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Shakespeare's life

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

William Shakespeare (National Portrait Gallery), in the famous Chandos portrait, artist

and authenticity unconfirmed.

There are few facts known with certainty about William Shakespeare's life. The best-documented facts are that Shakespeare wasbaptisedin Stratford-upon-Avon in

Warwickshire, England, 26 April 1564, at age 18 marriedAnne Hathaway, had three

children, and died on 23 April 1616 at the age of 52. Shakespeare is one of the first

playwrights known to have retired before he died.

Contents

1 Early life 2 London and theatrical career 3 Later years 4 Authorship 5 Shakespeare's family tree 6 See also 7 References and notes 8 External links

Early life
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William Shakespeare[1]

was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, a small country town, the son

ofJohn Shakespeare, a successful glover and alderman from Snitterfield, and ofMaryArden, a daughter of the gentry. They lived on Henley Street, having married around

1557. The date of his birth is not known, but his baptismal record was dated 26 April

1564. This is the first official record of Shakespeare, as birth certificates were not issued

in the time ofQueen Elizabeth. Because baptisms were normally performed within a fewdays of birth, a tradition arose that he was born on 23 April, but this has no historical

basis. This date would provide a convenient symmetry because Shakespeare died on the

same day in 1616. It is also the Feast Day ofSaint George, thepatron saint of England,

which might seem appropriate forEngland's greatest playwright.

Shakespeare's parents had eight children: Joan (1558-1635), Margaret (1562-63),

William, Gilbert (1566-1612), Joan (1569-1646), Anne (1571-79), Richard (1574-1613),

and Edmund (1580-1607).[2]

The house in Stratford known as 'Shakespeare's Birthplace (although this status isuncertain).

Shakespeare's father, prosperous at the time of William's birth, was prosecuted for

participating in theblack market in wool, and later lost his position as an alderman. Some

evidence pointed to possible Roman Catholic sympathies on both sides of the family.[3]

It is theorized that Shakespeare attended King Edward VI Grammar School in central

Stratford.[4]

The King honored in the school's name (Edward VI) had nothing to do withthe original founding of the school, which had Roman Catholic origins. It had been

established in the early 15th century, far before Edward's time.[5]

While the quality of

Elizabethan eragrammar schools was uneven, the school probably would have provided

an intensive education in Latingrammarand literature. As a part of this education, the

students would likely have been exposed to Latin plays, in which students performed tobetter understand the language. One of Shakespeare's earliest plays, The Comedy of

Errors, bears similarity to Plautus The Two Menaechmuses, which could well have beenperformed at the school.

[6]It is presumed that the young Shakespeare attended this

school,[7]

although his attendance cannot be confirmed because the school's records have

not survived. This school, which made frequent use ofcorporal punishment, was free tomale children in Stratford dating from an endowment by a Catholic chaplain in 1482.

[8]

There is no evidence that he received a university education.
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On 29 November 1582, at Temple Grafton, near Stratford, the 18 year old Shakespeare

marriedAnne Hathaway who was 26. Two neighbours of Hathaway, Fulk Sandalls andJohn Richardson, posted bond that there were no impediments to the marriage. There

appears to have been some haste in arranging the ceremony: Hathaway was three months

pregnant.

On 26 May 1583, Shakespeare's first child, Susanna, was baptised at Stratford. Twinchildren, a son, Hamnet, and a daughter, Judith, were baptised on 2 February 1585.

Hamnet died in 1596, Susanna in 1649 and Judith in 1662.

After his marriage, Shakespeare left few traces in the historical record until he appearedon the London theatrical scene. Indeed, the period from 1585 (when his twin children

were born) until 1592 (when Robert Greene called him an "upstart crow") is known as

Shakespeare's "lost years" because no evidence has survived to show exactly where hewas or why he left Stratford for London.

[9]A number of stories are given to account for

his life during this time, including that Shakespeare got in trouble forpoachingdeer, that

he worked as a country school teacher, and that he minded the horses of theatre patrons inLondon. There is no direct evidence to support any of these stories and they all appeared

to have started after Shakespeare's death.[10]

The theory that Shakespeare acted as a schoolmaster in Lancashire was proposed by E. A.

