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Figure 12.9Potentiometer-basedposition sensor.

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Figure 12 .11 An ultrasonic pulse-echo transducer measures the distance to an object .

Figure 12.16 Fourstrain gages are placed ina bridge configuration .

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Figure 12 .15 Strain gages used for displacement or force measurement .

Bonded GageArmature

II

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Force

The gage factor for an Advance strain gage is 2 .1 . The typical resistance R is 120 S2 . Ifthe gage is bonded onto a material with a spring characteristic

F=-kx

then the transducer can be used to measure force . The wires each have a significant tem-perature drift. When the four wires are placed into a bridge configuration, the temperaturedependence cancels (Figure 12 .16). A high-gain high-input impedance high-CMRR differ-ential amplifier is required.

Figure 12.18When the twothermocouple junctionsare at differenttemperatures, currentwill flow.

(cold)

(hot)T 1

T2

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current = a (T 1 - T 2 )

Seebeck effect= thermal to electrical

Figure 12.19

(Heat absorbed)When voltage is appliedto two thermocouplejunctions, heat will flow .

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voltagePeltier effect = electrical to thermal

Figure 12.20An instrumentation andlow-pass filter are usedto interface athermocouple.

Table 12.7 Temperature sensitivity and range of various thermocouples .

Constantan

µCsystem

analog low pass filter0<f<_ 10Hz

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j 0_<N<_200

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Comments

T-Copper/constantan 45 -150 to +350

Moist environmentJ-Iron/constantan 53 -150 to +1000

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Oxidizing environmentE--Chromel/constantan 80 0 to +500

Most sensitiveR S-Platinum/platinum-rhodium 6.5 0 to -1500

Corrosive environmentC-Tungsten/rhenium 12 0 to 2000

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Figure 12 .12 A LED-photosensor pair measures shaft rotation .

microcomputermeasures

AN Yperiod orpulse width

Table 12 .6Trade-offs betweenthermistors andthermocouples .

ICBare Bead

Flake

Glass Coated Probe

Thermistor Shapes

Glass Coated Bead

Disc

Rod

Thermistors

Thermocouples

More sensitive

More sturdyBetter temperature resolution

Faster responseLess susceptible to noise

Inert. interchangeable V versus T curvesLess thermal perturbation

Requires less frequent calibrationDoes not require a reference

More linear

Figure 12.17Thermistors come inmany shapes and sizes .

l20µ to1 .3mm

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I s' . .b~

(~ / A c ~ I- ~ u FS Ce .' ~ s 6 q l }e,~,,~~ ray

biFs

1~V

0 J miniv" 4 O l A ov}av1-

D I A t~av~q a

, S tke vwaX

c •

~ Jo I45 , ainpercs)

D/A tc,sol'Ifi'on

'* Stoe sw,atI(es{ cJi "ft Iviska'le

i" oufpy i

s •tke

a K e-tkct+occursr

c k43 k I u

c kaK3e4 I 7W kt~ tke ~' ,'

:n pv

Rc t e. (V4a5) ' pr eCi S'°" x R~so (~fi'o~

* percarringnce PaA4merevs of tk ~ jC

cl) h u m tie t„ o c b i {-s

® s e l-f111 'l wt2 (b s)

Data to registerinputs

enable

t Lsa

9 Q k&f C -5 tke

p,VNs se-}flip untie,

~reIVevt(1

0 r

Go n very/ah

Figure 6-1 Definition of settling time.

one kaLF of a I v0lk"'int~erva~ --~

S e f-fli'n q t irk

!'s caDM,p/efcd -

use OF

b A c should

deb-errniiie S

C by~vex5lo't

vyw-eaovre s tkc- i n 4.evvJbe~wtevt an a 6rup E ckalt

o~ iK puf code (a.to(J

mevcr

12Y e-I v 641 V

k how i tot

*k2 upper (iwti+ oh

~d r

`thc time tk4f tk.c cv4pi

has reached -thec orrt ci G1ha to

'Vd t u e *a, W i W"nBr

SO m¢. 5 Pecigreo

G. CC uraccy

is I

t l.~,z

0 A C

W kei oufpu E aep ro xiMa}es tke,correct er a l ve

r

CcAVerSiovx Fctc~cr `C F)

s de~~Ktd w eke ck4tK a ;,~

vt/wt

o~ Ijne +

'~O C.C

code

rete~J

A s tke-

d15 'laj

N d l fA

s

1~ c Yca~-~J C

? ,O r ~'anaI

(5; f e-Sol )ho`^

'.Sawle t a

IraK1•vwi

fov a unit ck .st e o F %"pvt c°

5Om

0AC 5 have afixed

CF,

w k~ (2. a tkelt/)

f ki s P °' La ""ekA. ~O Ic vsJut

j ~esi stet .OL

t X FerM

ro /~a J

t)1 b G 41 6 e

i n o7 D A G

Prodv« °t 'j an /r- d,,-

d ~~

vM a X -(~"_,) CI

,'K }evva.C (CPJ II

5 l p1 w

rj

erYd'~ `°~~rc25

V~

JUf *dvaJt,iavS

tket irece aaex i A e oU

per c ck'

