Classification of Ore Carriers

矿砂船的入级事项矿砂船的入级事项矿砂船的入级事项矿砂船的入级事项

SOLAS CH XII as approved by MSC78 - 1

SOLAS CH XII as in force from July 2006

Paragraph 1. Bulk carrier means a ship, which is intended primarily to carry dry cargo in bulk, including such types as ore carriers and combination carriers。

SOLAS CH IX of SOLAS 1974

"Bulk carrier" means a ship which is constructed generally with single deck, top-side tanks and hopper side tanks in cargo spaces, and is intended primarily to carry dry cargo in bulk, and includes such types as ore carriers and combination carriers.

CSR Bulk 共同散货船规范

Summary of Improved Measures – new ships

Free fall & free floating

lifeboats Immersionsuits

Water ingressdetection and alarm

Small hatches and fore deck

fittingsHatch cover

Permanent means ofaccess

ForecastleHatch covers & coamings

Dewatering arrangements

Strength in flooded condition also for Double side skin

[DSS]Bow height and

reserve buoyancy

Harmonized class notations & standard

loading conditions

Strength in flooded condition for Single side skin [SSS]

Protection of FOT

Summary of Improved Measures – existing ships

Dewatering arrangements

Side shell frames and brackets Water ingress

detection and alarm

Immersionsuits

Hatch cover securing arrangements

Transverse bulkhead between holds 1 & 2

Banning any hold empty in full load condition

Stricter survey requirements

Categorization of bulk carriers defined in the new SOLAS regulation XII/1.1 in terms of cross section configuration

Category D

Non-typical bulk carriers which are not fallen in other three categories such as box shape bulk carriers.

Category C

Ore carriers (including combination carriers which have the same cross section as ore carriers)

Category B

Typical double side skin bulk carriers (including combination carriers which have the same cross section as typical bulk carriers)

Category A

Typical single side skin bulk carriers (including combination carriers which have the same cross section as typical bulk carriers)

(Typical SSS BC) (Typical DSS BC) (Ore Carrier)

(General Cargo)

(Wooden chip Carriers)

(Box shape BC)

Categorization for presentation only

SOLAS regulation II-1/3-6NA✓✓✓

IACS Unified Interpretations for the application of amended SOLAS regulation II-1/3-6 and revised Technical provisions for means of access for inspections

SC191

SOLAS regulation XII/12✓*5✓✓✓

Hold, ballast and dry space water level detectors and Performance Standards for Water Level Detectors on Bulk Carriers

SC180

SOLAS regulation XII/13✓*5✓✓✓Dewatering of forward spaces of bulk carriersSC179

SOLAS regulation XI/2NA✓✓NAHull Surveys of Double Skin Bulk CarriersZ10.6

SOLAS regulation XI/2NANANA✓Hull Surveys of Bulk CarriersZ10.2

SOLAS regulation XII/13NA✓✓✓Draining and Pumping Forward Spaces in Bulk CarriersM65

NA *4NA✓✓Common Structural Rules for Bulk CarriersCSR*3

(ICLL regulation 39)NA✓✓✓

Requirements for the Fitting of a Forecastle for Bulk Carriers, Ore Carriers and Combination Carriers

S28

NANA✓✓Harmonized Notations and Corresponding Design Loading Conditions forBulk Carriers

S25

(ICLL regulation 16)NA*2✓✓✓

Evaluation of Scantlings of Hatch Covers and Hatch Coamings of CargoHolds of Bulk Carriers, Ore Carriers and Combination Carriers

S21

SOLAS regulation XII/5NA*1NA*1✓✓Evaluation of Allowable Hold Loading for Bulk Carriers Considering Hold FloodingS20

SOLAS regulation XII/5NA*1NA*1✓✓

Evaluation of Scantlings of Corrugated Transverse Watertight Bulkheads inBulk Carriers Considering Hold Flooding

S18

SOLAS regulation XII/5NA*1NA*1✓✓Longitudinal Strength of Hull Girder in flooded condition for Bulk CarriersS17

NANANA✓Side Structures in Single Side Skin Bulk CarriersS12

SOLAS regulations VI/7 and XII/11

NA✓✓✓Requirements for Loading Conditions, Loading Manuals and Loading InstrumentsS1A

DCBA

Relevant requirements in the Convention

Current applicability to ships By categoriesIACS URs and UIs

Applicability of URs, UIs and Common Structural Rules (CSR) for Bulk Carriers

Class notations船级符号

Minimum notation:

+1A1 Ore Carrier ESP ES(O)

Enhanced notation:

