06 network planning principle issue1.1.ppt

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OMD8000Network Planning Principle

ISSUE1.1

Wireless Curriculum

Development Section



Outline

1. Introduction to GSM Network

1.1. GSM System Architecture1.2. GSM Bandwidth1.3. Difference between GSM900 1!001.". GSM #$%ical &hannels

2. Mobile Radio Link 2.1. 'adi$ (a)e *r$+a%ati$n2.2. *r$+a%ati$n M$dels2.3. Antenna Systems2.". Di)ersity ,echni-ues2. . /nterference

2. . /nterference 'educti$n2. . #in Bud%et &alculati$n



/ntr$ducti$n ,$ GSM etw$r

1. Introduction to !M Network

1.1. GSM System Architecture 1.2. GSM Bandwidth 1.3. Di erence Between GSM!""#1$"" 1.%. &o'ical Channels in GSM

we are ()*)



GSM System Architecture

other MSC

other BTS´s

VLR HLR

EIR

AuCOMC



GSM Bandwidth

GSM 900 :

Channel spacing 200kHz

GSM 1800 :

Channel spacing 200kHz

890 915 935 960

duplex distance : 45 MHz

1710 1785 1805 1880

duplex distance : 95 MHz

Operator A Operator B Op BOp Anot allocated



#$%ical &hannels

GSM900 and GSM1800 ha e the so!e logic channel

architect"re

Broadcast !ontrol!"annel #B!!H$ !ontrol !"annels!o%%on !ontrol

!"annel #!!!H$&ra''ic !"annels #&!H$

(!H )!H B!!H#)*s +n'o$

&!H,( A-!H .A!H )/!!H (A!!H

)A!!H

&!H,H

&!H,9 6(&!H, 4 8( H&!H, 4( H

2!H

!o%%on !"annels #!!H$

/edicated !"annels #/!H$

&o'ical Channels



D$wnlin &hannels

(!!H

)!H

B!!H

2!H

A-!H

B!!H

!!!H

!o%%on!"annels

)/!!H

)A!!H

(A!!H

&!H,(

&!H,H

/!!H

&!H

/edicated

!"annels



6+lin &hannels

.A!H !!!H!o%%on!"annels

)/!!H

)A!!H

(A!!H

&!H,(

&!H,H

/!!H

&!H

/edicated!"annels



6se $f #$%ical &hannels

)earc" 'or (re uenc* !orrection Burst

)earc" 'or )*nc"ronization se uence

.ead )*ste% +n'or%ation

isten 'or 2a in

)end Access urst

ait 'or si nalin c"annel allocation

!all setup

&ra''ic c"annel is assi ned

!on ersation

!all release

(!!H)!HB!!H

2!H

.A!H A-!H)/!!H(A!!H&!H

(A!!H

idle %ode

o'' state

dedicated %ode

idle %ode



,he M$bile 'adi$ #in

we are ()*)1 .adio a e 2ropa ation

2ropa ation Models

3 Antenna )*ste%s

4 /i ersit* &ec"ni ues

5 +nter'erence

6 +nter'erence .eduction

7 in< Bud et !alculation



,he$ry $f (a)e *r$+a%ati$n

Theory of wave propagation is an exact science



M$bile ,elec$mmunicati$ns

Multi=pat" propa ationradio pat" is a %isera le propa ation %ediu%

i%ited trans%it ener *trans%ittin po@er o' %o iles deter%ines ser ice ran eatter* li'e=ti%e

i%ited spectru%sets upper li%it 'or data rates #)"annon s t"eore%$additional e''ort needed 'or c"annel codin're uencies need to e re=used C sel'= inter'erence

Man* %o ile users



'adi$ *r$+a%ati$n 4n)ir$nment

M"lti#path propagation

Shado$ing

Terrain str"ct"res

%e&lections

'nter&erences



'eflecti$ns

Strong echoes can ca"se e(cessi e propagation dela)i' @it"in e ualizer @indo@ andcan cause sel'=inter'erence i' out o' e ualizer @indo@

direct si nalstron re'lected si nal

e ualizer @indo@ 16 µs

a%plitude

dela* ti%e

lon ec"oes out o' e ualizer @indo@:C inter'erence contri utions



5adin%718

Slo$ &ading *+ognor!al,ading-

s"ado@in due to lar e o stacleson propa ation direction

,ast &ading *%a)leigh &ading-serious inter'erence o' se eralsi nals'adin dips radio "oles

?10

0

=10

= 0

=300 1 3 4 5 %

le el #dB$

9 0 MHz 0 <%,"