1 kcalt

So ,

IAZ

vre

S ~,~L; ~'cd aS Iiwcalci

rtssfd '" t-erwas of tkL hvwt6er e f 6i±s

C P-e vx t- x'P 119,~ w~caouYCS rl~ S t4(LeS~ C-Way,Ie ' V% lv% r

vdLc,n}tad +0

rodUCe

~is~irtyv~3ka6 1~ 0 v ~ •' r.

WA a cc vrac' ; s

A V KS(

a1 kere i c t tQ ; s

it a

Jx S fl vled .2 S Co .n'

o c s }akd&td s

Tkre aAe two c0 Mrmovi

9S -bid ehCod ika(, SchewteS

~o r a b R C

vo u b

67 , b6 -- • b o &zt t ke %- b' b J '3' }j iqv f

5

V FS I *S eke coi( sc.a h vo(+aV .

CL C+UcZ - i d eaode

re ferred t o tke tta-t•QoLJ 8 ure a (!

V~

lb7 -t b! t b S + by { b3 t bzS

a.

I,

$

I C

3 z

Cy

.t b lt XT

yes

_ b~

bt .~ bs4

gj

~esi~h d f -tke Lf}Cd ;,, a)4 w ei9 w kd O AC

Two rnos4- iwqor(+out~ ci rc.v i 1- s 6 ~~"*~ 1 adder O AC

No k

dF a

i v'

Y'os4 popu(ckx bAC5 c.ohVe,rt s+ra(,9ht

binary code. -to OLKOJOc

eU'c o they codes

pc-DQ o FF's e.t b i w<

cD a's co Mp (erAe(t

q rC s a vnfo~wte S

covwe rfed

-tkat v u t he Coo,xsijereJCoKvef{ A

, c,Iigi1-J :npv f Code i's oIf {"kA o f vo(1a.Uq& Revd N Grioa -avl rf

~rowt ov\e bid of tke code to aKO1keIL

,r T L = h i ~(~ vo~ ~e leve,Q

a •~ - 5 Vt o W

I~

% --~ O- 0. 1 V

q,v\ $_bib t'e8is}er drive-5 its S-h puto.XJ( i n p tl f-s mG~ b e G (r i ve 14 ua i 14

5 UWi ~f crtKt N d 4-a9 ed (, er€n W

rc~iS4€ cavtWws cLu 1 S

5o if

DRc ap

a use, this inpv& 'v o (mile -t o a-c+i souk

sews; eav,adc~ovSWi~c~n

C-0 h{~ols C k_

current;s Set 5 t o~t fQ cod e

cx. T-et; s }eat, t ka~ I"- f alt ~CD {-- u A c- f c u 1puts rQ e q a)Le, re-plated)

Possible di a- ra.M SOY -r1Le. . 0 k C

,, ctudcd CLS p 4r 4 o F

the AAC tkeh

a " load 5+ro6cl' ;KpuE

W It 6e presenE

ILP

deco-der

w

Input code

Load strobe

V,

DAC

-x,

-V,

- VA

Figure 6.2 Block diagram of a DAC.

I/O bus

LO

Bufferregisters

.10l

LO

Load strobei

11_~DAC

registers

/r

V 1

-DAC

Z

DAC !

VA1 1

tl

- V 1

p cures

SvP~~~ ~oI ~cS

''

rl- XI

QM„ re,cerrKX 1

'101 • & cS

~VF! -a i s aKddel ou . pu t

V'o (4 cL9 e

-- VA2

OAC3

Figure 6-3 Double-buffered DACs.

r

l1

S s{-ewl

't low S the

''gyp

-to

wyi fe

-to aK~

Thr s

%

aK t i,n,~ a W ; ~Inovfo f tht tkrte b y ~~er r t~i Skr s at

c1^a ~-0~ ~ `~ ~+ k t D R C

Put ^~ ° I ~a5 t S

L

t an a PP ro Pr 144_H i th,t

PrA

( rt~ l5}er Si o~^

C0.h 6e. o.pplied --o vpda~C i'ke OP

IC 4e ers

~irlur we i hfed ORL

Figure 6.4 A binary-weighted DAC.

