Voluntary Motor Control

1 Functional Organization of NS

1 Structural Organization of NS

Organization of Motor Nervous System

Nervous System

Spinal Motor Neuron

Spinal Cord : White Matter

Spinal Cord

Motor Unit

Neuromuscular Junction

Release of ACh

Mechanism of Muscle contraction

Types of Muscle Contraction

Muscle Types

The Regulation of Muscle force

Spinal Animal

The Motor Pattern for Stepping in Mammals

Muscle Spindle

Muscle Spindle: Stretch Receptor

Stretch Reflex

Stretch Reflex

Golgi Tendon Organ

Golgi Tendon Organ

Feedback Inhibition: Golgi Tendon Organ

Withdrawal Reflex

Polysynaptic withdrawal Reflex

Withdrawal and Crossed Extensor Reflex

Polysynaptic Reflex

Cat Walk

Cat hind limb activity during stepping

Central pattern generator

Elements of the central pattern generator are revealed by electrical stimulation of high-threshold cutaneous and muscle afferents (flexor reflex afferents, FRA) in spinal cats treated with L-DOPA (L-dihydrox-yphenylalanine) and nialamide

Sensory Feedback for walking

A. Oscillating movements around

the hip joint in an immobilized

decerebrate cat

B. Stretching the detached hip

flexor muscle (iliopsoas) in a

walking decerebrate cat causes

inhibition of extensor activity and

an earlier onset of flexor activity.

Locomotor Center in Cat

Mesencephalic locomotor center stimulation in Cat

Human Locomotion