5adin%728

ti%e

po@er

sec 4 sec 6 sec

? 0 dB

%eanalue

= 0 dB

lo nor%al'adin

.a*lei "'adin



Si%nal ariati$ns

.a*lei "'adin

4o nor%al'adin

4ar e scale8ariation

!ause )uperposition o' %ultiplepropa ationpat"s @it"di''erent p"ase

)"ado@in or re'lexion 6* carstrees 6uildin s

2rop pat" pro'ile terrainD clutter structure Eart"cur8ature

!orrelation Fλ 10 100% C 100%

2rediction unpredicta6le %ostl*predicta6le#6uildin sGG$

predicta6le #%aps terraindata6ase$

2lannin%et"od

appl* statisticalt"res"olds 'or .a*lei " 'adinsi nals

consider lo nor%aldistri6utionaround local%ean #use σ 3

10dB$

use %aps or di italterrain D clutter data6ases to predict #50

00% pixel resolution$



*r$+a%ati$n

"ree# s$ace $ro$agation si nal stren t" decreases as t"e @it"distance increases

specular re'lection

di''use re'lection

Re%lection

Spec"lar %.a%plitude: A ==C α A #α F 1$p"ase : φ ==C =φpolarization: %aterial dependant p"ase

s"i't

/i&&"se %.a%plitude: A ==C α A #α FF 1$p"ase : φ ==C rando% p"asepolarization : rando%

/



*r$+a%ati$n

Absor$tion "ea * a%plitude attenuation%aterial dependant p"ase s"i'ts

t"e @a eIs depolarization

&i%%raction @ed e= %odel <ni'e ed e

%ultiple <ni'e ed es

A A = 5 30 dB




we are ()*)

1 .adio a e 2ropa ation

2ropa ation Models

3 Antenna )*ste%s


5 +nter'erence





*r$+a%ati$n M$del

Historical CC'%# Model &or radio T #stationsnot er* accurate nor serious

k"!"ra# Hatae%pirical %odel%easured and esti%ated additional attenuationsesti%ations 'or lar er distances #ran e: 5 0<%$Jot suita le 'or s%all distances # F 1<%$



:ata;s M$del

3dapted &or 900 MHz4 5"rope4 di&&erent land"sage classes

L A B f h a h

h d Lb m

b morpho

= + − −

+ − +

log . log * -

* . . log - log

1682

77 9

@it"' 're uenc* in MHz" B) antenna "ei "t K%La#"$ 'unction o' M) antenna "ei "td distance et@een B) and M) K<%L

and

A 69 55 B 6 16 #'or 150 1000 MHz$ A 46 3 B 33 9 #'or 1000 000MHz$

additional attenuation dueto land usa e classes



#and 6sa%e ,y+es

r;an s%all cells 40 50 dB,dec attenuation

,orest "ea * a sorption 30 40 dB,dec

di''ers @it" season #'olia e losses$

pen4 &ar!lands eas* s%oot" propa ation conditions

<ater si nal propa ates er* easil* C dan erous G

Mo"ntain &aces stron re'lections lon ec"oes

Glaciers er* stron re'lections extre%e dela*s

stron inter'erences o er lon distance

Hilltops can e used as arriers et@een cells do JO& use as antenna sites locations



(alfish< / e%ami M$del

Model &or "r;an !icrocell"lar propagation3ss"!es reg"lar cit) la)o"t *=Manhattan grid>-Total path loss consists o& three parts:

line=o'=si "t loss O)

roo'=to=street loss .&)

%o ile en iron%ent losses M)

"@

d



,he M$bil 'adi$ #in

we are ()*)


2ropa ation Models

3 Antenna )*ste%s

4 /i ersit* &ec"ni ues5 +nter'erence





Antenna &haracteristics

+o;es%ain lo esside , ac< lo es'ront=to= ac< ratio

Hal&#po$er ;ea!#$idth*6 dB# ;ea! $idth-

3ntenna do$n#tilting

?olarization

3ntenna ;and$idth

3ntenna i!pedance

Mechanical size



&$u+lin% Between Antennas

Horizontal separationneeds approx 5 λdistance 'or su''icientdecouplinantenna patternssuperi%posed i' distance tooclose

ertical separation distance o' 1 λ pro ides ooddecouplin alues ood 'or .N ,&N decouplin

Mini!"! co"pling loss

%ain lo e

5 10 λ



/nstallati$n 4=am+les

%eco!!ended deco"pling&N = &N: > 0dB&N = .N: >40dB

Horizontal deco"plingdistance depends on

Antenna ain Horizontal rad pattern

!nidirectional antennas.N ? &N @it" ertical separation.N .N di &N @it" ertical

separation # 'or< $

ertical decouplin is %uc" %ore e''ecti e

0 %

o%nidirectional : 5 0%directional : 1 3%



/nstallati$n 4=am+les

/irectional antennasea%ed sites

3ntenna *do$n#- tiltingimprove spot coverage

reduce interference

5 8 de



5eeder

(eeder 2ara%eter

,y+e Diameter 900M:>1!00M:>

7mm8 dB 100mdB 100m

6 8> 10 17 10

8> 1@ 9

@ 8> 2 7

1 8> 7@ 6 2

Peepin t"e (eeder as s"ort as it can



Distributed Antennas

+eak) &eeders ca les @it" er* "i " loss per len t" unit C distri uted antenna o'ten used 'or tunnel co era e t"is <ind o' 'eeder is er* expensi e