J. Honigmann in 1985, founded on evidence in the will of a member of the Hoghton

family, referring to plays and play-clothes and asking his kinsman to take care of

"...William Shakeshaft, now dwelling with me...".[11]

The asserted nexus was JohnCottom, Shakespeare's reputed last schoolmaster, who was purported to have

recommended the Bard.[12][13]

Michael Woodpoints out that Thomas Savage,

Shakespeare's trustee at the Globe some twenty years later, was related by marriage to a

neighbour to whom the will was also addressed. He allows, however, that Shakeshaftwasa common name in Lancashire at the time.[14]

Ackroydadds that study of the marginalnotes in the Hoghton family copy ofEdward Hall's Chronicles, an important source for

Shakespeare's early histories, shows that they were in "probability" in Shakespeare's

writing.[15]

London and theatrical career

By 1592, Shakespeare was a playwright in London; he had enough of a reputation for

Robert Greene to denounce him as "an upstart crow, beautified with our feathers, that

with his Tygers hart wrapt in a Players hyde, supposes he is as well able to bombast out a

blanke verse as the best of you: and being an absolute Johannes factotum, is in his owneconceit the onely Shake-scene in a countrey." (The italicized line parodies the phrase,

"Oh, tiger's heart wrapped in a woman's hide" which Shakespeare wrote in Henry VI, part

3.)
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Shakespeare's signature, from his will

By late 1594, Shakespeare was an actor, writer and part-owner of aplaying company,known as the Lord Chamberlain's Men like others of the period, the company took its

name from its aristocratic sponsor, in this case the Lord Chamberlain. The group becamepopular enough that after the death ofElizabeth I and the coronation ofJames I (1603),the new monarch adopted the company and it became known as the King's Men.

Shakespeare's writing shows him to indeed be an actor, with many phrases, words, and

references to acting, but there isn't an academic approach to the art of theatre that might

be expected.[16]

Shakespeare's Coat of Arms

Despite this lack of academia, Shakespeare long sought the status of a gentleman. His

father John, a bailiff of Stratford with a wife of good birth, was eligible for a coat of arms

and applied to the College of Heralds for one. But his worsening financial status

prevented him from obtaining it. The application was successfully renewed in 1596, mostprobably at the instigation of William himself, as he was the more prosperous at the time.

However as an actor he was not eligible and the application still relied on his father'squalifications. The motto on the coat of arms was "Non sanz droit", or "Not without

right", showing a certain defensiveness and insecurity on the part of its author; most

likely William. The theme of social status and restoration runs deep through the plots ofmany of his plays, and Shakespeare seems to mock his own longing.

[17]
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Nash's House, Stratford-on-Avon, standing adjacent to the site ofNew Place,

Shakespeare's home

By 1596, Shakespeare had moved to the parish of St. Helen's, Bishopsgate, and by 1598he appeared at the top of a list of actors in Every Man in His Humourwritten by Ben

Jonson. He is also listed among the actors in Jonson's Sejanus: His Fall. Also by 1598,his name began to appear on the title pages of his plays, presumably as a selling point.

There is a tradition that Shakespeare, in addition to writing many of the plays hiscompany enacted, and being concerned as part-owner of the company with business and

financial details, continued to act in various parts, such as the ghost of Hamlet's father,

Adam inAs You Like It, and the Chorus inHenry V.[18]

He appears to have moved across the River Thames to Southwarksometime around 1599.In 1604, Shakespeare acted as a matchmaker for his landlord's daughter. Legal

documents from 1612, when the case was brought to trial, show that in 1604,

Shakespeare was a tenant of Christopher Mountjoy, a Huguenot tire-maker (a maker ofornamental headdresses) in the northwest of London. Mountjoy's apprentice Stephen

Belott wanted to marry Mountjoy's daughter. Shakespeare was enlisted as a go-between,

to help negotiate the details of the dowry. On Shakespeare's assurances, the couplemarried. Eight years later, Belott sued his father-in-law for delivering only part of the

dowry. Shakespeare was called to testify, but remembered little of the circumstances. On

this case see article 'Bellott v. Mountjoy'.

Various documents recording legal affairs and commercial transactions show thatShakespeare grew rich enough during his stay in London years to buy a property in

Blackfriars, London and own the second-largest house in Stratford,New Place.

Later years

Shakespeare's funerary monument
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Shakespeare's House in Stratford-Upon-Avon. Now home of the Shakespeare's

Birthplace Trust

Shakespeare appears to have retired to Stratford in 1613.

In the last few weeks of Shakespeare's life, the man who was to marry his youngerdaughter Judith a tavern-keeper named Thomas Quiney was charged in the local

church court with "fornication." A woman named Margaret Wheeler had given birth to a

child and claimed it was Quiney's; she and the child both died soon after. Quiney was

thereafter disgraced, and Shakespeare revised his will to ensure that Judith's interest inhis estate was protected from possible malfeasance on Quiney's part.

