Mat

eria

l Attr

activ

enes

s an

d C

ateg

oriz

atio

n at

ea

ttac

te

ess

ad

Cat

ego

ato

Act

iviti

es a

t the

Nuc

lear

Reg

ulat

ory

Com

mis

sion

Co

sso

Jose

ph R

iver

s, O

leg

Bukh

arin

p,

gN

RC O

ffic

e of

Nuc

lear

Sec

urity

an

d In

cide

nt R

espo

nse

Febr

uary

6, 2

014

Bac

kgro

und

•N

RC

is in

the

proc

ess

of re

visi

ng it

s re

gula

tions

for p

hysi

cal p

rote

ctio

n of

sp

ecia

l nuc

lear

mat

eria

l (S

NM

).R

evis

enu

clea

rmat

eria

lcat

egor

izat

ion

tabl

e–

Rev

ise

nucl

ear m

ater

ial c

ateg

oriz

atio

n ta

ble.

–P

ut o

ver 5

0 O

rder

s in

to re

gula

tions

–ac

cum

ulat

ed s

ince

9/1

1/01

.

•N

RC

has

a le

gisl

ativ

e m

anda

te to

mak

e av

aila

ble

for p

ublic

com

men

t its

d

lt

hpr

opos

ed re

gula

tory

cha

nges

.•

Com

mis

sion

dire

cted

NR

C s

taff

to c

ondu

ct “e

nhan

ced”

sta

keho

lder

ou

treac

h, in

clud

ing

with

inte

rnat

iona

l par

tner

s.•

Rev

isio

ns to

INFC

IRC

/225

rece

ntly

issu

ed–

wan

t to

ensu

re c

onsi

sten

cy.

2

Cur

rent

NR

C A

ppro

ach

•C

ateg

oriz

atio

n ta

ble

(I, II

, III;

Pu,

U-2

35, U

-233

, irra

diat

ed

fuel

).

Nea

rly id

entic

al to

Cat

egor

izat

ion

Tabl

e in

INFC

IRC

/225

/Rev

. 5.

C

at I

= “F

orm

ula

Qua

ntity

of S

trate

gic

Spe

cial

Nuc

lear

Mat

eria

l.”

Cat

II=

“SN

Mof

Mod

erat

eS

trate

gic

Sig

nific

ance

”

Cat

II =

SN

M o

f Mod

erat

e S

trate

gic

Sig

nific

ance

.

Cat

III =

“SN

M o

f Low

stra

tegi

c si

gnifi

canc

e.”

B

ased

on

thre

at o

f Im

prov

ised

Nuc

lear

Dev

ice

(IND

).

App

roxi

mat

ely

50 y

ear o

ld.

3

Cur

rent

Tab

le -

App

. M to

10

CFR

Par

t 110

Mat

eria

lFo

rmCategory

III

III

1. P

luto

nium

Uni

rrad

iate

d.2

kg o

r mor

eLe

ss th

an 2

kg

but

mor

e th

an 5

00 g

50

0 g

or le

ss

2. U

rani

um-2

35U

nirr

adia

ted.

Ura

nium

enr

iche

d to

20

pct U

235

or m

ore.

5 kg

or m

ore

Less

than

5 k

g bu

t m

ore

than

1 k

g 1

kg o

r les

s

Ura

nium

enr

iche

d to

10

pct U

235

but l

ess

than

20

pct.

10 k

g or

mor

eLe

ss th

an 1

0 kg

Ura

nium

enr

iche

d ab

ove

natu

ral,

but l

ess

than

10

pct U

235 .

10 k

g or

mor

e

3. U

rani

um-2

33U

nirr

adia

ted.

2 kg

or m

ore

Less

than

2 k

g bu

t m

ore

than

500

g50

0 g

or le

ss

4

Cur

rent

NR

C A

ppro

ach

(con

t.)

•Tw

o-fa

ctor

con

side

ratio

n -t

ype

and

quan

tity.

–E

ase

of u

se.

–In

suffi

cien

t to

prov

ide

risk-

info

rmed

, gra

ded

appr

oach

.–

Led

to la

ck o

f con

sist

ency

and

tran

spar

ency

in re

gula

tions

.5

kghi

ghen

riche

dur

aniu

m(H

EU

)met

alvs

5kg

ofH

EU

inso

il•

5 kg

hig

h en

riche

d ur

aniu

m (H

EU

) met

al v

s. 5

kg

of H

EU

in s

oil.

