhood     40→20 persons/ haE: suburbs     3.3→0.9 persons/ ha

Premises of simulation 

(Persons/ ha)0 to 20 20 to 4040 to7070 to100100 and over

Impact to CO2 reduction due to a certain rate of population that is centralized to the hubs live in housing complexes. (*Can further reduce by implementing energy conserving devices when rebuilding.)

*Can compare and consider various measures by changing the combination of premises 

・ Gather night‐time and day‐time population to the hubs (centralizing urban structure) ・ Tangible development such as roads and railways and enact intangible measures to improve the convenience of public transportation 

17

■ Promote Energy Use in the Entire Area 

With urban development, promote, develop,  and network regional air conditioning facilities by using non‐energies

Link between factories 

熱供給エリア

熱供給エリア

Heat providing area

Heat providing area

下水

熱供給エリア

Sewerage

Heat providing area

河川 海水

熱供給プラント

熱供給エリアHeat providing area

Heat providing area

河川・海水

Use sewerage non‐used energy 

Develop plant and major heat conduit

Rivers and seawater

Process urban excess heat 18

■ Promote Urban Greening

Urban greening is positioned globally as a greenhouse gas sink along with forests and as a vegetation recovery actions in the Kyoto

Measures for greenhouse gas sink (Vegetation recovery action in the Kyoto Protocol) 

Urban greening is positioned globally as a greenhouse gas sink along with forests and as a vegetation recovery actions in the Kyoto Protocol.  It is also positioned in the Kyoto Protocol Target Achievement Plan as a means to low carbon cities by improving heatenvironment by regulating heat island phenomena and promoting enlightenment on its significance. 

Facilities: urban parks, greenery on  roadsides, riverside, harbors, sewerage processing plants, in public housing, within government facilities, and certified greenery development planned areas 

Secure sink by improving new parks and greenery 

Improvement in heat environment

* Article 3 Paragraph 4 in the Kyoto Protocol states ‘vegetation recovery’ as separate from the 3.8% sink from forests and can add to the sink amount ⇒ Japan’s reduction target is 1/100 (equivalent to 0.06% of standard annual ratio) 

Spread enlightenment on urban greening

Promote local‐made local‐use energy with plant waste

Create low carbon cities by utilizing public space and government buildings as well as rooftops and walls on private buildings and preserve urban farming land by improving the

with heat island measures on urban greening

Use un‐used plant waste from city parks and streets as local‐made local‐use recyclable energy 

・Carry out tests on plant waste from national parks to understandpreserve urban farming land by improving the ground surface. 

Increase urban greening attitudes and knowledge with urban greening fairs

Carry out tests on plant waste from national parks to understand the characteristics as energy source (amount of gas formation, etc.) and consider power plant specifications that have significant energy efficiencies. 

・ Consider measuresthat establish CO2

Total Image 

greening fairs  that establish CO2and financial income and expenditures for asequence of processes in usingl t t t

Plant waste from city parks 

Ship

Normal times 

Emergencies

Provide power to parks 

Power plants

Process and useby‐products

19

plant waste to create energy. 

Evaluate greening  measures by companies  Stored fuel manufactured from 

plant waste during normal times 

Emergencies 

Provide power to rescue activities andevacuation areas 

■Concept of a Future Environmental City National Strategy Project of “New Growth Strategy (Cabinet Decision June 18, 2010) 

【Aim of Concept】【Aim of Concept】〇Select limited and special cities  for the following objectives: 〇Create success stories not found in other countries  in technology, socio‐economic systems, services, business models, town planning regarding environment and ultra aging society which are issues  for all human beings in the 21st century. 〇By developing and spreading in Japan and other countries, expand demand and create jobs  to aim at ultimately realizing a development of a sustainable economic society in the whole of Japan〇 The government will support related budgets, regulations, systems, and tax revision for this future environmental city. 

【Basic Concept 】〇To realize a ‘city that creates new human‐focused values for the environment and ultra aging society’, configure a sustainable socio‐economic system that responds to global warming, restrictions in resources and energies, and ultra aging society  the Japan and the other countries in the world are facing and while recovering and solving the social solidarity,  aim at creating a city that anyone can live d j b i l i h h f i t i t dand anyone can enjoy by creating values in the three areas of  environment, society, and economy. 

【Selection Process】〇There were 30 suggestions from September 1 to September 30, 2011 (Until October 25 in disaster hit areas).  (There were six suggestions from disaster hit areas. 

