04. protokol dan aplikasi network management (rev)
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8/8/2019 04. Protokol Dan Aplikasi Network Management (Rev)
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Manajemen Penyelenggaraan Jaringan
Modul-04
Network ManagementProtocols and Application
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Simple Network Management Protocol
(SNMP)
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What is SNMP?
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is awidely used protocol designed to facilitate themanagement of network devices from a centrallocation.
SNMP designed originally for the management of devices such as routers and switches, its usage hasgrown rapidly to encompass the monitoring of nearlyany electronic device one can think of.
SNMP is now used to monitor and manage televisionbroadcast studios, automated fare collection systems,airborne military platforms, energy distributionsystems, emergency radio networks, and much more
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Simple Network ManagementProtocol
(SNMP)
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A framework for managing devices in anInternet using TCP/IP.
Provides a set of fundamental operations for
monitoring and maintaining an Internet.An application-level protocol allows it to
monitor devices made by differentmanufacturers installed on different
physical networks.
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SNMP Manager/AgentModel
SNMP bekerja berdasarkan manager/agent model yang terdiri darimanager , agent , database yang menyimpan informasimanajemen, managed objects, dan network protocol.
Manager menyediakan interface antara manusia (networkmanager) dengan management system.
Agent menyediakan interface antara manager dengan perangkatyang di-managed .
Manager dan agent menggunakan sebuah Management Information Base (MIB) dengan perintah-perintah yang sederhanauntuk pertukaran informasi.
MIB berisi variabel-variabel individual dari dari setiap komponenperangkat/sistem yang disusun dengan tree structure.
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SNMP Manager/AgentModel
Management
Database
Management
Database
ManagedObject
Management System Managed Element
Network Protocol
Manager Agent
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Structure of SNMP-basedManagement Services
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NETWORK MANAGEMENT
STATION
Agent A
MI
B
Agent B
MIB
Agent C
MIB
Agent D
MIB
Agent E
MI
B
Database SQL
Display Station
SNMP
SNMPSNMP
SNMP
SNMPServer
Switch
Sub-agent
Wiring
Hub Router
Mux
SQL (Structured Query Language)
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SNMP Basic Ideas
A manager checks an agent by requestinginformation that reflects the behavior of the agent.
A manager forces an agent to perform atask by resetting values in the agentdatabase.
An agent contributes to the managementprocess by warning the manager of anunusual situation.
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Some Typical Uses of SNMP
Monitoring device performance
Detecting device faults, or recovery fromfaults
Collecting long term performance data
Remote configuration of devices
Remote device control
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SNMP Architecture
Manager
Managed device
Agent
Management Information Base(MIB)
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Manager
A manager or management system is a separateentity that is responsible to communicate withthe SNMP agent implemented network devices.
This is typically a computer that is used to run
one or more network management systemsManager’s key functions:
o Queries agents
o Gets responses from agents
o
Sets variables in agentso Acknowledges asynchronous events from agents
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Managed Device
A managed device or the network elementis a part of the network that requires someform of monitoring and management e.g.
routers, switches, servers, workstations,printers, UPSs, etc..
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Agent The agent is a program that is packaged within the network
element.
Enabling the agent allows it to collect the managementinformation database from the device locally and makes itavailable to the SNMP manager, when it is queried for.
These agents could be standard (e.g. Net-SNMP) or specific toa vendor (e.g. HP insight agent)
SNMP agent’s key functions:o Collects management information about its local environment
o Stores and retrieves management information as defined in the MIB.
o Signals an event to the manager.
o Acts as a gateway for some non–SNMP manageable network node
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Management InformationBase (MIB)
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Every SNMP agent maintains an information database describing themanaged device parameters. The SNMP manager uses this databaseto request the agent for specific information and further translatesthe information as needed for the Network Management System(NMS). This commonly shared database between the Agent and theManager is called Management Information Base (MIB).
Typically these MIB contains standard set of statistical and controlvalues defined for hardware nodes on a network. SNMP also allowsthe extension of these standard values with values specific to aparticular agent through the use of private MIBs.