•“R

ight

-siz

e” s

ecur

ity re

gula

tions

by

addi

ng a

ttrac

tiven

ess

to

SN

M c

ate g

oriz

atio

n.g

–M

ake

appr

opria

te to

indi

vidu

al fo

rms

of S

NM

.–

Res

tore

regu

lato

ry p

redi

ctab

ility

/cla

rity.

5

INFC

IRC

/225

/Rev

. 5 A

ttrac

tiven

ess

Ft

Fact

ors

•“…

the

basi

sfor

agr

aded

appr

oach

…de

pend

son

the

…th

e ba

sis f

or a

gra

ded

appr

oach

…de

pend

s on

the

type

of n

ucle

ar m

ater

ial (

e.g.

plu

toni

um a

nd

uran

ium

)is

otop

icco

mpo

sitio

n(i

eco

nten

toff

issi

leur

aniu

m),

isot

opic

com

posi

tion

(i.e.

con

tent

of f

issi

le

isot

opes

), ph

ysic

al a

nd c

hem

ical

form

, deg

ree

of

dilu

tion

radi

atio

nle

vel

and

quan

tity

dilu

tion,

radi

atio

n le

vel,

and

quan

tity.

6

Mat

eria

l Attr

activ

enes

s Fa

ctor

s C

onsi

dere

d

•Fa

ctor

s.–

Form

(met

als,

com

poun

ds, s

olut

ions

, in

a m

atrix

).–

Wei

ght p

erce

nt o

f SN

M in

com

poun

d (d

ilutio

n fa

ctor

).•

Cal

cula

tions

bas

ed o

n to

tal w

eigh

t of b

ulk

mat

eria

l or i

tem

–sh

ould

not

incl

ude

clad

ding

mat

eria

l tha

t is

easi

ly re

mov

ed.

–R

adia

tion

leve

l–co

nsid

erin

g ch

ange

s.

7

Initi

al A

ttra

ctiv

enes

s Le

vels

Con

side

red

Ura

nium

-235

Nuc

lear

Mat

eria

lA

ttrac

tiven

ess

Leve

l

Pure

Pro

duct

sM

etal

s, s

impl

e co

mpo

unds

(≥20

wt %

) (co

mpo

unds

that

can

be

conv

erte

d to

met

al in

a

sing

le s

tep)

.

A

Hig

h-G

rade

Mat

eria

lsC

ompl

ex c

ompo

unds

(≥20

wt %

) (co

mpo

unds

that

can

not b

e co

nver

ted

to m

etal

in a

i

lt

lti

(≥25

/l)

B

sing

le s

tep;

sol

utio

ns (≥

25 g

/l).

Low

-Gra

de M

ater

ials

Met

als

and

com

poun

ds (≥

1 w

t % a

nd <

20 w

t %);

solu

tions

(≥1

g/l a

nd <

25 g

/l).

C

All

Oth

er M

ater

ials

Ura

nium

(<10

%U

235)

;hig

hly

irrad

iate

dm

ater

ial(≥1

000

R/h

@1

m);

met

als

and

DU

rani

um (<

10%

U-2

35);

high

ly ir

radi

ated

mat

eria

l (≥1

000

R/h

@ 1

m);

met

als

and

com

poun

ds (<

1 w

t %);

solu

tions

(<1

g/l).

8

Initi

al A

ttra

ctiv

enes

s Le

vels

Con

side

red

Plu

toni

um a

nd U

rani

um-2

33N

ucle

ar M

ater

ial

Attr

activ

enes

s Le

vel

Pure

Pro

duct

sM

tl

(≥20

t%)

il

d(≥

20t%

)(d

tht

bt

dt

AM

etal

s (≥

20 w

t %),

sim

ple

com

poun

ds (≥

20 w

t %) (

com

poun

ds th

at c

an b

e co

nver

ted

to

met

al in

a s

ingl

e st

ep) .