,i;er#optic distri;"tion &eederdistri ute .( si nal ia # er* t"in$ 'i er=optic ca les

radiate 'ro% discrete antenna points at re%otelocations

50 O"%

2ropa ation loss: 4 40 dB,100%

couplin loss: > 60 dB #at 1% dist $



'e+eaters

The repeaters are "sed to rela) signal intoshado$ed areas :

e"ind "illsinto alle*sinto uildin s

Aeeds a host cellChannel selecti e repeater or $ide#;and repeater

decouplin >40 dB needed




we are ()*)


2ropa ation Models

3 Antenna )*ste%s


5 +nter'erence





Di)ersity

Ti!e di ersit)

,re "enc) di ersit)

Space di ersit)

?olarization di ersit)

M"lti#path di ersit)

codin interlea in

're uenc* "oppin

%ultiple antennas

/ual=polarized antennas

e ualizer

t



Benefit 5r$m Di)ersity

/i ersit) gain depends on en iron!ent's there co erage i!pro e!ent ;) di ersit)

antenna diversity

5dB %ore si nal stren t" %ore pat" loss accepta le in lin< ud et

"i "er co era e ran e

.

.#di $ > 1 3 . A 1 7 A70Q %ore co era e per cellneeds less cells in total

&"e a o e case can e satis'ied onl*

under +deal condition &"at isen iron%ent is in'initel* lar e and 'lat



/nterference

we are ()*)


2ropa ation Models

3 Antenna )*ste%s


5 +nter'erence





/nterference

Signal "alit) Ds"! o& all e(pected signals carrier 7& 8s"! o& all "ne(pected signal interference 7 / 8

; -)M speci'ication : ! , + C 9 dB

expected si nal at%osp"ericnoise

ot"er si nals



4ffects $f /nterference

3&&ects signal "alit)

Ca"ses ;it errorsr epaira le errors : c"annel codin error correctionirreduci le errors : p"ase distortions rando% (M

'nter&erence sit"ation isnon= reciprocal uplin< +' , do@nlin< +'uns*%%etrical di''erent situation at M) and B)

Concept C '



Si%nal ?uality in GSM

%E F"alit) *%EF 3+ para!eter-%EF 3+ classes 0 ... @

it error rate before all decodin , corrections

.NRSA Mean BE. BE. ran eclass #Q$ 'ro% to0 0 14 F 0 Q1 0 8 0 0 4 Q

0 57 0 4 0 8 Q3 1 13 0 8 1 6 Q4 6 1 6 3 Q

5 4 53 3 6 4 Q6 9 05 6 4 1 8 Q7 18 1 C 1 8 Q

usa le si nal

unusa lesi nal

ood

accepta le



/nterference s$urces

M"lti#path co!ponents *long echoes-,re "encies re"sing5(ternal inter&erences

; Jet@or< per'or%ance s"all e interference-limited rat"ert"an coverage- limited

2us" inter'erence li%itsas 'ar as possi le



Meth$ds f$r reducin% /nterference

,re "enc) planning

S"ita;le site locations

3ntenna *do$n#-tilting

ood location

ad location



Meth$ds f$r reducin% /nterference

,re "enc) hoppinga di ersit* tec"ni ue inter'erence reduction as a side=e''ect're uenc* di ersit* C less 'adin lossde=codin aininter'erence a era in

F"alit) ;ased po$er controle aluate si nal le el AJ/ ualit*

/TEsilent trans%itter in speec" pauses

3dapti e antennas'ollo@ t"e user concentrate si nal ener * to certain directions

3dapti e channel allocational@a*s assi n est a aila le 're uenc* durin call=setup



5re-uency :$++in%

/i ersit) techni "e're uenc* di ersit* can reduce 'ast 'adin e''ectsuse'ul 'or static or slo@=%o in %o iles

C)clic ;ase#;and hoppingB) "ops c*clic et@een its allocated 're uencies #%in 3 &.N$

%, hoppingeit"er c*clic or rando% "oppinneeds @ide and co% iner can use an* 're uenc* included in t"e Hoppin list #not on 1st

&.N$

(re uenc* di ersit* 'or static %o iles'eature: inter'erence a era in



*$wer &$ntr$l

Sa e ;atter) li&e#ti!e

Mini!ize inter&erence

GSM : 1 steps and 2 dB &or each

se po$er control in ;oth "plink do$nlink le el or ualit*=dri en

ti%e

si nalle el tar et le el

e =85 d%

2o@er control not allo@edon B!!H carrier



D,@

/TE: discontin"o"s trans!issions@itc" trans%itter o'' in speec" pauses and silence periodsot" sides trans%it onl* silence updates #)+/ 'ra%es$co%'ort noise enerated * transcoder

