Landscape restoration

Rhett D HarrisonWorld Agroforestry Centre

The big picture

➢ Globally over 60% of ecosystem services impaired

➢ More than 2 billion ha of degraded land globally

➢ Causes:✔ Unsustainable agricultural practices✔ Deforestation and (illegal) land clearing (fire)✔ Alien-invasive species✔ Pollution✔ Mining / infrastructure

➢ Drivers:✔ Population growth✔ Economic pressures

What are our objectives?

Restoration of Earth's life-support systems

✔Repair of Ecosystem Services● Biodiversity● Carbon● Water supply / quality● Soil fertility● Erosion

✔Livelihood improvement

✔Climate change resilience/mitigation

✔Food security

Suan County, North Korea

Diversity is important

Chazdon (2014) Second Growth

Tylianakis (2008) Plos Biology

Step 1

Address the causes and drivers

Step 2Engage the stakeholders: Suan North Korea

Step 3

Develop your business model?

How to go from current to target with greatest $ efficiency?

Ecosystem Restoration Concessions

➢Forest estate in Indonesia = 133 M ha✔80 M ha logged over✔25 M ha without management✔2.5 M ha reserved for ERC

➢Protected forests in Indonesia ~25 M ha

➢BAU: forest → Oil Palm or Acacia

Harapan Rainforest ERC, Sumatra

➢ 100,000 ha of logged over forest

➢ >1000 species of tree

➢ 133 globally threatened bird and mammal species

➢ Densities of many species exceeds those found in PAs

Species IUCN status

Harapan Rainforest

Bukit Berisian

Kerichi Siblat

Taman Negara

Elephant EN 5562 116 49

Pig-tailed Macaque VU 7 13 351

Bearded Pig VU 23

Sambar VU 118 182 44

Malayan Tapir EN 53 80 61 26

Tiger EN 67 345 230

Clouded Leopard VU 2225 878

Marbled Cat VU 1112

Banded Civet VU 117

Dhole EN 927 878

Sun Bear VU 71 47 62

Camera-trapping rate (days photo-1)

Forest at Harapan is highly degraded

Harapan

Pasir Mayang

Need for viable business plan

➢ International donor funding is constraining and unreliable

➢ Need to realize short- and long-term income streams

➢ Need to provide livelihood opportunities for forest and forest margin communities

Realistic land-use management plan essential

Business plan

Brancalion et al 2012

➢ Timber

➢ NTFPs (Gaharu, rubber)

➢ Carbon (peat swamp forests)

➢ Water supply (HEP)

➢ Eco-toursim

Knowledge gaps

➢ Cost-benefit analyses of restoration treatments

➢ Yield models for timber and NTFPs

➢ Trade-offs among ESs

➢ Effects of distribution of ecosystem components on ESs

➢ Policy, governance and socio-economics of forest and forest margin communities

Harapan research

Improved / economic survey methods

Adaptive management- Need to incorporate experimental design into interventions

- Need to understand the cost/benefits

- Need to understand trade-offs between objectives

Pioneer thinning trials

Thank you