He died on 23 April 1616, at the age of 52. He was married to Anne Hathaway until his

death and was survived by two daughters, Susanna and Judith. His son Hamnet had diedin 1596. Susanna marriedDr John Hall, and his last surviving descendant was their

daughter Elizabeth Hall. There are no direct descendants of the poet and playwright alive

today, but the diarist John Aubrey recalls in hisBrief Lives that Shakespeare was the realfather of the poet William Davenant, his godson. Davenant was brought up as the son of a

vintnerat the Crown Tavern in Oxford, on the road between London and Stratford, where

Shakespeare would stay when travelling between his home and the capital.[19]

Shakespeare is buried in the chancel ofHoly Trinity Church in Stratford-upon-Avon. Hewas granted the honour of burial in the chancel not on account of his fame as a

playwright but for purchasing a share of the tithe of the church for 440 (a considerable

sum of money at the time). A monument on the wall nearest his grave, probably placedby his family,

[20]features abust showing Shakespeare posed in the act of writing. Each

year on his claimed birthday, a new quill pen is placed in the writing hand of the bust. He

is believed to have written the epitaph on his tombstone.[21]

Good friend, for Jesus' sake forbear,

To dig the dust enclosed here.

Blest be the man that spares these stones,
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And cursed be he that moves my bones.

Authorship

Main article: Shakespearean authorship question

Around one hundred and fifty years after Shakespeare's death, doubts began to beexpressed about the authorship of the plays and poetry attributed to him. Researchers who

believe the works to have been written by another playwright, or group of playwrights,

have since then proposed many candidates for alternative authorship, including Francis

Bacon,[22]

Christopher Marlowe,[23]

andEdward de Vere, the Earl of Oxford.[24]

While itis generally accepted in academic circles that Shakespeare's plays were written by

Shakespeare of Stratford and not another author, popular interest in the subject,

particularly the Oxfordian theory,[25][26]

has continued into the 21st century.[27]

[edit] Shakespeare's family tree

Richard

Shakespeare

John

Shakespeare

Mary

Arden

William

Shakespeare

Anne

Hathaway

Joan

Shakespeare

William

Hart

JohnHall

SusannaShakespeare

Hamnet

Shakespear

e

JudithShakespeare

Thoma

s

Quiney

Elizabeth

Barnard

See also

William Shakespeare Elizabethan era Shakespeare's reputation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespearean_authorship_questionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Baconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Baconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Marlowehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_de_Verehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfordian_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shakespeare%27s_life&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Hathaway_(Shakespeare)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Hathaway_(Shakespeare)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Harthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Harthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hall_(physician)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hall_(physician)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanna_Hallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanna_Hallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamnet_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamnet_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamnet_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Quineyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Quineyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Quineyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Quineyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Quineyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Barnardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Barnardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabethan_erahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_reputationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_reputationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabethan_erahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Barnardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Barnardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Quineyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Quineyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Quineyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Quineyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Quineyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamnet_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamnet_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamnet_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanna_Hallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanna_Hallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hall_(physician)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hall_(physician)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Harthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Harthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Hathaway_(Shakespeare)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Hathaway_(Shakespeare)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shakespeare%27s_life&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfordian_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_de_Verehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Marlowehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Baconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Baconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespearean_authorship_question


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Shakespeare's religionShakespeare authorship questionSexuality of William ShakespeareShakespeare's playsShakespeare's sonnetsAnne Hathaway (Shakespeare)

Shakespeare's late romancesChronology of Shakespeare's playsShakespeare's EnglandGlobe TheatreShakespeare's Way

References and notes

^1. also spelled Shakspere, Shaksper and Shake-speare, as spelling in Elizabethan timeswas not fixed and absolute. See Greg, Walter Wilson, "Old Plays and New Editions," The

Library NS 3 (1902): 417.^2. A Shakespeare Genealogy^ Catholic3. For a more complete discussion of this see "The Religion of Shakespeare".Encyclopedia. (1913). New York: Robert Appleton Company.

^4. 'Will in the World' by Stephen Greenblatt, Quebecor World, Fairfield; United States,2004, p. 25

^5. 'Will in the World' by Stephen Greenblatt, Quebecor World, Fairfield; United States,2004, p. 25

^6. 'Will in the World' by Stephen Greenblatt, Quebecor World, Fairfield; United States,2004, pp. 27-8

^7. Honan, Park. Shakespeare: A Life. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999, 43.^8. 'Will in the World' by Stephen Greenblatt, Quebecor World, Fairfield; United States,2004, p. 25^9. Shakespeare: The Lost Years by E. A. J. Honigmann, Manchester University Press; 2ndedition, 1999, page 1.