tlne binary Wet~h+d C) (~ C

sire p~e5~CoAye,,

}cY 1 S

t h at are propo },-oht(Th

c v r ren tStter cre°`~Ls

.1

_ This Con Ye

bit

LAJ C ; his of e " c~ code

5e~ to prodvto

tO the

~

5 ~,~nVA d ~-

the5e c vrrey

arkt

+

ya pagef J

a pro 'o10 v%

ea

+ e' -+ e°-

F^4 _

_ e3 {

2

R~

RoR3

is ~CP rGSev~{'e

~~

_'o,' c rP, ssu~~- "P~ ~ code

aia

4 t Qoa3

4L

e

cdw +ti tkf-Se two ^valves

rc~ a 5soC10.~~ ~ 'KOt~-ale ~~

Va Ir e

C.J

~~.

shoose t1~erc s

Vj

i5~'oY '`~Q(vt5 to be

Ro -

g+QZ4+u ,

dvq(j~

VA z Ro

t~ihat~

Qoi

VY-,

y~4Y J

C

'Ro

V 6

Juan+W1 ~

4 - b I'L

HtcjbinarI we-i~

1 V\

aY\

C F

Nal Ut

o ufPv k o f

s o tke ~ oMesk

w ill b~ 5et -f o W Xiwlvwl a Ilowa61e

wkrc~ is Iiwti~ca 61 -tke w%axiwtvwl

op-Awl VdN

VrKa,t = Ca41 ,) x C F

-aC+orcotiVersiv

\0\

i)

caQ cu La. -a

C F inn a X

o.f8(?JL ko allow

ou~P'

va I4o- e

0d`mP Ji ~4 eA.

C V w,c,,X =

VOM

A "- (

fo

eAa.fe-t 1~ i 5 "\p v E

,,

VoN

a N

~rhe bih

we(.Ik+(d DPI C

v alve S o ~ R - - la KR o = 36o K

actor W ~ehv g

a) CalCula.~t ~~~ co"~~510" ~

~~ rh f' ,

to itsu

c

Cb~ Ifv oK I S 6

i vho d~ ~~

<)

So

(b) M.a x imu w\

_ RF VB

Ro

a

tk~ S S~ s~ewt

vin ckX W IM V VO 0 ~~

e-`r`^a X

_ 3 .33 V15

Xo .2a2

other Valves C fres`S

" e

y S' /(go K i ~3

Cc .%: Jer 51 Ovt

-y, h; s V' alvt i ti

.i v bf-`"Jr

VI

RR

Ro

2 4

_ R F VtC~

toa S

a a . 5 K A-

a9 = 4 RE - $R3

-Cl 0 ) ( 7) = 0 .2

36o

allow

R~(Qr

L i _ hi{ 6i ,N arj uJei9H+cd 1) A C

,,J he V1

0-

a

at the ivvtr}iv%Ynode c s e, = V~teT

_

v

A kI -t raAsis{or5 '2C cu~

rl 4e 4~ 4 i a3w~c

=

c v o "^ i

e.odecvrreKt

lows

,wev kA.

No

rs E ~ P 0. tyke

ovtpvtva t}a~~ of ~'

.. „iKg a ~

to ihi~~E

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aPp lI

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ke

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-e

w .verii1

C q s"Ume VC e (5a {~ ' o

T ~I S e vYvth A ~ (o W S t{~rov9 1^

Ou ~pLj dF opNwe4l

tJ'Sal ~f + 4 Oz

01 RF +.Go A

k C)

Ito

Ko

A

OOP~E ~~ apPrWqf) z

vt~ E F

VA

_.t. Lj

0CurrCht = YW

Figure LS A pmtxica14-bit binary-weighted DAC .