〇Committee of evaluation and survey review of future environmental city (Chairperson: Shuzo Murakami from Building Research Institute) conducted interviews 

●Announced the selection of a total 11 regions as future environmental cities on December 22, 2011☆Selected areas ・Shimokawa‐machi, Hokkaido・Kashiwa City, Chiba Prefecture 

<Among which were Great East Japan Earthquake disaster areas> ・Oofunatoshi City, Rikuzen Takada City, Sumida‐cho,  Iwate Prefecture K i hi Ci I P f

20

・Yokohama City, Kanagawa Prefecture ・Toyama City, Toyama Prefecture ・Kita‐kyushu City, Fukuoka Prefecture 

・Kamaichi City, Iwate Prefecture ・Iwanuma City, Miyagi Prefecture  ・Higashi Matsushima City, Miyagi Prefecture ・Minami Soma City, Fukushima Prefecture ・Shinchi‐machi, Fukushima Prefecture 

*From a brochure on future environmental city concepts (Regional Revitalization Office, Cabinet Secretariat) created by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport, and Tourism

■ Selected Regions for the Future Environmental City Concept

【Shimokawa‐machi, Hokkaido】 Shimokawa, a future forest city where people hi

【Oofunato City, Rikuzen Takata City, Sumita‐machi, etc. Iwate Prefecture 】Kesen Eco‐Future Area

【Kamaishi City, Iwate Prefecture 】Kamaichi City Eco‐Future City Concept 【Higashi Matsushima City, Miyagi Prefecture】R t f th G t E t J E th k

shine・Create an independent and comprehensive forest industry by providing fuel to other regions and being fully independent on forest biomass・Aim at transferring forest future city model to other Asian cities

・Aim at creating a model restored city in the Tohoku area ・Promote the installation of the world’s first mega‐solar power generation plant with a regional distribution type power storage system・Promote multipolar distribution type regional development 

【Toyama City, Toyama Prefecture】Configure a Toyama City type management using compact city strategies ・ A compact city centered around public transportation such as LRT

【 a a s C ty, ate e ectu e 】 a a c C ty co utu e C ty Co cept・Create industries using various energies such local‐made local use energies ・Promote a town planning where the elderly have a sense of being 

Restore from the Great East Japan Earthquake Do not forget but to the future a new Higashi Matsushima ・Configure an independent distributed power source with recyclable energy, low carbon of buildings and spread EV ・Promote healthy residences using CASBEE health check list

p y p p・ Use marine, forest biomass, small hydro recyclable energy ・ Configure herbal medicine production systems 

【Kita‐kyushu City, Fukuoka Prefecture】Kita‐kyushu Eco‐Future City ・Develop wind power generating industries in Asia and

【Iwanuma City, Miyagi Prefecture】Restore with love and hope ・Harmony with nature creating a hill with a thousand years of hope from earthquake debris Develop wind power generating industries in Asia and 

overseas water business under public and private sector cooperation ・Resident‐oriented health system to maintain and improve the health under regional cooperation ・Restoration support projects in Kamaishi City using th f t it t

・ Smart grid measures centered on mega solar business ・ Health control using medical clouds, develop advanced medical technology R&D with medical cooperation 

【Minami Soma City, Fukushima Prefecture】the success of a smart community concept Minami Soma, a eco‐type city for the next generation 

・ Energy cycle by smart power consumption using large amounts of recyclable energy ・ Generation cycle where several generations live together ・ Regional industry cycle where primary industries are core to secure process and distribution independently 

【Yokohama City, Kanagawa Prefecture】OPEN YOKOHAMAA harbor that is a forerunner in values for humans, goods, events connected to actions and times ・Promote Yokohama smart city project

【Kashiwa City, Chiba Prefecture】 Kashiwa‐no‐ha Campus ‘Independent city management by public  and private sector cooperation

Promote Yokohama smart city project ・Regional support through complete NPO and support networks, and implement life support functions for the elderly such as housing and repair large scale housing complexes 

【Shinchimachi, Fukushima Prefecture】‘I love Shinchi’ A city with future prospects (hope) living with the environment ・ Use large scale solar energy , town‐owned forests, and thermal power plants for local‐made local‐use energy and develop power cooperation 

・Become a smart city with advanced regional energy management systems ・ Use the elderly as citizen health supporters ・ Support ventures by creating and using ‘gap funds’ to fill in the gaps between university basic research and business operations 

21

generating business ・ Configure IT infrastructures using ICT and develop public transportation infrastructure ・ Use regional community