06 clapper
TRANSCRIPT
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT
REGARDING BIOFUELS
Gina Clapper, AOCS Technical Services
CABER: Bioenergy Seminars
Urbana, IL
25 February2013
AOCS MISSION
AOCS advances the science and technology of oils, fats, surfactants and related materials, enriching the lives of people everywhere.
As an international professional organization, we
provide current and emerging information and disseminate research results in oils, fats, lipids, proteins, surfactants and related materials, through our meetings, publications, and web presence;
develop and uphold methods of analysis used in global trade and research, conduct proficiency testing, provide reference materials, and coordinate with other standards developers including ISO and Codex Alimentarius;
facilitate and strengthen interactions among professionals through meetings, specialized interest groups and other networking opportunities; and,
collaborate with other scientific societies and related organizations to promote the advancement of science.
AOCS TECHNICAL SERVICES EXPERTISE
World authority in the development and
implementation of methods of analysis for fats,
oils and oilseeds
Publisher of Official Methods and Recommended
Practices of the AOCS
Provider of the AOCS Laboratory Proficiency
Program (LPP)
US Administrator for ISO TC 34 (Food Products)
FEEDSTOCK ASSESSMENT
AOCS methods are prescribed for quality determinations in tallow and grease industry specifications
Equally important in feedstock assessment considering the wide range of fat-containing products which may be used as source material
Color
a. FAC
Cc 13a-43
b. R & B Color Cc 8d-55
Fatty acid profile Ce 1h-05
Free fatty acids Ca 5a-40
Iodine value (IV) Cd 1d-92
Lead content Ca 18c-91
Moisture Ca 2c-25 / Ca 2b-38
Unsaponifiable matter Ca 6a-40
Insoluble impurities Ca 3a-46
Peroxide value (PV) Cd 8b-90
Polyethylene (PE) Ca 16-75
Rate of filtration
Saponification value (SV) Cd 3-25
Titer Cc 12-59
Methods in bold text are recommended
for use in the Tallow and Grease Series of
the AOCS Laboratory Proficiency Program
(LPP), respectively.
AOCS METHODS FOR TALLOW AND GREASE QUALITY
PARAMETERS
WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO ASSESS THE FEEDSTOCK
QUALITY?
Pretreatment can be critical and can increase the cost of
production
Need for complete reaction to FAMEs
Glycerin removal
Catalyst removal
Alcohol removal
Free Fatty Acid
ANALYTICAL PRIORITIES
Guidelines for feedstock quality New Recommended Practice published April 2007
Free, total glycerol…etc by GC/FID Cooperating with ASTM D2.06 to improve the current
D6584 method for collaborative study
Glycerol enzymatic Alternative method for glycerin
Potential for collaborative study
ANALYTICAL PRIORITIES (3)
% ester to test for major contaminants
Precipitates and cold flow
Stability
Peroxide values of raw materials
Flash point AOCS to adopt changes to ASTM D 93 method C
AOCS RECOMMENDED PRACTICE CK 1-07
Recommended Practices for Assessing Feedstock to Ensure Biodiesel Quality
lists those methods which may be used to assess the quality of oils and fats used in the production of biodiesel.
SCOPE
restricted to triglyceride feedstocks for biodiesel manufacture , including vegetable oils (soybean oil, rapeseed oil, palm oil, etc.), animal fats (tallow, lard, etc.) and triglyceride greases (yellow grease, etc.).
Critical attributes of the triglycerides are considered in light of the requirements of the most common biodiesel process - the alkaline transesterification of the triglyceride feedstock with methanol to produce fatty acid methyl esters.
CK 1-07 (2)
Sampling
Cleanliness
Purity
Impurities
Oxidative Stability
Fatty Acid Composition
TABLE 1. METHODS TO ASSESS FEEDSTOCK QUALITY. Test Method
Sampling AOCS C 1-47
Insoluble impurities AOCS Ca 3a-46
Sediment by centrifugation AOCS Ca 3d-02
Unsaponifiable matter AOCS Ca 6b-53
Polar compounds in frying fats AOCS Cd 20-91
Soap in Oil AOCS Cc 17-95
Polymerized triglycerides by gel-
permeation HPLC
AOCS Cd 22-91
Water by modified Karl Fischer
method
AOCS Ca 2e-84
Modified moisture and volatiles AOCS Ca 2f-93
TABLE 1. METHODS TO ASSESS FEEDSTOCK QUALITY (2)
Acid value AOCS Cd 3d-63 Sulfur - elements in oil by ICP-OES (use general guidance) AOCS Ca 17-01 Phospholipids in vegetable oils AOCS Ca 19-86 Phosphorus in oil by ICP-OES AOCS Ca 20-99 Phosphorus content – colorimetric method; AOCS Ca 12a-02 Phosphorus AOCS Ca 12-55 Fat stability, Oil Stability Index (OSI) AOCS Cd 12b-92 Fat stability, peroxide value AOCS Cd 8-53 or Cd 8b-90 p-Anisidine value AOCS Cd 18-90 Polymerized triglycerides by gel-permeation HPLC AOCS Cd 22-91 Polar compounds in frying fats AOCS Cd 20-91 Fatty acid composition AOCS Ce 1-62 Methyl ester preparation AOCS Ce 2-66
WHY STANDARDS?
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF STANDARDS?
