05/02864 Electricity consumption and economic growth: evidence from Korea Yoo, S.-H. Energy Policy, 2005, 33, (12), 1627-1632. This paper investigates the short- and long-run causality issues between electricity consumption and economic growth in Korea by using the co- integration and error-correction models. It employs annual data covering the period 1970-2002. The overall results show that there exists bi-directional causality between electricity consumption and economic growth. This means that an increase in electricity consump- tion directly affects economic growth and that economic growth also stimulates further electricity consumption.

05102865 Energy and exergy utilization in agricultural sector of Saudi Arabia Dincer, I. et al. Energy Policy, 2005, 33, (11), 1461-1467. This paper presents an analysis of energy and exergy utilization in the agricultural sector of Saudi Arabia by considering the sectoral energy and exergy flows for a period of 12 years between 1990 and 2001. Energy and exergy analyses are conducted for its two essential devices, namely tractors and pumps, and hence the sectoral energy and exergy efficiencies are obtained for comparison for a period of 12 years. Two main energy sources are diesel for tractors and electricity for pumps in the sector. It is found that the overall exergy efficiencies in this sector are slightly less than the corresponding energy efficiencies, e.g. 74.19- 69.20% for exergy efficiency and 74.94-74.60% for energy efficiency from 1990 to 2001. The present technique is proposed as a useful tool in sectoral analysis of energy and exergy utilization, developing energy policies and providing energy conservation measures.

05•02866 Energy consumption and GDP in developing countries: a cointegrated panel analysis Lee, C.-C. Energy Economics, 2005, 27, (3), 415-427. This paper re-investigates the co-movement and the causality relation- ship between energy consumption and GDP in 18 developing countries, using data for the period 1975 to 2001. Recently developed tests for the panel unit root, heterogeneous panel cointegration, and panel-based error correction models are employed. The empirical results provide clear support of a long-run cointegration relationship after allowing for the heterogeneous country effect. The long-run relationship is estimated using a fulI-modified OLS. The evidence shows that long- run and short-run causalities run from energy consumption to GDP, but not vice versa. This result indicates that energy conservation may harm economic growth in developing countries regardless of being transitory or permanent.

05/02667 Energy demand and energy-related CO2 emissions in Greek manufacturing: assessing the impact of a carbon tax Floros, N. and Vlachou, A. Energy Economics, 2005, 27, (3), 387-413. The purpose of this paper is to study the demand for energy in two- digit manufacturing sectors of Greece and to evaluate the impact of a carbon tax on energy-related CO2 emissions. The theoretical model utilized in the analysis is the two-stage translog cost function. The model is estimated using time series data over the period 1982-1998. The results indicate substitutability between electricity and liquid fuels (diesel and mazout), and substitutability between capital, energy and labour. A carbon tax of $50 per tone of carbon results in a considerable reduction in direct and indirect CO2 emissions from their 1998 level. This implies that a carbon tax on Greek manufacturing is an environmentally effective policy for mitigating global warming, although a costly one.

05102868 Who should administer energy-efficiency programs? Blumstein, C. et al. Energy Policy, 2005, 33, (8), 1053-1067. The restructuring of the US electricity industry created a crisis for utility operated energy-efficiency programmes. This paper briefly describes the reasons for the crisis and some of its consequences. Then the paper focuses on issues related to programme administration and discusses the relative merits of entities-utilities, state agencies, and non-profit corporations - that might be administrators. Four criteria are developed for choosing among programme administration options: compatibility with public policy goals, effectiveness of the incentive structure, ability to realize economies of scale and scope, and contribution to the development of an energy-efficiency infrastructure. The authors examine one region, the Pacific Northwest, and three states, New York, Vermont, and Connecticut, which have made successful transitions to new governance and/or administration structures. Attention is also given to California where large-scale energy-efficiency programmes have continued to operate, despite the fact that many of the key governance/administration issues remain unresolved. The authors observe that no single administrative structure for energy~efficiency programmes has yet emerged in the US that is clearly superior to all of the other alternatives. The authors conclude that this is not likely to happen soon for three reasons. First, policy

18 Energy conversion and recycling

environments differ significantly among the states. Second, the structure and regulation of the electric utility industry differs among the regions of the US. Third, market transformation and resource acquisition, two program strategies that were once seen as alternatives, are increasingly coming to be seen as complements. Energy-efficiency programmes going forward are likely to include elements of both strategies. But, the administrative arrangements that are best suited to support market transformation may be different from the arrange- ments that are best for resource acquisition.