Hig

h-G

rade

Mat

eria

lsC

ompl

ex c

ompo

unds

(≥20

wt %

) (co

mpo

unds

that

can

not b

e co

nver

ted

to m

etal

in a

si

ngle

ste

p; s

olut

ions

(≥25

g/l)

.

B

Low

-Gra

de M

ater

ials

Met

als

and

com

poun

ds (≥

1 w

t % a

nd <

20 w

t %);

solu

tions

(≥1

g/l a

nd <

25 g

/l); P

u (≥

80

% P

u-23

8).

C

All

Oth

er M

ater

ials

Ura

nium

(<6%

U-2

33);

high

ly ir

radi

ated

mat

eria

l (≥1

000

R/h

@ 1

m);

met

als

and

D

com

poun

ds (<

1 w

t %);

solu

tions

(<1

g/l)

9

Los

Ala

mos

Nat

iona

l Lab

orat

ory

Stud

y

•Lo

gic

Mod

el.

–A

cqui

sitio

nM

odul

e–

Acq

uisi

tion

Mod

ule.

–P

roce

ssin

g M

odul

e.

Wea

pons

Mod

ule

–W

eapo

ns M

odul

e.

–D

egra

datio

n M

odel

.

10

Stak

ehol

der I

nter

actio

n

•O

ther

U.S

. Gov

ernm

ent A

genc

ies.

•In

dust

ry•

Indu

stry

.

•N

on-G

over

nmen

tal O

rgan

izat

ions

.

•Fo

reig

n G

over

nmen

ts.

11

Initi

al S

take

hold

er F

eedb

ack

•G

ener

ally

Con

sist

ent w

ith IN

FCIR

C/2

25.

•Te

chni

cally

Sou

nd•

Tech

nica

lly S

ound

.

•C

once

rn o

ver c

ompl

exity

of t

he a

ppro

ach.

•C

once

rn o

ver m

etal

s an

d co

mpo

unds

hav

ing

diffe

rent

trea

tmen

ts.

12

Ui

235

Revi

sed

Tabl

eU

rani

um-2

35

Nuc

lear

Mat

eria

lA

ttrac

tiven

ess

Leve

lC

at I

Cat

IIC

at II

I

Hig

h-G

rade

Mat

eria

lsM

etal

s an

d co

mpo

unds

(≥20

wt %

), so

lutio

ns (≥

25 g

/l).

A≥5

kg

≥1 k

g<5

kg

≥RQ

<1 k

g

Low

-Gra

de M

ater

ials

Met

als

and

com

poun

ds (≥

1 w

t % a

nd <

20 w

t %);

BN

/A≥2

5 kg

?≥R

Q<2

5 kg

?so

lutio

ns (≥

1 g/

l and

<25

g/l)

.

All

Oth

er M

ater

ials

Ura

nium

(<10

% U

-235

); hi

ghly

irra

diat

ed m

ater

ial

(≥10

00R

/h@

1m

);m

etal

san

dco

mpo

unds

(<1

wt

CN

/AN

/A≥R

Q

(≥10

00 R

/h @

1 m

); m

etal

s an

d co

mpo

unds

(<1

wt

%);

solu

tions

(<1

g/l).

13

Revi

sed

Tabl

eP

luto

nium

and

Ura

nium

-233

Nuc

lear

Mat

eria

lA

ttrac

tiven

ess

Leve

lC

at I

Cat

IIC

at II

I

Hig

h-G

rade

Mat

eria

lsA

≥2 k

g≥0

.4 k

g≥R

Qg

Met

als

and

com

poun

ds (≥

20 w

t %);

sol

utio

ns (≥

25

g/l)

gg

<2 k

g<0

.4 k

g

Low

-Gra

de M

ater

ials

Met

als

and

com

poun

ds (≥

1 w

t % a

nd <

20 w

t %);

BN

/A≥1

0 kg

?≥R

Q<1

0 kg

?so

lutio

ns (≥

1 g/

l and

<25

g/l)

; Pu

(≥80

% P

u-23

8)

All

Oth

er M

ater

ials

Ura

nium

(<6%

U-2

33);

high

ly ir

radi

ated

mat

eria

l (≥

1000

R/h

@ 1

m);

met

als

and

com

poun

ds (<

1 w

t

CN

/AN

/A≥R

Q

(@

);p

(%

); so

lutio

ns (<

1 g/

l)

14

Con

tinui

ng F

eedb

ack

•C

once

rn a

bout

cha

nges

from

hig

her t

o lo

wer

ca

tego

ries

(Per

ceiv

edas

sign

ifica

ntre

duct

ion

inca

tego

ries

(Per

ceiv

ed a

s si

gnifi

cant

redu

ctio

n in

se

curit

y).