YRec r

colleC of IUs

wo'tJ' S~ Ze S~S~VAA5

c/V

o Wl CA, o ,, py d VePAs w' ~ t 5 l6Tw

,

Tke "Ar 'Itsi s,br 5 h Yta

rc

a,~o/ g 12 e S

w 'r/dJt e

= 4Rz

g ?3

I 'e-

Ro I11) re a d

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1C

a6r~'c hem

5 Yead " 5

S+awCt/Star/

assa C ,a

s

~ed

ah oUfpV,~ -tPt

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tI

I a# e

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'

~

9

jQ Srna le-sE Input.-fiat t

la~S

to

w

tN I +; wtc 5

C(, 4cc a v v~ a;5

-eke

~ s used 4o (

due

oc+o

l et team tLS

Q/lfL °o

~~~c 4.5 Sk '~9~'~ Il

;~ a cc vru

~

cha,vu~C

c ~ 9 e

1

o c, tP '

e Yro\( th°`'~

savi

i . S

'---4 FO Y

Sp~eQ.j

due rtonnod e-

s Wi+Cki'kl .

0.YaSj--i C Cap c Ci kan(e

*kt CciIeC+or o f Z,-,C k swi fcklkl - ya'-w-S,.,5 -0Y

S tow s -t-k:2 u h v e r s ioh - t i w o f ;kz 1) A C

W ~ 2 K 0. ~- r av+ 5 1S r

6 e e K

OA,A *kVA i S

1-- s 6) -t-k i s

#+ wwz

s i~1 i f c k e od a F c

d u e-

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bi & e-katI e

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-~ iVVLe

coh S+avi t

a t -t k,

c a l l c.c 4-o r .

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6~ proGi Vct

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5 a f u ra .fe. d

R0c

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KI

15c)

Ci-

5_? F

CC.p a c i ~a. rL ce «,'.d c0 Q o

ce,sis}c4Mce rf-SuIfs in c.- +7 wLt coK,S3aio t cJ

0-1

JA 5

Z.

3 -t- i t 2 Co ns tcl. K~ S WLe a ((a w e.d

ovl t ki'5 trams i 4i'o i -t kf- vvt a X i wt v w1

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for- +kIs bi 6

~s -

3 .3 Ni14z

cot (ec4a

~ y-T-Nyx e 1 adde-~c Coh ~~ U'raY0V1

R-~

0 ~e.rvli Q0 J(JC~OV

i c.S ` s~o~ -t

(a)

U

(b)

piste 6.f (a) A ladder DAC. (b) The equivalent ladder circuit .

r c O A C s use s cwie waA(4 hO"~' l+ -~~°'~'~ off

I ,

o~ (add-' covefi ur&+/oN

sk)i{-ckCs

Y. e- Oitd(eSS

° f S w i {-c

ctb

COmyvtov%

O TJ,~tS t S C-a(tecL

'SjKC _cuYrehf -t(n coU3\ -j4

e- it

a„r

fit- i 5 u s e d1o SOWE

-th e. pro 6 le'

aF r f S i S}oY

S~f~a~ t

dY f

Pro b(ew

i n f)pes

0

are_ used -to coKVlec~

0 r

0rviy

}Ucd gYOUV%4

~° 5` -H°" +kL ~(o t fc`c0 e

the c i,) i fC ~ ; S a..Qwar

r e S ('Sfav s

(b )

(C)

S

(Q.) R H s

a

(b)

Figure 6-6 (a) A ladder DAC. (b)The equivalent ladder circuit .

0~

(cadet.. ==:i~,

o c valve

re.d`Jce

t'es ~S~CtAce- o~ ~~

4.YI/6V gjeKt

t P, 3 I rt

C29j-,

0

hejw0yk is 4W.Gt~i Ve

split ;h JQtf

"tW o

re-sis4ao-Ce c.dd5

pYeSen6 a- -t-o t a-P

Als

viva bent re 6isror appecAS in

a-

~ SgCurrek ~~

S = = t/q

eC&C In S VCCCediv~ verli'CJ YeSis o-

of

C,UYreK4

~' loW

~q,t,at,Q -Ea

~~

I

_ -r

- L s3

10R

vtEg

a f~

rH Seeotiol made

p ava U eeQ yes fsiors

+o av\ ~.Tvivalen t

p axa,f(ff,

i K

-re.sis}Qh Ce

~ 0vz a 2

oe f

V RcF

C ur re 't E

(sere'

kaw a Valve

i Gta f o f /pv v/ovss

+k e.

VREp

(b)

Ftsare 6-6 (a) A ladder DAC . (b) The equivalent ladder circuit .

W ~t2vt

a

b i