For engine performance
For fuel quality
Measurement of input/output quality
Products and services are safe
Level the playing field
Facilitate free and fair global trade
WHO DEVELOPS THE STANDARDS?
Industry experts involved in this process can bring significant
advantages to your business. For example by:
Giving early access to information that could shape the market in
the future
Giving your company a voice in the development of standards
Helping to keep market access open.
Getting involved in standards development brings your concerns
and needs to bear on a process that will affect you in the future.
WHO DEVELOPS BIODIESEL STANDARDS?
International Organizations based in the US
AOCS (American Oil Chemists’ Society)
ASTM International
EMA (Truck and Engine Manufacturers Association™)
International Organizations based elsewhere
ISO (International Organisation for Standardisation)
CEN (European Committee for Standardisation)
WHAT IS BIODIESEL?
ASTM definition of biodiesel (adopted by EPA):
“fuel comprised of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids
derived from vegetable oils or animal fats, designated B100.”
Biodiesel is not:
Raw Vegetable Oils and Fats Non-Esterified Oils
Partially Esterified Oils Coal Slurries
Blends of above with Diesel Other ‘Biomass Based Diesel’
Thank you to Kyle Anderson for
this slide.
STATUS OF CURRENT ASTM SPECIFICATIONS FOR
BIODIESEL AND BIODIESEL BLENDS
ASTM D6751 is the specification for B100 for use as a blend
stock up to B5.
ASTM D7467 is the B6-B20 specification.
EN14214 is the European specification
There are differences between the ASTM and EN specifications
because EN14214 is based on RME (rapeseed methyl esters)
and the ASTM specifications are feedstock neutral.
Thank you to Steve Howell for this
slide.
STATUS (2)
ASTM D975 (on/off road diesel) allows up to 5% biodiesel and
ASTM D396 (heating fuels) allows up to 5% biodiesel without
labeling
Performance based for engines/burners
Must meet the same specification as the petro-only option
B100 must meet D6751 prior to blending
B5 is now fungible with diesel and heating fuel, just like other
components that are used in D975 and D396 fuels
Thank you to Steve Howell for this
slide.
STATUS (3)
As is the case with other fuels, D6751 continues to improve and
evolve over time
Especially as petro-diesel and engines change
Ultra low sulfur diesel is different today than when it was
introduced and is experiencing its own deficiencies
Internal injector coking
Corrosion in tanks and piping
Diesel engine temperatures and pressures are up
Clearances are down, filter pore-sizes are smaller
After-treatment systems are sensitive to metals that previously
had no impact
Thank you to Steve Howell for this
slide.
STATUS (4) RECENT IMPROVEMENTS TO D6751
Lowered the acid number to 0.5 mg KOH/g max from 0.8
Added a stability spec.of 3 hr minimum induction period
Developed and added the cold soak filtration test (D7501), 360 s
max or 200 s max if using below -12 ºC
This is to further control minor components that cause filter
clogging above the cloud point in some blends in the field
This phenomenon was not observed before ULSD
Adopted a new stability method (EN15751) which provides more
consistent results for biodiesel blends
Adopted AOCS Ck 2-09 IR method as an option for cloud point,
total glycerine, free glycerine, and methanol content
Adopted D6890, constant volume chamber derived cetane
number as an option for D613 cetane engine number.
Thank you to Steve Howell for this
slide.
BIODIESEL AND JET FUEL
B5 is shipped on the same pipelines as jet fuel in Europe
The US limits B5 to non-jet lines only (biodiesel in jet fuel must
be no more than 5 ppm
Currently there is a large, multinational program to generate
the data necessary to secure formal approval to increase to
100 ppm
USD 2 million effort
Air Force is re-running the thermal stability studies
If data are positive, a new level of 100 ppm biodiesel in jet
would be balloted into the jet fuel specifications
Thank you to Steve Howell for this
slide.
ACTIVITIES AT ISO
ISO/TC 28/SC 7 Liquid Biofuels
Secretariat: ANSI
Secretary: Mr. Todd Sandler
Chairperson: Mr. Sergio A. M. Fontes (Brazil) until end 2013
ISO Central Secretariat contact: Mrs. Kirsi Silander
Creation date: 2007
Standards and projects under the direct responsibility of
ISO TC 28/SC 7 Secretariat
Project Number Project name
ISO/NO 17306 Biodiesel – Determination of free glycerin,
monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides
and total glycerin by gas chromatography
ISO/NP 17307 Biodiesel – Determination of total esters
content by gas chromatography
ISO/NO 17308 Ethanol – Test method for electrical
conductivity
ISO/CD 17315 Ethanol – Determination of total acidity by
potenciometric titration
TC 248 PROJECT COMMITTEE: SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA
FOR BIOENERGY
Secretariat: DIN (Germany) Twinned secretariat: ABNT (Brazil) Secretary: Dipl.-Geoök. Reiner Hager Twinned secretary: Mr. Cláudio Guerreiro Chairperson: Mr. Humberto Siqueira Brandi (Brazil) until end 2015 ISO Central Secretariat contact: Mrs. Kirsi Silander Creation date: 2009
Scope: Standardization in the field of sustainability criteria for production, supply chain and application of bioenergy. This includes terminology and aspects related to the sustainability (e.g. environmental, social and economic) of bioenergy.
ISO/CD 13065 Sustainability criteria for bioenergy
THANK YOU!
For more information or to become involved
please contact:
Gina M. Clapper
AOCS Technical Services
+1 217 693 4809