+1A1 Ore Carrier ESP ES(O) NAUTICUS(Newbuilding) BC-B IB(+) NAUT-OC E0 TMON BIS BWM-E(s) OPP-F

IACS Unified requirements applicable to Ore Carriers (S1A & S21)

Enhanced survey program

Class notations

Minimum notation:

+1A1 Ore Carrier ESP ES(O)

Enhanced notation:

+1A1 Ore Carrier ESP ES(O) NAUTICUS(Newbuilding) BC-B IB(+) NAUT-OC E0 TMON BIS BWM-E(s) OPP-F

Harmonised notations and

loading conditions

(S25)Requirement for Bulk Carriers

voluntary for Ore Carriers

Nautical ClassTailshaft

monitoring尾轴监控

Bottom In-water Survey水下检验

Grab discharge抓斗加强

Ballast Water Management压载水管理

Protective location Fuel Oil

tanks

Cargo loading conditions- 1A1 Ore Carrier

FEM Not Mandatory

1.1.1.1. Homogenous ore loading condition on scantling draughtHomogenous ore loading condition on scantling draughtHomogenous ore loading condition on scantling draughtHomogenous ore loading condition on scantling draught

Cargo loading conditions- 1A1 Ore Carrier

StaticTdamg01.025

Watertight bulkhead loading

(flooding strength DNV minimum)

Static and dynamicTscantlg0+0.5avMhomogen

Homogeneous loading, filling cargo hold

Static and dynamicTscantlg0+0.5avMhomogen

Homogeneous loading

Cond.DraughtAcc.MassIllustration

External loadsInternal loads

Description

2.2.2.2. Ballast condition on ballast draughtBallast condition on ballast draughtBallast condition on ballast draughtBallast condition on ballast draught

Cargo loading conditions- 1A1 Ore Carrier

Static and dynamicTbalg0+0.5av1.025

Ballast condition

Static and dynamicTbalg0+0.5av1.025Ballast condition

Cond.DraughtAcc.DensityIllustrationIllustrationIllustrationIllustration

External loadsExternal loadsExternal loadsExternal loadsInternal loadsInternal loadsInternal loadsInternal loads

DescriptionDescriptionDescriptionDescription

Any hold - minimum condition

Draught T

Mas

s

TMhomogen

TBal

TBal

TScant

VLOC, partial load at final port, 143300 t ore

Dep. Australia: Empty, 85%, 53%, 100%, Empty, 83% , 90%, T:18.0mDep. Saldanha 89%, 85% 53% 100% 74%, 83%, 90%, T: 21,5mOpt. Europoort: Empty, 85%, Empty, 100% Empty, 83%, Empty T: 12.8m

Any hold - minimum condition

Draught T

Mas

s

TMhomogen

TBal

TBal

TScant

Loading manual????

1A1 Ore Carrier with additional BC1A1 Ore Carrier with additional BC1A1 Ore Carrier with additional BC1A1 Ore Carrier with additional BC----B notationB notationB notationB notation

Voluntary additional Class Notation

� BC-B introduces additional loading conditions which gives a more flexible vessel:1. Any hold empty at 83% of maximum draught2. Any hold filled with (Mhomogenous) on 67% of maximum draught.

� BC-B notation refers to UR S251. The longitudinal strength requirements are to be met with all ballast

tanks 100% full in normal ballast condition (equivalent with heavy ballast for an Ore Carrier)

2. Forward bottom structure to be strengthened against slamming using normal operating ballast condition (intention of URS25 when applied to an Ore carrier).

1A1 Ore Carrier with additional BC1A1 Ore Carrier with additional BC1A1 Ore Carrier with additional BC1A1 Ore Carrier with additional BC----B notationB notationB notationB notation1.1.1.1. Any hold empty at 83% of maximum draughtAny hold empty at 83% of maximum draughtAny hold empty at 83% of maximum draughtAny hold empty at 83% of maximum draught2.2.2.2. Any hold filled with (Any hold filled with (Any hold filled with (Any hold filled with (MMMMhomogenoushomogenoushomogenoushomogenous)))) on 67% of maximum draughton 67% of maximum draughton 67% of maximum draughton 67% of maximum draught

Applicable loading conditions

Static and dynamic0.75xTscantlg0+0.5avMhomogen

Adjacent holds empty

Static and dynamic0.67xTscantlg0+0.5avMhomogen

Adjacent holds loaded

Static and dynamic0.67xTscantlg0+0.5avMhomogen

Any single hold loaded

Static and dynamic0.83xTscantlg0+0.5avMhomogen

Any single hold empty

Cond.DraughtAcc.MassIllustration

External loadsInternal loadsDescription

Any hold – BC-B

Draught T

Mas

s

0.67T

Mhomogen[MP]