3/: oice acti it) detectiontranscoder 'unction

Transcoder is in&or!ed on "se o& /TE 3/ *in callset"p-

Batter) sa ing and'nter&ace %ed"cing

Batter) sa ing and'nter&ace %ed"cing




we are ()*)


2ropa ation Models

3 Antenna )*ste%s


5 +nter'erence





#in Bud%et

<h) $e need a link ;"dget

<hich $ill decide the co erage range

&"e co era e ran e is li%ited * t"e @ea<er one #up or do@n lin<$

T$o#$a) co!!"nication neededlin< usuall* li%ited * %o ile po@er

/esired res"lt: do$nlink D "plink

in< ud et %uste alanced



etw$r *lannin%

we are ()*) 3 1 !ellular 2lannin 2rinciples

3 Jet@or< &opolo ies

3 3 &ra''ic Esti%ation

3 4 !o era e 2lannin

3 5 (re uenc* 2lannin

3 6 )ite )election

3 7 &rans%ission 2lannin



etw$r *lannin% *rinci+le

mar etin'

-usinessplan

tra icassumptions

initial Jdi%ensionin

're D inter='erence plan

trans%ission plan

'inal Jtopolo *

para%eterplannin

co era eplan



Sc$+e $f etw$r *lannin%

etw$r +lannin% teamdata ac,uisitionsite surveyield measurement evaluationCW desi'n and analysistransmission plannin'

; etwor desi'n; nu% er and con'i uration o' B)

; antenna s*ste%s speci'ications

; B)) topolo *

; di%ensionin o' trans%ission lines

; 're uenc* plan

; net@or< e olution strate *

; etwor per ormance; rade o' ser ice # loc<in $

; outa e calculations

; inter'erence pro a ilities

; ualit* o ser ation

; 7perator8s re,uirements; su scri er 'orecasts

; co era e re uire%ents

; ualit* o' ser ice

; reco%%ended sites

; )9ternal in ormation sources

; terrain D %orp"olo ical data; population data

; and@idt" a aila le

; 're uenc* co=ordination constraints



/n+ut Data

Ma+s%ain citiesi%portant roadslocation o' %ountain ran esin"a ited areas"ore lines

#$cal n$wled%ecit* s<*linest*pical arc"itecturestructure o' cit*



Dem$%ra+hic Data

Statistical yearb$$ lar est to@ns citiespopulation distri ution@"ere are expected custo%ersT

#$cal n$wled%epopulation %i ration routestra''ic olu%essu scri er concentration points

300 000 pop

400 000 pop

50 000 pop



etw$r &$nfi%urati$n

5sti!ate n"!;er o& BS neededVERY rou " initial assu%ption :

total operatorIs and@idt"planned 're re=use rate

nu% er o' B) needed 'or traffic reasons

5 al"ate achie a;le cell sizes' #topo rap"* re uire%ents si nal le els en iron%ent $

nu% er o' B) needed 'or coverage reasons

Aor!all): BS co erage BS tra&&icDD pro;le! $ith &inance people

a era e nu% er o' &.Nallo@ed per cell

(inan ces Mar<etin

2lannin



etw$r *lannin%

we are ()*)

3 1 !ellular 2lannin 2rinciples





3 6 )ite )election




&ell :ierarchies

S% rella !ell,Macro cell

Micro cell

2ico cell )atellite !ell



Macr$ &ell etw$r

Cost#e&&ecti e sol"tionS"ita;le &or co ering large areas

lar e cell ran es"i " antenna positions

Cell ranges 2 ..20k!*depends on geograph)I-

sed $ith lo$ tra&&ic ol"!est*picall* rural areasroad co era e

Co!!onl) "se o!nidirectional antennasuse ea%ed antenna 'or road co era e

1 1 0 < %

Opti%ization 'or co era e



Micr$ &ell etw$r

Capacit) oriented net$ork additional capacit* * %ultiple cell co era e

S"ita;le &or areas $ith high tra&&icMostl) "sed $ith ;ea!ed cells

%ost cost=e''icient solution

est usa e o' a aila le cell sites

T)pical applications%ediu% to@nssu ur s

T)pical co erage range: 04 .. 2k!