^10. "The Lost Years," Shakespeare Time line, accessed 7 November 2006.^11. "The Lost Years," Shakespeare Timeline, accessed 7 November 2006.^12. "The Lost Years," Shakespeare Timeline, accessed 7 November 2006.^ Murray, David AaronIn Search of Shakespeare Crisis Magazine13.^14. Michael Wood "In Search of Shakespeare" (2003) BBC Books, ISBN 0-563-52141-4p.80

^15. Ackroyd, Peter(2005). Shakespeare the Biography. London: Chatto and Windus, p 76.ISBN 1-856-19726-3.

^16. The Facts About Shakespeare by William Allan Neilson and Ashley Horace Thorndike,1913, The Macmillan Company^17. 'Will in the World' by Stephen Greenblatt, Quebecor World, Fairfield, United States,2004

^18. Article on Shakespeare's Globe Theatre Zee News on Shakespeare, accessed 23January 2007.

^19. Aubrey, John (1680). "William Davenant, Knight",Brief Lives.^20. Cultural Shakespeare: Essays in the Shakespeare Myth by Graham Holderness, Univ ofHertfordshire Press, 2001, pages 152-54.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare_authorship_questionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexuality_of_William_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_playshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_sonnetshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Hathaway_(Shakespeare)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_late_romanceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronology_of_Shakespeare%27s_playshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globe_Theatrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_Wayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-1http://shakespeare.palomar.edu/timeline/genealogy.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-relshakesp_2-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Wikisource-logo.svghttp://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/The_Religion_of_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-9http://shakespeare.palomar.edu/timeline/lostyears.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-10http://shakespeare.palomar.edu/timeline/lostyears.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-11http://shakespeare.palomar.edu/timeline/lostyears.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-12http://www.crisismagazine.com/april2005/book2.htmhttp://www.crisismagazine.com/april2005/book2.htmhttp://www.crisismagazine.com/april2005/book2.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0563521414http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Ackroydhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1856197263http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-17http://www.zeenews.com/articles.asp?aid=367150&sid=ZNShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Aubreyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Aubreyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-18http://www.zeenews.com/articles.asp?aid=367150&sid=ZNShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1856197263http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Ackroydhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0563521414http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-13http://www.crisismagazine.com/april2005/book2.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-12http://shakespeare.palomar.edu/timeline/lostyears.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-11http://shakespeare.palomar.edu/timeline/lostyears.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-10http://shakespeare.palomar.edu/timeline/lostyears.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopediahttp://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/The_Religion_of_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-relshakesp_2-0http://shakespeare.palomar.edu/timeline/genealogy.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare's_life#cite_ref-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_Wayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globe_Theatrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronology_of_Shakespeare%27s_playshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_late_romanceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Hathaway_(Shakespeare)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_sonnetshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_playshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexuality_of_William_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare_authorship_questionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Wikisource-logo.svg


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^21. Dowdall, John (1693). Traditionary anecdotes of Shakespeare: Collected inWarwickshire, in the year MDCXCIII, quoted in William Shakespeare: A Documentary

Life by Schoenbaum, Simon (1975).

^ The Philosophy of the Plays of Shakespeare Unfolded22. at Project Gutenberg by DeliaBacon, 1857.

^23. Hoffman, Calvin (1960). The Murder of the Man who was Shakespeare. Grosset &Dunlap.^24. Ogburn, Charlton (1992). The Mysterious William Shakespeare: The Myth and theReality, 2nd, EPM Publications.

^25. "Edward de Vere, 17th earl of Oxford".Britannica Concise Encyclopedia.Encyclopedia Britannica (2007). Retrieved on 2007-06-14.

^26. Michael Satchell (24 July 2000). "Hunting for good Will: Will the real Shakespeareplease stand up?".Mysteries of History. US News. Retrieved on 2007-06-14.

^27. Dr. Michael Delahoyde. "Oxford and Music". Washington State University. Retrievedon 2007-06-14.

External links

The Shakespeare Birthplace trust has an excellent discussion of Shakespeare's lifeon its website.

The Internet Shakespeare Editions provides an extensive section on his life andtimes.

The Stratford Guide A visitor Guide to Stratford Upon Avon. Has sections onShakespeare's life, Attractions in Stratford and much more.The Shakespeare Resource Center A directory of Web resources for onlineShakespearean study. Includes a Shakespeare biography, works timeline, play

synopses, and language resources.Shakespeare's family treeThe Literature Network discusses Shakespeare's biography, his plays, and thehistory of them. There are lists of all of his plays and the order in which they werewritten.Encyclopedia Britannica's Guide to Shakespeare A comprehensive resource thatincludes historical information and background on Shakespeare's plays and in

depth literary critiques.History World This website provides a broad overview of the history of Europe. Itprovides insight into the time period in which Shakespeare was writing his plays.

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_life"
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