18 ENERGY CONVERSION A N D RECYCLING

05102869 Basic study on separate charge of coal and waste plastics in coke oven chamber Nomura, S. and Kato, K. Fuel, 2005, 84, (4), 429-434. Nippon Steel Corporation started to operate a waste plastic recycling process using coke ovens at Nagoya and Kimitsu Works in 2000 and at Yawata and Muroran Works in 2002. Now the total capacity is 120,000 tons per year and the recycling process is operating smoothly. In this process, coals and added plastics are carbonized and changed into coke, tar, oil and coke oven gas in a coke oven chamber. At present, upper limit of the addition rate of waste plastics to blended coals is 1% so that the plastic addition does not affect coke strength. However, the amount of waste plastics in Japan is as much as about 10 million tons per year and there is a real need for increasing the amount of waste plastics treated by the waste plastic recycling process using coke ovens. The authors investigated a method of increasing the addition rate of waste plastics without affecting coke strength by charging coal and plastic separately in a coke oven chamber. In the case of the same plastic addition rate, charging the plastic in the bottom or the top part of the coke oven chamber can decrease the deterioration of coke strength compared with charging a homogeneous mixture of coal and plastic. Charging the plastic in the bottom decreases the coke strength to a greater extent than charging the plastic in the top, This is because the decomposition of the plastic charged in the bottom decreases the bulk density of the upper coal layer. The results suggest that charging the coal and waste plastics separately increases the amount of waste plastics treated in the waste plastic recycling process using coke ovens. In order to commercialize this method, further studies are necessary concerning the charging method, device and the effect of this method on the coke oven operation.

05•02870 Biomass tar recycling and destruction in a CFB gasifier Rabou, L. P. L. M. Fuel, 2005, 84, (5), 577-581. Conversion of biomass into producer gas by thermal gasification broadens the scope of biomass applications. Usually, tar has to be removed from the producer gas. Tar recycling within the gasification process may solve the associated waste problem and increase the system efficiency, provided tar is broken down under gasification conditions. The authors presented the results of tar recycling experiments at a circulating flnidized bed gasifier. At 830°C, from each of 15 main tar compounds 70-80% were broken down. Continuous recycling of tar would increase the tar content in raw producer gas by 50% at most and save about 3% fuel input.

05•02871 Low-temperature pyrolysis of sewage sludge and putrescible garbage for fuel oil production Shen, L. and Zhang, D. Fuel, 2005, 84, (7-8), 809-815. Low-temperature pyrolysis of putrescible garbage (PG) and mixtures of PG with sewage sludge (SS) was investigated with the aim to study the mechanisms and product distribution and to identify optimum process conditions for maximizing the fuel oil yield. Experiments were performed in two rotary kiln type reactors in series, where the reaction temperature between 400 and 550°C and solid retention time of 20 and 60 rain were employed. Maximum oil yields were obtained at the highest temperature and lowest time (ca. 550°C and 20 rain) for all the different types of feedstock studied. High temperature and short solid retention time favoured the production of oil while high temperatures and longer retention times reduced the viscosity of the oil. Oils produced from pyrolysis of PG were found to have relatively higher viscosity compared to that from the sewage sludge. The compositions of

13 the different oils were analysed with a GC-MS and C NMR, enabling the different types of bonds and organic functional groups in the fuel oils to be identified. The species detected in oils from both PG and SS were found to be rich in oxygenated aromatics, however, the arrangement and type of oxygen in the structures were different between the oils. Ash resulting from the combustion of the sewage

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