s

1'

c v vreKE t o tk

-r~e CUvvevt c lows

e. o U t

0

-rk2 CGKVe.vSlah FacfoY

Cc

-t k e 5(,0i4-c( w i 0 d('ver

in Ver+~ KII'Kpvt dF

t~YOVq i

fZ

VRF

i~

(aIy ,~".

a r2

~C F

r I rcdJeA Dqc isVR~~ RF

a', R

O p- CIPAP

CL a

Q1_ ,' qo

T,Q spttad of re5/ .54an re vcjv 4r fke(addeY

C,'5 ry\ pW

OK

a a : ( 5 Yead

c Loah.cS a i . 'YaxVe o f aIt J 5 iKg lereS iS+a.hce (does "AoagfccEJ o ulpv

Vo(f•a9e ccra5+1CQI/f as

I

ca h r'n Rin

wei~htea( 0 A4 C

I f ~abr~ca rd o~ o C~i (~ tk4

re,s +ors

V*k QV,e

rela~iVC

jwKa.f clod -'ewtpera-vir{ eve pfccr'er4s

C to Minimize- o~r4 r-)

CA) L

ADD 9R D A c eXhi ~~ ~s Q. s peedadVavA}9Lge 0Vft b~P1& wei;AtcI OtgC

r

Bec.a.vse +ke vo t+ace IeveQ a,' rtt

CQWtYVl0N +t.vmIkJ re-mairvS COKS+0.t

e'

SWt -~C h

lea si -ha ' CkavheS

C U Yy e vt t reMCIK S Cooks +an i cJ I A o K l

pa+k c. h.aVL3 i v

5CS i~ Ce rn~ vec+use c~a~.~e -takes

t~ la ~e, -rte ; C~a<r~e= o,~ tie ~aY s7+ -.

Carp ck.c~fav&~e a tkv

vi; does `nod

L/V O v, -t 44 -t roLVLS i's f o v S move

aU~ 0 F SCfur0,1bvt

C 6tj E

Ic.IA PYCI lem k'

)1(~l^5

Figure 6-13 Possible paths from 0011 to 0100.

TABLE B-4 TRANSITION PATHS FROM 0011 TO 0100

R S 1 p h i ~' Caw

("'o b le vel o C C u v`'"q ' t~

A C S

o f

~ 1 i } c1~I

iK}p aS

I' 1~

rc.~ i S~P/f

w t

o.C t i'~ ;f

code. i

setOf

flif }1005swi}c~ik ')t tS

rt~isfer-~~Q Uvt,t~vu%f

sW ;Fo~C2 So r t k~ d ~, ~''~-Q

bit Ca

•h

CCLUSe ~~9C -trdMSleYtt S l:)% Ke s

0 a C o u i'Pufi

alve -tcKeC

v ode G

es

o`^nPr S 0, C o

a,Vc b'

o f i ~c C-4 d e

t c, *Alt "ex ~ V alut,

S j,,(' - o a OUS11 •

s ee

F1 9uce

(-l

<< S- ~~

be

Initial state

Transient state Transient state Final state

0011 -a, 0000 0100-y 00100011 0001 0000 0(000011 0010 0110 01000011 0001 0101 01000011 0111 0110 0(000011 0111 0101 0100

"'a4ofe 7A5lj Ki ti Cai&ce

, a,Qh) ' Tvde o c tke g l i fch depelxdso f tie bit tka-4 i s ckdkl i 1100011

100010100001

lqjLrjw

(a)

Sample onpositive transition

output -jo l

Figure 6-13 (a) DAC glitch problem. (b) S/H solution. .

Ce,(+ai ut 5 6 5-kMs tk wF w- c Yi ve v,61

a D A C

(b)

a Yl

-f-Il

ttie 5li kkes kkaf ai~pew,- at tie

oukpu ; .

~.xann~ 1e.5

Q OC rno+o 5 /

o'r C-Xqm'(e ca Knot ,Ce5pcV

to -tke.s2 5~,a?-e ~ra~SieK~ due 'to tneAtio o f th M04c

.j- v\

Cay~Aot to ~eYa f e -' - he 5e

C. ircv i t

5

U S C C~1--- ~ Pi caltI

~_

T e 5 ample ~- h c 1 dl C,i Y cui t% s d ti Ye+^

c c~- cn) ( Aoq that i s out ~~ P tea se LA)

+he. ~~ St hrt~Q

haf c&r i Ye S -t'~\e- i" au F codeg

<< Zn to ( s w

s a p 1

s d o it e 4kv: . f Ae. -t r irls ien h cco

d1slLppea

•

H/S 'l+'.M~:o55 oSAGAI?-

S

Ds~,~s;A7~~v~,H

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i(h)/

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S?d04)M~tj)-aA'f»A S~-c)

H > S3 ° - L

N!S

A40dinos+'

Lqj-And s-PaA"-7''1.-sp1ojr"r

1,0

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("o l)1o.}. P-.%~sJ.A--j" I

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it

bw S+!

Paq ~A~s~~'5.1MI5