Opti%ization 'or capacit*

0 5 <%



&ell c$)era%e ran%e

Achie)able cell c$)era%e ran%e de+end $n

're uenc* and #450 900 1800 MHz$

surroundin s en iron%ent

lin< ud et 'i ures

antenna t*pes

antenna positionin

%ini%u% re uired si nal le els

$



:e=a%$ns and &ells

&"ree "exa ons &"ree cells

$ l



etw$r *lannin%

we are ()*)






3 6 )ite )election


ffi 4 i i$



,raffic 4stimati$n

5sti!ate n"!;er o& s";scri;ers o er ti!elon =ter% predictionsnu% ers a aila le 'ro% %ar<etin people

5(pected tra&&ic load per s";scri;er di''erent su scri er se %ents

expected e"a ior o' user se %ents

?artic"lar ha;its o& s";scri;erse %ainl* "ea * indoor usa ep"onin @"ile in tra''ic Ua%s

B"s) ho"r conditionsti%e o' da*tra''ic patterns

ffi *l i %



,raffic *lannin%

Esti%ation o' tra''ic expected; nu% er o' su scri ers in area

; tra''ic load per su scri er

; eo rap"ical area to co er

C tra''ic per s <%

C tra''ic per cell

C nu% er o' &.N needed per B)

; allo@ extra capacit* 'or roa%ers and us* "our tra''ic

Bottlenec< o' t"e s*ste% s"allnot e caused * trans%ission

ffi *



,raffic *atterns

Tra&&ic is not e enl) spread across the da) *or$eek-

5sti!ated tra&&ic !"st ;e a;le to cope $ith peakloads

Bus* "our tra''ic is t*picall* t@ice t"at o' t"e a era e "our

0

10

0

30

40

50

60

70

8090

100

0 4 6 8 10 1 14 16 18 0 4 "r

Q

pea< ti%eo''=pea<

$ *l i %



etw$r *lannin%

we are ()*)






3 6 )ite )election


&$) % *l i %



&$)era%e *lannin%

e9ternal inputs:#tra''ic su s 'orecastco era e re uire%ents $

;nitial networ dimensionin' &.Ns cells sites and@idt" needed J topolo *

nominal cell plansu''estions or site locations cell para%eters co era e ac"ie ed

covera'e prediction si nal stren t" %ulti=pat" propa ation

co era e o<T

site inspection

site accepted T

real cell plan'ield %easure%ents

plannincriteria 'ul'illedT

J

J

J

create celldata 'or B)!

o to're uenc*plannin

&$) % ' i t



&$)era%e 'e-uirements

%oll#o"t phases ti!e sched"les

Co erage le el re "ire!entsa ree on %in le els 'or outdoor

co era e

+oss re "ire!ents'ndoor co erage areas

Mo;ile classes to plan &or

peratorJs cell deplo)!entstrategies

o%ni=cells in rural areasT3=sector cells in ur an areasT

p"ase 1! launc"

rollout

p"ase

rolloutp"ase 3

&$) % *l i %



&$)era%e *lannin%

+ossdue to co era e aps 2 noVco

due to inter'erences 2 +'

Total pro;a;le co erage area &or a cell:*1# ?noKco - L *1# ?'& -

"ull coverage o% an area can never be guaranteed ' common values( )* .. )+, $robabilit-

time and location $robabilities/

et $r +lannin%



etw$r +lannin%

we are ()*)



3 3 /i%ensionin



3 6 )ite )election


5re uency *lannin%



5re-uency *lannin%

"* @e reuse t"e 're uenc*T$ M(/ < " channels = $ timeslots < 32" users

<<> ma9. 32" simultaneous calls???

i%ited and@idt"

<<> re@use re,uencies as o ten as possi-le

+nter'erences are una oida le

<<> minimi/e total inter erences in networ

Allocate 're uenc* co% ination t"at creates least o erall inter'erence

conditions in t"e net@or<

Sse calculated propa ation predictions 'or 're uenc* allocations

5re uency *lannin%718



5re-uency *lannin%718

Target: &ind sol"tion $ith !ini!"! inter&erences in totalnet$ork

Traditional !ethod"exa onal cell patternsre ular ridcluster sizes're uenc* re=use distance

/ . s rt#3 cluster=size$

.

/

Do not use thisancient concept!

5re uency *lannin%728



5re-uency *lannin%728

,re "enc) planning al$a)s consider the $orstcase

actual situation is less se erepo@er control actual tra''ic and distri ution o' M) i%pro e

situation

3 erage &re "enc) re#"se rate as a criteria &orgood allocation sche!e:

practicalli%its

sa'e utunecono%ical

p"*sicalli%it

0 10 0

5re uency 'e<6se



5re-uency e<6se

%e#"se &re "encies as o&ten as possi;le

increases net@or< capacit*ut %a* e cause so%e inter'erences

/o not "se"exa on cell patternss*ste%atic 're uenc* allocation

B"tinter'erence %atrix calculation

cali rated propa ation %odels%ini%ize total inter'erence in net@or<

.