In short, MIB files are the set of questions that a SNMP Manager canask the agent. Agent collects these data locally and stores it, as
defined in the MIB. So, the SNMP Manager should be aware of thesestandard and private questions for every type of agent
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Object Identifier (OID) Management Information Base (MIB) is a collection of Information for
managing network element. The MIBs comprises of managed objectsidentified by the name Object Identifier (Object ID or OID). EachIdentifier is unique and denotes specific characteristics of a manageddevice. When queried for, the return value of each identifier could bedifferent e.g. Text, Number, Counter, etc...
There are two types of Managed Object or Object ID: Scalar and
Tabular.Scalar:
o Scalar Object define a single object instance
o E.g.: Device’s vendor name, the result can be only one.
Tabular:
o Tabular object defines multiple related object instance that are groupedtogether in MIB tables
o E.g.: CPU utilization of a Quad Processor, this would give me a result foreach CPU separately, means there will be 4 results for that particularObject ID.
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Structure of ManagementInformation (SMI)
Structure and Identification of ManagementInformation.
The SMI defines the rules for how managed objectsare described and how management protocols may
access these objects.
Functions:o To name objects
o To define the type of data to be stored in an object
o To show how to encode data for transmission over thenetwork
SMI requires each managed object (router,variables in a router, etc) has a unique name
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Naming
Integer dot representation
Name dot notation
Example:
iso.org.dod.internet.mgmt.mib-21.3.6.1.2.1
All objects managed by SNMP are given anobject identifier. The object identifier
always start with 1.3.6.1.2.1
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The first group defines the node administratoro (1) for ISO
o (2) for CCITTo (3) for the joint ISO-CCITT
The second group for the ISO node administratordefines (3) for use by other organization.
The third group defines (6) for the use of the U.S.
Department of Defense (DoD). In the fourth group the DOD has not indicated how itwill manage its group, so the Internet communityassumed (1) for its own.
The fifth group was approved to be:o (1) for the use of OSI directory in the Interneto (2) for objects identification for management purposeso (3) for objects identification for experimental purposeso (4) for objects identification for private use
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Approach to obtaininformation
There are two approaches for themanagement system to obtaininformation from SNMPo Trap
o Polling
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SNMP Polling
The network management system periodicallyqueries the network devices for information.
The advantage is network the managementsystem is in control and knows the “big picture”.
The disadvantage is the amount of delay fromwhen the event occurs to when it’s noticed. Short interval, network bandwidth is wasted
Long interval, response to event is too slow
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SNMP Trap/Polling
When an event occurs, the network devicegenerates a simple trap.
The management system then polls the networkdevice to get the necessary information.
The management system also does low frequencypolling as a backup to the trap.
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SNMP Operation
Managers can be viewed as Clients; andAgents, as Servers. The operations betweenManagers and Agents are quite simple:o “get” commands are sent by a Manager to an Agent to
request data values defined by a MIB. The Agent will respond
with the requested values. Closely related requests are“getnext” and “getbulk”.
o A Manager can also send “set” commands to an Agent. If theMIB defines a data object as read-write, then the Agent willaccept the data value sent with the “set” command andprocess it appropriately (store it or execute appropriate
action).o Agents will send unsolicited “traps” (alarms) to Managers to
alert them to important events.
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Types of SNMP Packets GetRequest
o
Retrieves the value of a variable or a set of variables GetNextRequest
o Used to retrieve values of entries in a table
GetBulkRequesto Retrieves a large amount of datao Used instead of multiple GetRequest and GetNextRequest.
SetRequesto Set (store) a value in a variable
Responseo Response to GetRequest or GetNextRequest; contains values or variables
requested.
Trapo Sent from agent to manager to report an event.
InformRequesto Sent from one manager to another remote manager to get a value of some
value from agents under control of the remote manager.