Cb

tltit

ifH

EU

Pi

•C

once

rn a

bout

larg

e qu

antit

ies

of H

EU

or P

u in

di

lute

mat

eria

ls.

15

Nee

d to

Ret

ain

Cur

rent

Cat

egor

izat

ion

•C

once

rn a

bout

cha

nges

from

hig

her t

o lo

wer

cat

egor

ies

(Per

ceiv

ed a

s si

gnifi

cant

redu

ctio

n in

sec

urity

).

•C

once

rn a

bout

larg

e qu

antit

ies

of H

EU

or P

u in

dilu

te

mat

eria

ls.

•N

eed

to d

emon

stra

te “H

igh

Ass

uran

ce o

f Ade

quat

e P

rote

ctio

n.”

•P

oten

tial c

onse

quen

ce li

nked

to th

e C

ateg

ory.

•P

rote

ctio

n S

trate

gies

mus

t be

info

rmed

by

the

risk.

16

Cur

rent

App

roac

h

•M

aint

ain

exis

ting

cate

gorie

s (a

llow

s em

phas

is o

n po

tent

ial c

onse

quen

ces)

.po

ea

cose

que

ces)

•A

llow

for a

ltern

ativ

e se

curit

y m

easu

res

for l

evel

s of

di

lutio

n(d

ilutio

nid

entif

ied

inIN

FCIR

C/2

25an

ddi

lutio

n (d

ilutio

n id

entif

ied

in IN

FCIR

C/2

25 a

nd

serv

es a

s a

prox

y fo

r pro

cess

ing

diffi

culty

).–

Mod

erat

e--

<20

wei

ghtp

erce

ntan

d>=

1w

eigh

tper

cent

Mod

erat

e <2

0 w

eigh

t per

cent

and

> 1

wei

ght p

erce

nt.

–V

ery

--<

1 w

eigh

t per

cent

.

17

Prot

ectio

n St

rate

gies

–no

n-di

lute

•C

at I.

–C

onta

inm

ent

–C

onta

inm

ent.

•C

at II

.I

dit

Dt

tiith

Pit

dR

–Im

med

iate

Det

ectio

n w

ith P

ursu

it an

d R

ecov

ery.

•C

at II

I.–

Det

ectio

n an

d R

ecov

ery.

18

Prot

ectio

n St

rate

gies

–m

oder

atel

y di

lute

•C

at I

–Im

med

iate

Det

ectio

nw

ithP

ursu

itan

dR

ecov

ery

–Im

med

iate

Det

ectio

n w

ith P

ursu

it an

d R

ecov

ery.

•C

at II

.P

tDt

tid

R–

Pro

mpt

Det

ectio

n an

d R

espo

nse.

•C

at II

I.–

Det

ectio

n an

d R

ecov

ery.

19

Prot

ectio

n St

rate

gies

–ve

ry d

ilute

•C

at I,

II, I

II.–

Det

ectio

nan

dR

ecov

ery

–D

etec

tion

and

Rec

over

y.

20

Con

clus

ions

Con

clus

ions

•A

ppro

ach

“rig

htsi

zes”

secu

rity

requ

irem

ents

.A

ppro

ach

right

siz

es s

ecur

ity re

quire

men

ts.

•P

rovi

des

ince

ntiv

es fo

r dilu

tion,

whi

ch m

akes

m

ater

ial l

ess

attra

ctiv

e an

d ad

ds d

iffic

ult y

to th

e y

adve

rsar

y’s

acqu

isiti

on o

f mat

eria

l and

del

ay to

an

adv

ersa

ry’s

abi

lity

to u

se m

ater

ial,

prov

idin

g m

ore

defe

nse

in d

epth

.•

Mai

ntai

ns h

igh

assu

ranc

e of

ade

quat

e pr

otec

tion. 21