/

'

'3

'4'5

'6

'7

'3

'4'5

'6

'

'3

'4'5

'6'

'3

'4'5

'6

'7

'

'3

'4'5

'7

'

'3

'4'5'

'3

'4'5

'6

'7

Multi+le 'e<use 'ates



Multi+le e<use ates

,re "enc) re#"se rate%easure 'or e''ecti eness o' 're uenc* plantrade=o'' : e''ecti eness inter'erences

'nteractions *iteration loops- $ith co erage planning

M"ltiple re#"se rates increase e&&ecti eness o& &re . plan

co%pro%ise et@een sa'e inter'erence 'ree plannin and e''ecti e resourceusa e

1 3 6 9 1 15 18 1

sa'e plannin#B!!H la*er$nor%al plannin

#&!H %acro la*er$

ti "t re=use plannin #ti "t la*er$

sa%e 're uenc*in e er* cell#spread spectru%$



5re-uency &$<$rdinati$n



5re-uency &$<$rdinati$n

%eg"lations &or international ;o"ndaries5 dB ,% at orderline10 dB ,% at 15<% distance 'ro% order

Set o& pre&erential and reser ed &re "encies !"st ;e !"t"all) agreed ;et$een operators

A

B

!

15<%

internationalorderline

etw$r *lannin%



etw$r lannin%

we are ()*)



3 3 /i%ensionin



3 6 )ite )election


Site l$cati$ns



Site l$cati$ns

Cells per&or!ance has a close relationship $ith site location

Sites are e(pensi e

Sites are long#ter! in est!ents

Site ac "isition is a slo$ process

H"ndreds o& sites needed per net$ork

Base station site is a alua le

lon =ter% asset 'or t"e operator

Bad Site #$cati$n



Bad Site #$cati$n

3 oid hill#top locations &or BS sitesuncontrolled inter erencesinterleaved covera'eaw ward (7 -ehaviors-ut: 'ood location or microwave lin s?

@anted celloundar*

uncontrolled stroninter'erences

interlea ed co era e areas:@ea< o@n si nal stron 'orei n si nal

G$$d Site #$cati$n



G$$d Site #$cati$n

; 2re'er sites o'' t"e "ill=tops; use hills to separate cells

; conti'uous covera'e area

; needs only low antenna hei'hts i sites are sli'htlyelevated a-ove valley -ottom

@anted celloundar*

Site Selecti$n &riteria



Site Selecti$n &riteria

.adio criteria

ood ie@ in %ain ea%direction

no surroundin "i "o stacles

ood isi ilit* o' terrain

roo% 'or antenna %ountin

O) to next %icro@a e site

s"ort ca lin distances

Jon=radio criteria

space 'or e uip%ent

a aila ilit* o' leased linesor %icro@a e lin<

po@er suppl*

access restrictions

"ouse o@ner

rental costs

Site Ac-uisiti$n *r$cess



Site Ac uisiti$n r$cess

radio planner

'ixed net@or<planner

%easure%enttea%s

arc"itect

net@or<operator

site "unter site o@ner

Site /nf$rmati$n



Site /nf$rmati$n

F"estionnaire sheetcollect all necessar* in'or%ation a out site detailssite coordinates "ei "t a o e sea le el exact address"ouse o@ner t*pe o' uildinuildin %aterials #p"oto$possi le antenna "ei "ts360de p"oto #clearance ie@$nei " our"ood surroundin en iron%entdra@in s<etc" o' roo'topantenna %ountin conditionsaccess possi ilities #truc< road roo'$B) location approx 'eeder len t"s



,ransmissi$n *lannin%



,ransmissi$n lannin%

Cost &or trans!ission lines acco"nt &or a great portion o& A< operational costs per )ear DD design &or minimum o erall costs !

+i9ed part desi'n

M)!

B)! Hu

B&)

B))

B&)

B&)

B&)

*adio part desi'n

B&)

B))

B&)

B&)

B&)

,ransmissi$n &$nce+t



, a s ss $ &$ ce t

4ransmission media

4ransmission techni,ues

4ransmission methods

+i-er

Coa9ial ca-le

Copper ca-le

Microwave radio4errestrial#satellite

D( SD(

CM;SD A4M

4 r a n s m i s s i o n e

, u i p m e n t

(DS&CA4

Micr$wa)e #in s



$ )

High capacit) trans!ission linksperating &re "encies: @ .. 68 GHz ;and

; !ontra needs extra 're uencies @eat"er dependant lin< ualit*#rain'all$ not al@a*s a aila le at idealsites # O) pat"$ lon distance "ops arepro le%atic

; 2ro lo@ operatin costs eas* to install

'lexi le uic< D relia le solution

Ter!inalstation 3

Ter!inalstation B

%epeater station

5resnel $ne



$

+ine#o&#sight path needed ;et$een ;oth nodes o& a!icro$a e link

eep 1st ,resnel zone clear o& o;stacles

A#th ,resnel zone: 5llipse aro"nd direct path4

$here path di&&erence to direct line is n L λ 2.

d

1st (resnel zonend3rd

.adius 'or n=t" zone s rt#n$bd km

f M ! m= 2@7

N ON O

N O

Basic ,ransmissi$n ,$+$l$%ies



, ,

Trans!ission topologies are o&ten dictated ;)a aila;ilit) o& lines.Costs s. &ail sa&et) *red"ndanc)-

2O+J&=&O=2O+J&

MS &+/.O2 !HA+JOO2

)&A. #!OJ!EJ&.A&+OJ 2O+J&)$

etw$r t$+$l$%y



y

?re&er centralized or decentralized A< architect"re

s%all B)! plus c"eap trans%ission

1 lar e B)! plusexpensi etrans%ission

M)!