Reporto Designed to report some type of errors between managers (not currently
used)
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Types of MIB Modules
Standard: These are the standard MIBs currentlydesigned to capture the core aspects of theparticular technology.
Experimental: Temporary and if achievesstandardization then it is placed in the standardmodule.
Enterprise-specific: Vendor specific MIBs thatprovide additional management capabilities for
those features that require it.
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Strengths of SNMP
Widespread popularity
Many standard MIBs available
Agents have low impact on monitoredsystem resources
Well suited to monitoring
Many products available
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Weaknesses of SNMP
Not as comprehensive as some other protocols
Not bandwidth efficient
Complicated message encoding rules
Security has been on on-going concern. SNMPv3was developed in response to this issue.
UDP, or other connectionless, protocol is used,which creates issues regarding verification of operations: Trap-Send verification (did it reallyreach the Manager?); Verification (success) of any“set” operation to an Agent. However, cleverlydesigned MIBs and Manager logic can overcomethese problems
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TelecommunicationsManagement Network
(TMN)
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What is TMN? TMN is an acronym for Telecommunications Management
Network.
TMN standards efforts generally refer to the functionalarchitecture model and interface specifications createdand supported by the International TelecommunictionsUnion - Telecommunications Divsion (ITU- T) and other
national and international standards organizations
The term “TMN” refers to a collection of systems thatsupport the management needs of network and serviceproviders for planning, provisioning, installing, maintaining,operating, and administering telecommunicationsnetworks and services.
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TMN and TelecommunicationsNetworks
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Data CommunicationNetwork
NetworkElement
NetworkElement
NetworkElement
NetworkElement
Operations
System
Operations
System
Operations
System
TMN TMN
Telecommunications Network
Telecommunication Service
OperatorWorkstati
on
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Basic Concept
The basic concept behind a TMN is to provide anorganized architecture to enable various types of OSSsand/or telecommunications equipment to work togetherfor the exchange of management information.
In defining this concept, TMN standards bodies recognize
that many network and service providers have largeinfrastructures of existing OSSs, networks, andequipment already in place which must beaccommodated within the architecture.
The TMN functional architecture has been designed
intentionally to accommodate a broad range of operations solutions.
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OS and OSS
An Operating System (OS) is software, consistingof programs and data, that runs on computersand manages the computer hardware andprovides common services for efficient execution
of various application software The integrated entity of management software,
operating system and hardware is defined asOperations Support System from the perspective
of a telecommunications service provider.
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TMN Functional AreasPrinsip TMN adalah mengelompokkan fungsi manajemen ke dalam lima
areaConfiguration Management
Pengontrolan/pengendalian, identifikasi dan pengumpulan data dari, danmemberikan data kepada network elements
Fault Management
Mendeteksi, mengisolasi, dan melakukan perbaikan atas ketidak normalan
operasi jaringan telekomunikasiPerformance Management
Mengevaluasi dan melaporkan perilaku perangkat sistem telekomunikasi danefektivitas network atau network elements
Accounting Management
Pengukuran penggunaan layanan jaringan dan menentukan besarnya biaya
penggunaan tersebut.Security Management
Memfasilitasi pencegahan dan pendeteksian penggunaan ilegal terhadapsumberdaya dan layanan jaringan, serta langkah-langkah preventive dancorrective terhadap upaya-upaya security violation
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TMN Functional Layers
TMN membedakan fungsionalitasmanajemen kedalam tingkatan-tingkatan, dari yang terendah berupamanajemen network element, sampaiyang tertinggi berupa manajemen bisniskorporasi
Tingkatan tersebut biasanyadirepresentasikan dalam bentuk
piramida yang terdiri dari:o Business Management Layer (BML)
o Service Management Layer (SML)
o Network Management Layer (NML)
o Element Management Layer (EML)
o Network Element (NE)
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Business
Management
Service
Management
Network
Management
Element
Management
Network
Elements
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Business ManagementLayer (BML)
BML has responsibility for the total enterprise
BML has the following principal roles:
o Supporting the decision-making process for the optimalinvestment and use of new telecommunications resources
o Supporting the management of OA&M (Operations,Administration and Maintenance) related budget
o Supporting the supply and demand of OA&M relatedmanpower
o Maintaining aggregate data about the total enterprise
Service Management Layer
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Service Management Layer(SML)
Service management is concerned with, and responsible for, the
contractual aspects of services that are being provided to customersor available to potential new customers.