0.83T

[MP]0.83T

Cross deck structure – BC-B

Bulkhead structure – BC-B

Shear buckling at transv. bulkhead

Imbalance of external and internal forces causing downwards racking deformation at longitudinal bulkhead

Experienced on ore carriers with 4 holds

1A1 Ore Carrier with additional 1A1 Ore Carrier with additional 1A1 Ore Carrier with additional 1A1 Ore Carrier with additional NAUTICUS NEWBUILDINGNAUTICUS NEWBUILDINGNAUTICUS NEWBUILDINGNAUTICUS NEWBUILDING notationnotationnotationnotation

Recommended additional Class Notation

� NAUTICUS NEWBUILDING is a supplementary to the main class and on a voluntary basis

� Describes an extended calculation procedure for the verification of the hull structure:1. FEM procedure within the midship area for determination of main scantlings2. Extended fatigue requirements for end structures of longitudinals as defined

in Classification Note 30.7.

Cargo hold analysis

Cargo hold analysis in accordance with Cargo hold analysis in accordance with Cargo hold analysis in accordance with Cargo hold analysis in accordance with NAUTICUS NEWBUILDINGNAUTICUS NEWBUILDINGNAUTICUS NEWBUILDINGNAUTICUS NEWBUILDING notationnotationnotationnotation

Two hold lengths ½+1+½ with applicable loading conditions (harbour, seagoing and fatigue)

Cargo hold analysis in accordance with Cargo hold analysis in accordance with Cargo hold analysis in accordance with Cargo hold analysis in accordance with NAUTICUS NEWBUILDING NAUTICUS NEWBUILDING NAUTICUS NEWBUILDING NAUTICUS NEWBUILDING notationnotationnotationnotation

Cargo hold analysis- Local model

For yield and fatigue assessment of critical longitudinals and vertical stiffeners

Fatigue assessment as required for 1A1 Ore Carrier Fatigue assessment as required for 1A1 Ore Carrier Fatigue assessment as required for 1A1 Ore Carrier Fatigue assessment as required for 1A1 Ore Carrier (main class only)(main class only)(main class only)(main class only)

Fatigue assessment

� Simplified requirements to the outer shell longitudinals only as defined in the side structure section of main class (Pt.3 Ch.1 Sec.7).

Fatigue assessment

DynamicTbalav1.025Internal ballast pressure

DynamicTbal[-][-]

External sea pressure

(ballast draught)

DynamicTscantlavMhomogen

Internal cargo pressure

DynamicTscantl[-][-]External sea

pressure (scantling draught)

Cond.DraughtAcc.DensityIllustrationIllustrationIllustrationIllustration

External loadsExternal loadsExternal loadsExternal loadsInternal loadsInternal loadsInternal loadsInternal loadsDescriptionDescriptionDescriptionDescription

Dynamic fatigue FEM loading conditions to be applied forDynamic fatigue FEM loading conditions to be applied forDynamic fatigue FEM loading conditions to be applied forDynamic fatigue FEM loading conditions to be applied for additional additional additional additional NAUTICUS NEWBUILDINGNAUTICUS NEWBUILDINGNAUTICUS NEWBUILDINGNAUTICUS NEWBUILDING notationnotationnotationnotation

31

⋅≈

KCN

σN = Fatigue life (normally 20 years)

σ = Nominal Stress (dynamic stress amplitude)

K = Stress Concentration Factor

C = Constant (including the environment and mean stress level i.e. compression / tension)

疲劳寿命与应力的三次方成反比

Fatigue Life

� Kg : Gross Geometry (from FEM analysis)

� Kw : Weld Geometry (typical 1,5)

� Kn : Unsymmetrical Stiffeners (L& bulb-profiles)