B&)B)!

B&)

B&)

B&)

B)!, M)!

B&)

B&)

B&)

B&)

&r$ss<&$nnects



Trans!ission e "ip!ent to ;ranch data strea!s ;et$een di&&erent link sets

Aon#;locking stageeac" input strea% is routed to an output strea%

Taskss@itc"in et@een lin< setss@itc"in et@een ti%eslots o' a 2!M trun<droppin D insertin ti%eslots

Ad)anced etw$r *lannin% /tems



)

we are ()*) 4 1 Jet@or< e olution

4 +ndoor co era e

4 3 &unnel co era e

4 4 2ara%eters

4 5 Jet@or< Opti%izin

&ell Si>e 4)$luti$n



)

#A'G4 &4##S< 0 m4arly !0 s

SMA## &4##S1< mMid<end !0 s

M/&'O&4##S100 m < 1 mMid 90

*/&O&4##S10<100m

MA&'O &4##S

s s

#AC4'4D 4,(O'

Smaller &ells Brin% :i%her &a+acities but ...



#$%istics $f +lannin% and im+lementati$n

EF b$ttlenec t$ small cell de+l$yment

Small cells must be inte%rated int$ netw$r mana%ed by

ad)anced BSS



etw$r &a+acity e)$luti$n



Meas"re &or net$ork spectral e&&icienc):Erl, #MHz s <%$

3 &"nction o& and@idt"'re uenc* e''icienc* o' tec"nolo *'re uenc* re=use

cell sizestrun<in ains

(r "oppin(r "oppin

/&N/&N

/irected.etr*

/irected.etr*

2o@er !ontrol

2o@er !ontrol

Hal'=ratecode

Hal'=ratecode

oaddistri ution

oaddistri ution

&ra''icreason HO

&ra''icreason HO

%ultiple cellco era e

%ultiple cellco era e




4 1 Jet@or< e olution

4 +ndoor co era e

4 3 &unnel co era e

4 4 2ara%eters

<e are H5%5

(hy /nd$$rs



P Cell"lar co!petition !o es indoors

P S";scri;ers e(pect contin"o"s co erage and "alit)P "tdoor cells do not pro ide s"&&icient co erage indoors

; D77* S7& 4;7

GoodEuality?

Benefits



o@ &rans%ittin 2o@ers #B&),M)$

Dedicated ;ndoor Solution

Good Euality

Sa ety

MS Battery &i e

7 ice ),uipment

&ess ;nter erence

!ontinuous !o era e

Su-scri-er value

Continuous Service

Buildin% #$sses



Signal le els in ;"ildings are esti!ated ;)appl)ing a ;"ilding penetration loss !argin

Big di&&erences ;et$een roo!s $ith $indo$ anddeep indoor*10 ..1 dB-

2 re' 0 dB

2 indoor =3 =15 dB

2 indoor =7 =18 dB

=15 = 5 dB no co era e

rear side :=18 =30 dB

si nal le el increases @it" 'loornu% er :>1 5 dB,'loor #'or1st 10t" 'loor$



/n<Buildin% *ath #$ss



Si!ple path loss !odel &or in#;"ildingen iron!ent

outdoor losses: O<u%uraWs 'or%ula out 4 6 ? 0 lo # f $ ? 6 35 lo # d $

@all losses:@all

'#%aterial an le$indoor losses: linear %odel'or picocells

in 0 ? d

building type losses application example

old "ouse 0 7 dB,% #ur an residential$

co%%ercial t*pe 0 5 dB,% #%odern o''ices$

open roo% atriu% 0 dB,% #%useu% train station$

out

@all

in



/nd$$r *lannin%



4=am+leP 1.2 M:> all$cati$nP 0 m4rl subscriber H 2I bl$c in%P tw$<fl$$r 'e<6seH se+arate fre-uencies

within a fl$$rP a8 three fl$$rs

P 2 4rl EF "0 subsP b8 ten fl$$rs

P 90 4rl EF 1!00 subs

4=am+le1.2 M:> all$cati$nH $ne <,'@ cell0 m4rl subscriberH 2I bl$c in%n$ 'e<6se $f fre-uenciesa8 three fl$$rs