Some of the main functions of this layer are service order handling,complaint handling and invoicing
The service management layer has the following principal roles:o Interfacing with customers and other administrators
o Interaction with service providers
o maintaining statistical data (e.g. QOS)
o interaction between services
o Interaction with BML and NML
SML supported by service level agreements, performance logs, alarm
logs, resource usage distribution, workforce management, andreporting tools
SML is responsible for all negotiations and resulting contractualagreements between a (potential) customer and the service(s)offered to this customer
Network Management
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Network ManagementLayer (NML)
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The network management layer has theresponsibility for the management of a network assupported by the element management layer
The network management layer has the followingprincipal roles:o The control and coordination of the network view of all
network elements within its scope or domain
o The provision, cessation or modification of networkcapabilities for the support of service to customers
o
The maintenance of network capabilitieso Maintaining statistical, log and other data about the
network and interact with the service manager layer onperformance, usage, availability, etc.
l
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Element ManagementLayer (EML)
The element management layer manages eachnetwork element on an individual or group basis andsupports an abstraction of the functions provided bythe network management layer
The element management layer has the followingprincipal roles:o Control and coordination of a subset of network elements on
an individual NEF basis
o Control and coordination of a subset of network elements on
collective basiso Maintaining statistical, log and other data about elements
within its scope of control
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Common Management Information Protocol (CMIP), an OSI protocolused with the Common Management Information Services (CMIS),supports information exchange between network managementapplications and management agents.
CMIS defines a system of network management information services.CMIP supplies an interface that provides functions which maybe used
to support both ISO and user-defined management protocols CMIP uses an ISO reliable connection-oriented transport mechanism
and has built in security that supports access control, authorizationand security logs. The management information is exchangedbetween the network management application and managementagents thru managed objects. Managed objects are a characteristic of
a managed device that can be monitored, modified or controlled andcan be used to perform tasks
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TMN Protocol – CMIP
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Network Management Basedon the CMIP/CMIS
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Common Management InformationService Element (CMISE)
Access to managed information in the managedobjects is provided by CMISE that uses CMIP toissue requests for management services.
The management services provided by
CMIP/CMISE can be organized into two distinctgroups:o management operation services, initiated by a
manager to request that an agent provide certain
services or informationo notification services, used by the management
agents to inform the managers that some event or set of events have occurred.
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Definition of Service Elements
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Management operation serviceso M-CREATE - Create an instance of a managed object
o M-DELETE - Delete an instance of a managed object
o M-GET - Request managed object attributes (for one object or aset of objects)
o M-CANCEL-GET - Cancel an outstanding GET request
o M-SET - Set managed object attributes
o M-ACTION - Request an action to be performed on a managedobject
Management notification serviceso M-EVENT-REPORT - Send events occurring on managed
objects
Ad t f CMIP
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Advantages of CMIP overSNMP
CMIP variables not only relay information, butalso can be used to perform tasks. This isimpossible under SNMP.
CMIP is a safer system as it has built in security
that supports authorization, access control, andsecurity logs.
CMIP provides powerful capabilities that allowmanagement applications to accomplish more
with a single request.CMIP provides better reporting of unusual
network conditions
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Integrated Network
Management
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Introduction
Managing a network involves a great variety of functionso Monitoring devices in the network
o Service provisioning
o Diagnosing networking problems
o
Planning for optimum network performanceo Detecting security breaches
o Assessing the impact of planned network maintenance onexisting services and customers
o Etc.
This means that all management functionality needto be provided in one holistic solution, as opposedto providing the functionality in multiple, separateparts that essentially form separate islands.
