04 variety of organisms

8/3/2019 04 Variety of Organisms

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VARIETY OF ORGANISMS


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Diversity

Biologists explore life across its great diversity of

species

Diversity is a hallmark of life


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Grouping Species: The Basic Idea

the branch of biology concerned with naming

and classifying the diverse forms of life

Is the branch of biology that names and

classifies species according to a system of

broader and broader groups

Figure 29.1


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Taxonomy: A History

Carolus Linnaeus/Carol von Linnae (1707-

1778)

Swedish physician and botanist

sought to discover order in the diversity oflife for the greater glory of the Lord

divided life between plants and animals

developed the two part or binomial system of

naming organisms according to genus and

species that is still used today


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Taxonomy: A History

Robert H. Whittaker (1969)

led a team of researcher from Cornell

University.

proposed a 5-kingdom system: Monera,Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia


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Taxonomy: A History

Carl Woese (1977)

added Archaea as a sixth kingdom

redefined his classification to three domains

in 1990: Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya.


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Taxonomy: A History


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The Three Domains of Life

At the highest level, life is classified into three

domains

Bacteria

Archaea

Eukarya


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Domain Bacteria and domain Archaea

Consist of prokaryotes

Domain Eukarya, the eukaryotes

Includes the various protist kingdoms and thekingdoms Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia


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Types of Cells

Prokaryotes no nucleus and has single loop

of DNA

Eukaryotes has nucleus, DNA is longer andcontain more information, has a lot of

organelles


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VARIETY OF ORGANISMS


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Diversity

Biologists explore life across its great diversity of

species

Diversity is a hallmark of life


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Grouping Species: The Basic Idea

the branch of biology concerned with naming

and classifying the diverse forms of life

Is the branch of biology that names and

classifies species according to a system of

broader and broader groups

Figure 29.1


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Taxonomy: A History

Carolus Linnaeus/Carol von Linnae (1707-

1778)

Swedish physician and botanist

sought to discover order in the diversity oflife for the greater glory of the Lord

divided life between plants and animals

developed the two part or binomial system of

naming organisms according to genus and

species that is still used today


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Taxonomy: A History

Robert H. Whittaker (1969)

led a team of researcher from Cornell

University.

proposed a 5-kingdom system: Monera,Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia


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Taxonomy: A History

Carl Woese (1977)

added Archaea as a sixth kingdom

redefined his classification to three domains

in 1990: Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya.


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Taxonomy: A History


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Classifying life

Domain Do

Kingdom Kings

Phylum Play

Class Chess

Order On

Family Fine

Genus Grain

Species Sand

Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Domain

Mammalia

Ursusameri-

canus

(American

black bear)

Ursus

Ursidae

Carnivora

Chordata

Animalia

EukaryaFigure 1.14


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Domain Bacteria and domain Archaea

Consist of prokaryotes

Domain Eukarya, the eukaryotes

Includes the various protist kingdoms and thekingdoms Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia


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Types of Cells

Prokaryotes no nucleus and has single loop

of DNA

Eukaryotes has nucleus, DNA is longer andcontain more information, has a lot of

organelles


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Lifes three domains

Figure 1.15

100 m

0.5 m

4 mBacteria are the most diverseand widespread prokaryotes

and are now divided among multiple

kingdoms. Each of the rod-shaped

struc tures in this photo is a bacterial cell.

Protists (multiple kingdoms)are unicellular eukaryotes and

their relatively simple multicellular

relatives.Pictured here is an assortment of

protists inhabiting pond water. Scientists are

currently debating how to split the protists

into several kingdoms that better represent

evolution and diversity.

Kingdom Plantae consists ofmulticellula eukaryotes that carry

out photosynthesis, the conversion

of light energy to food.

Many of the prokaryotes known

as archaea live in Earth

s

extreme environments, such as salty lakes

and boiling hot springs. Domain Archaea

includes multiple kingdoms. The photo

shows a colony composed of many cells.

Kindom Fungi is defined in part by the

nutritional mode of its members, such

as this mushroom, which absorb

nutrientsafter decomposing organic

material.

Kindom Animalia consists of

multicellular eukaryotes that

ingest other organisms.

DOMAIN ARCHAEA


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1 Qm 2 Qm 5 Qm

(a) Spherical (cocci) (b) Rod-shaped (bacilli) (c) Spiral


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Archaebacteria

Prokaryotes

Mostly inhabit extreme environments

(extremophiles)


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27.1


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Archaebacteria

Archaean groups based on environmentsal

criteria

1. Methanogens obtain energy using CO2 to

oxidize H2 producing methane; live mostly in

swamps and marshes where there is littleoxygen

2. Halophiles live in saline places. Some

just tolerate salinity while some require adegree of salt to be present to survive.


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Archaebacteria

3. Thermophiles thrive in hot environments

4. Alkaliphiles/Acidophiles thrive in basic or

acidic environments.

- ex.Sulfulobulos


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Protists

mostly unicellular eukaryotes

maybe several kingdoms within Domain

Eukarya

Some make food by photosynthesis (algae)

Some are heterotrophic and eat bacteria and

other protests


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Protists

Can be heterotrophic or autotrophic

Some protests are fungus-like

Ex. Amoeba, brown algae, Diatoms,

Trypanosoma

Figure 28.150 Qm


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Figure 28.5a5 m

(a) Giardia intestinalis, a diplomonad (colorized SEM)

Figure 28.7

9 Qm


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Fungi

heterotrophic eukaryotes that digest their food

externally and absorb externally and absorb thenutrients.

usually consists of a mass of threadlike hyphae

called a mycelium

ex. Yeast, Button mushrooms, truffles


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10 Qm

Parent cell

Bud

Figure 31.7

(a) The cup-shaped ascocarps (fruiting bodies)ofAleuriaaurantia give this species its

common name: orange peel fungus.

(b) The edible ascocarp of

Morchellaesculenta, the

succulent morel, is oftenfound under trees in orchards.

(c) Tubermelanosporum is a truffle, an ascocarp that g rows

underground and emits strong odors. These ascocarps

have been dug up and the mi ddle one sliced open.

(d)Neurosporacrassafeeds asa mold on bread and other

food (SEM).

10 Qm


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Plants

multicellular eukaryotes that make organic

molecules by photosynthesize.

have fortified cell well (lignin)

obtain nutrients in two media (air and water)

ex. Trees, shrubs, grasses


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Leaves producedby adult phase

of apical meristem

Leaves produced

by juvenile phase

of apical meristem

Figure 35.29

1


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Animalia

are multicellular, heterophic and lack cell walls

held together by extracellular structural proteins

and by unique type of multicellular junctions

reproduce sexually


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What is

Life?


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Figure 1.2

(c) Response to the

environment

(a) Order

(d) Regulation

(g) Reproduction(f) Growth and

development

(b) Evolutionary

adaptation

(e) Energy

processing


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Characteristics of Living Things

Order

All other characteristics of life emerge from

an organism's highly ordered structure

Reproduction

Life only comes from life (biogenesis)

Growth and Development

Heritable programs in the form of DNAdirect

the pattern, producing an organism that is

characteristic of its species.


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Energy Utilization

Organisms take in energy and transform it to

do many kinds of work.

R

esponse to the environment Homeostasis

Regulatory mechanisms maintain an

organisms internal environment withintolerable limits, even though the external

environment may fluctuate.


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Evolutionary Adaptation

Life evolves as a result of the interaction

between organisms and their environment.

One consequence of evolution is theadaptation of organisms to their

environment.

04 variety of organisms

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