3 4rlan%s EF 20 subscribersb8 ten fl$$rs

3 4rlan%s EF 20 subscribers

Sin%le cell a++r$ach Multicell a++r$ach

t

ff

f

f1f2

f1

f3f"

f3f1..ff1..f

f1..f

'adiatin% cable



Coa(ial ca;le $ith per&orated leadsDD energ) leak

%adiating losses 10 ..70 dB per 100!couplin loss t*p 55 dB #at 1% re' dist $

?rod"ce constant &ield strengths along ca;le r"ns

perate in $ide &re "enc) rangeradiatin losses eco%e "i "er @it" 're uenc*

er) large ;ending radiidistur s 'ield distri ution

,or!erl) o&ten "sed &or t"nnel co erage 0 R P N!I0

/nd$$r &$)era%e 4=am+les



1:1

50m

50m

1:1

50m

50m

1:1

50m

50m

1:1

50m

50m

1:1

50m

50m

1:1

1:1:1

1:1

7th &loor

6rd &loor

2nd &loor

1st &loor

gro"nd &loor

<ith repeater rela* outdoor si nal into tar et uildinneeds donor cell adds co era e no capacit*

<ith indoor BTS and distri;"ted antennas"ea * losses * po@er splittin and ca lin

Outdoor Antenna-ain: 18 dBi

+ndoor Antenna-ain: 9dBi

4ar'et ;ndoor Covera'e Buildin'

7,8XX !a leoss: 4dB , 50%!a le len t" : 5%

=50 dB%

4t" (loor

3rd (loor

1st (loor

-round (loor

nd (loor

'e+eater



?assi e repeater needs stron external si naluse'ul onl* @it" er* s"ort

ca lesseldo%l* used

3cti e repeater

a%pli'ies and re=trans%its allrecei ed si nals

<ide;and or narro$;andrepeater

; Application exa%plesplaces @it" co era e need andlittle tra''icre%ote alle*stunnelsunder round co era e #eara es$

needsdecouplin C a%pli'ication

,he #i%ht<bulb *rinci+les



several smaller sites providemore indoor covera'e areathan a sin'le lar'e site

is etter t"an

ews+a+er *rinci+les



;ndoor covera'e may -ee9pected in locations wherethere is no enou'h dayli'ht tocom orta-ly read a newspaper

without arti icial illumination

; Where 74 T e"otel lo *ele ator "all@a*s

; Where T eroo%s @it" @indo@near a @indo@atriu%=st*le places

; &"e ne@spaper=principle

(a)e *r$+a%ati$n in ,unnels



&unnels are er* 'riendl* en iron%ent'or radio @a e propa ation

&unnels are er* 'riendl* en iron%ent'or radio @a e propa ation

'deal antenna position: center o& cross#section/istance to $alls: !in. 2 λ

T"nnel cross#section shape "ni!portant4 i& 10 λ

Ti!e dispersion decreases $ith distance DD constant

Mo"nt antenna R 0..100! ;e&ore t"nnel entrance

Good signal co"pling ;et$een s"ccessi e t"nnels

,unnel &r$ss<Secti$n



,illing &actor deter!ines propagation conditionsT)pical ranges &or &illing &actorsroad tunnels: 10QMetro: 60 90Q

'illin 'actor ==========




we are ()*)

4 1 Jet@or< e olution

4 +ndoor co era e

4 3 &unnel co era e

4 4 2ara%eters

BSS *arameters



%ele ant BSS para!eter &or A< planning're uenc* allocation planlo ical radio inter'ace con'i urationtrans%it po@er

de'inition o' nei " orin cellsde'inition o' location areas"ando er para%eterspo@er control para%eterscell selection para%etersradio lin< ti%e=out settin stopolo * o' B)!= B&) net@or<

:and$)er ,y+es



'ntra#cell sa!e cell4 di&&erent carrier orti!eslot

'nter#cell di&&erent cells *nor!al case-'nter#BSC di&&erent BSC'nter#MSC di&&erent MSC areas'nter#?+MA*technicall) &easi;le4 not s"pported-

+ntra=cell+nte=rcell

inter=B)!

:and$)er &riteria



1 +nter'erence S and / Bad !,+ ratio

3 Splin< Rualit*4 /o@nlin< Rualit*5 Splin< e el6 /o@nlin< e el7 /istance8 .apid (ield /rop

9 M) )peed10 Better !ell i e periodicc"ec< #2o@er Bud et$11 -ood !,+ ratio1 2!: o@er ualit*,le el

t"res"olds #/ ,S $13 2!: Spper ualit*,le el

t"res"olds #/ ,S $

#$cati$n Area Desi%n



+ocation "pdating a&&ects all!o;iles in net$ork

ocation update in idle %ode

ocation update a'ter call co%pletion

+ocation "pdateres"lts insignaling and processing load$ithin the net$ork *internationallocation "pdatesI-

3 oid ping#pong location "pdates&ocation area 1

&ocation area 2

%aUor road

*a%in% )s. #$cati$n u+date ,raffic



2a in ocation update

Y o' cells in oc area

si nalin

tra''ic

opti%u% nu% er o' cells in oc area

'unction o' user densit*cell size call arri al rate 'unction o'

user %o ilit*

%ini%ize si nalin tra''icopti%u% aries @it" net@or< e olution

06 network planning principle issue1.1.ppt

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