Stress Concentration Factor - K

POSTFEM 5.6-02 5 SEP 2SESAM

XY

Z

MODEL: T1-1 DEF = 2034: LINEAR ANALYSISNODAL DISPLACE ALLMAX = 1.46 MIN = 0

.696E-1

.139

.209

.278

.348

.418

.487

.557

.626

.696

.766

.835

.905

.9741.041.111.181.251.321.39

Angle welddeposit /

base material

Effect of high tensile steel

� Reduced scantlings compared with normal steel

� Smaller corrosion margins

� Fatigue more critical due to higher stress level

� Detail design more critical for high tensile steels

� Reduced thickness - more critical to buckling

� Impact on coating - deflections

NV32 Steel

Mild Steel

T - type L - type

Fatigue- causes & consequences

918109%250x90x12x16L

NAWWLocal RuleScantlingsType

T 250x90x12x16 109% 36 21

1625109%300x90x11.5x16L

NAWWLocal RuleScantlingsType

T 300x90x11.5x16 109% 60 32

DNV Worldwide

=> 34% in an harsh environment

16%18%

23%

43%

� Fatigue is not an exact science- ±10% stress → ±30% fatigue life

� High tensile steel ≈ Mild steel

� Corrosive environment → (Fatigue life / 2)

� North Atlantic/Pacific → (Fatigue life / 2)

� Symmetric profiles have longer fatigue life

“Rules of Thumb” Regarding Fatigue

PMA – Which vessels?

SOLAS Chapter II-1 Regulation 3-6

Applicable to:

Tankers for Oil* > 500 gross tonnage (ESP)

Bulk Carriers* > 20,000 gross tonnage

* With keel laying on or after January 1, 2005

General – Which area?

Cargo Area and Fore peak ballast tanks

Applicable table

“For ore carriers, permanent means of access shall be provided in accordance with the applicable sections of table 1 and table 2”

I.e. a combination of requirements for tanker and bulker

PMA in wing ballast tanks

TP Table 1, item 1.1.1Permanent access platform atDeck/bulkhead connectionsarranged between 1.6m and 3.0mbelow deck at the stiffened sideof the bulkhead.

TP Table 1, item 1.1.3Arrangements for access betweenlongitudinal PMA and PMA on transverse bulkhead to be provided.

TP Para. 3.5Access to PMA from open deck/ between PMA provided by ladders with resting platforms spaced not more than 6.0m apart.

PMA in wing tanks

TP Table 1, item 1.1.5Transverse access giving access to tie flaring brackets on each side of the tank should be arranged.

Extension brackets are acceptable as long as they extend out to the transition between cross tie and end bracket at each end of the cross ties.

Example of access in Wing Tank

Openings for easy escape to the deck

Continuous longitudinal PMA

Max water level 3.0 m from deck plate measured at the midspan of deck transverse

Additional bracket may be necessary in order to inspect the cross tie bracket

PMA Ore Holds

Table 1, item 1.1.2At least one continuous longitudinal PMA between 1.6m and 3.0m below deck.

Table 2, item 1.2PMA shall be provided on the transverse bulkhead below the cross deck between 1.6m and 3.0m below the deck.

Protection of Fuel Oil Tanks燃油舱保护燃油舱保护燃油舱保护燃油舱保护

� The new requirements applicable when the aggregated fuel oil capacity is 600m3 or more, however:

- Individual small fuel oil tanks of 30m3 are exempted

� Applicable for vessels for which building contract is placed on or after 1st August 2007

HO1SHO2S

HO1PHO2P

APPROVED BY

Environmentally friendly design with all fuel oil tanks being coffered thus reducing the pollution risk posed by

rupture of outer shell.

Protected fuel oil tanks in engine room

OPP-F

Rule covering:

• Descriptive requirements of IMO• High level alarm for bunker tanks (or on

central overflow tank)• Remote operated valves on bunker lines• Drip trays on bunker manifolds, air pipes

and overflow pipes

VLOC, Normal ballast condition

As per approved loading manual, no other condition were included in the manual

This condition will according to S11.2.1.3 not any longer be permitted applied as only ballast design condition

Filling rate of No 1 ballast tank : 47%

S11 Rev.5

S11.2.1.3 Partially filled ballast tanks in ballast loading conditions

Ballast loading conditions involving partially filled peak and/or other ballast tanks at departure, arrival or during intermediate conditions are not permitted to be used as design conditions unless:

� design stress limits are satisfied for all filling levels between empty and full

• empty

• full

• partially filled at intended level

Check vessel assuming tanks are:

IMO - New Performance Standard for WBT Coatings 涂装标准

The new requirements are valid for:

Protective coatings in dedicated seawater ballast tanks of

all types of ships of not less than 500 GRT &

double-side skin spaces in bulk carriers ≥ 150 m in length

SOLAS reg.II-1/3.2 – Protective Coatings

� Goal:- Useful life of 15 years; coating system intended to remain

in “GOOD” condition

IMO: … minor spot rusting ref.A.744(18)

IACS PR 34: …

- spot rusting < 3% of area under consideration – no visible failure of coating.

- rusting at edges or welds < 20% of edges or welds in area under consideration.