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Benefits of IntegratedManagement
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Management tasks do not rely on manual procedures and leavelittle to chance
Integrated management systems reduce the need for trainingand increase the pool of available personnel that can carry outoperational tasks
Integrated management infrastructure facilitates managementof the management itself
Integrated management infrastructure reduces or eliminates theneed to keep the same data redundantly in multiple locations
Integrated management infrastructure helps reduce themanagement load on the managed network
Integrated management infrastructure makes it easier to havemanagement information available whenever and wherever it isneeded
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Non-integrated Management
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Database
Planning
DatabaseData
baseDatabase
EMS
DatabaseData
baseDatabase
Service Provisioning
DatabaseData
baseDatabase
CRM
Database
Customer Inventory
Database
Service Inventory
Database
Equipment Inventory
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Integrated Management
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DatabaseIntegrated Management
Different Perspectives on
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Different Perspectives onManagement Integration
Needs The Equipment Vendor
Perspective
The Enterprise Perspective The Service Provider Perspective
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Th E i t V d
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The Equipment VendorPerspective
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Equipment
Provisioning
DeviceMonitori
ng
Backup,Restore
Devices – Vendor A
Integration
Scope
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The Enterprise Perspective
The scope of integrated management becomeslarger in the case of a small to medium-sizeenterprise that needs to manage a network thatincludes a wide range of different types of
devices from different vendors. In such environments, typically a variety of
element management systems (EMSs) aredeployed, each addressing the management
needs for equipment of different vendors andeach used independently of one another
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The Enterprise Perspective
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Equipment
Provisioning
DeviceMonitori
ng
Backup,Restore
…..
Devices – Vendor A Equipment
Provisioning
DeviceMonitori
ng
Backup,Restore
…..
Devices – Vendor B
Network-levelAdministration
ElementManagement
…....Network
MonitoringEnd-to-End
Provisioning
IntegrationScope
Th S i P id
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The Service ProviderPerspective
Integrated management for service providers includesservice management and business managementfunctionality.
This means that the scope of management integration isno longer just “horizontal”. Instead, the need forintegration becomes “vertical” as well.
Horizontal integration:o The same management functionality for increasing numbers of
managed devices and device types to be integrated
Vertical integration:o Integration of entirely categories and layers of management
functions
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The Service Provider
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The Service ProviderPerspective
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Equipment
Provisioning
DeviceMonitori
ng
Backup,Restore
…..
Devices – Vendor A
IntegrationScope
Equipment
Provisioning
DeviceMonitori
ng
Backup,Restore
…..
Devices – Vendor B
Network-levelAdministration
Any Vendor
ElementManagementAny Vendor
…....Network
MonitoringAny Vendor
End-to-EndProvisioning
Service LevelMonitoring
…....
BillingCompanyInventory
Management…....
CustomerManagement
Service-OrderManagement
ServicesProvisioning –
Service A
ServicesProvisioning –
Service B
Vertica
l
Integ
ration
R f
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References “Network Management Standard ”, Aiko Prass , University of Tweente, The
Netherlands (http://www.simpleweb.org)
“Introduction to SNMP”, Aiko Prass , University of Tweente, The Netherlands (http://www.simpleweb.org)
“Network Management Lecture”, Prof. S. Gosh, Dept. of Computer Science &Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur ((http://www.youtube.com
“SNMP Tutorial: An Introduction to SNMP “ (http://www.dpstele.com/layers/l2/snmp_tutorials.php)
“SNMP Tutorial” (http://www.manageengine.com/network-monitoring/what-is-snmp.html
“Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)“ (http://www.eogogics.com/talkgogics/tutorials/SNMP)
“ITU-T Recommendation M.3010”
“CMIP & CMIS” (http://www.javvin.com/protocolCMIP.html )
“Communication Networks Management ”, Second Edition – Kornel Terplan
“Telecom Operations Management Solutions With NetExpert TM “ – Kornel Terplan
“Network Management Fundamentals”, Alexander Clemm, Ph.D.
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