06-wimax coverage planning and capacity calculation-36-ok
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WiMAX Coverage Planning and Capacity
Calculation
ZTE University
CDMA-BSS Team
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Objective
After course training, you will:
Master link budget principle
Calculate BS coverage range Know how to calculate capacity
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Contents
Radio Propagation Characteristics
Link Budget Principle and Meaning
How to Calculate BS Coverage RangeCoverage Influence Factors
Capacity Calculation Method
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Three Basic Propagation Methods
Reflection
f Radio waves encounter with a stumbling block whose
surface is much longer than the wave length.
Diffraction
f Radio waves encounter with an acute angle or slim bar.
Scattering
f Radio waves encounter with large quantities of grains
whose size is much shorter than the wave length.
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Slow Fading and Quick Fading
Slow fading represents a slow change of receiver mean
value varying with propagation distance and
environments in a period of time.
Quick fading represents a quick fluctuation of received
signals in a short period of time.
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Multipath Fading
Multipath FadingWhen a receiver moves in a complex environment where reflection or
diffraction may occur, a level change of several tens of decibels and violent
phase swinging will take place in a range less than one wave length.
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Radio Signals in Land Mobile Communication
The propagation path of radio signals sent by BS
depends on terrain and ground objects. The higher BS is
located, the farther signals are transmitted.
Multipath propagation such as reflection, diffraction and
scattering greatly affects propagation of radio waves, and
sometimes leads to serious signal fading.
Higher frequency of radio waves results in more
propagation path loss, lower diffraction capability and
shorter propagation distance.
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Wave Propagation in Ur ban
Fewer radio waves can directly reach to MS. In most of cases,
signals received by MS are superimpositions of reflected waves,
diffracted waves and scattered waves.
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MHZ Km fs f d dB L 10log20log2045.32)(10
!
Free Space Propagation Path Loss:
The longer the propagation
distance, the greater the path
loss.The higher the wave frequency, the
greater the path loss.
Free Space Propagation Path Loss
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PropagationM
odel:PL(dB)=Function(F, HA, HM, D, C)
PL: Path lossF: Frequency (Unit: MHz)
D: Distance (Unit: km)H: BS antenna/MS effective height (Unit: m)C: Environment correction factor, including denseurban, urban, suburb and rural
Path Loss
Fading margin (dB)Penetration loss (dB)
Receiver (dBm)Transmitter (dBm) Allowed path loss
--
-=
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Input itemsFrequency
Distance
Antenna effectiveheight
Terrain (ur ban, subur b,
rural)
RSSI,
dBm
-120
-110
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33
Distance from Cell Site, km
Field
Strength,
dBuV/m
+90
+80
+70
+60
+50
+40
+30
+20
Blue line: Drivetest result
Gray line: Hatamodel expectedresult
Hata Model
PL (dB) = 69.55 + 26.16 log (F) - 13.82 log(H) + (44. 9 - 6.55 log(H) )*log (D) + CHata Model
PL (dB) = 69.55 + 26.16 log (F) - 13.82 log(H) + (44. 9 - 6.55 log(H) )*log (D) + C
Hata Model
PL: Path lossF: Frequency (Unit: MHz) (150 - 1500
MHz)D: Distance (Unit: km)
H: BS antenna effective height (Unit: m)C: Environment correction factor.
Value range: Dense Urban: 0 dBUrban: - 5 dBSuburb: - 10 dBRural: - 17 dB
Hata Model
PL: Path lossF: Frequency (Unit: MHz) (150 - 1500
MHz)D: Distance (Unit: km)
H: BS antenna effective height (Unit: m)C: Environment correction factor.
Value range: Dense Urban: 0 dBUrban: - 5 dBSuburb: - 10 dBRural: - 17 dB
COST-231
PL (dB) = 46.3 + 33.9*logF - 13.82*logH + (44.9 - 6.55*logH)*log D + C
COST-231
PL (dB) = 46.3 + 33.9*logF - 13.82*logH + (44.9 - 6.55*logH)*log D + C
COST-231
PL: Path loss
F: Frequency (Unit: MHz) (1500 - 2000
MHz)D: Distance (Unit: km)
H: BS antenna effective height (Unit: m)
C: Environment correction factor.
Value range: Dense Urban: -2 dB
Urban: -5 dBSuburb: -8 dBRural: -10 dBChampaign: -26 dB
COST-231
PL: Path loss
F: Frequency (Unit: MHz) (1500 - 2000
MHz)D: Distance (Unit: km)
H: BS antenna effective height (Unit: m)
C: Environment correction factor.
Value range: Dense Urban: -2 dB
Urban: -5 dBSuburb: -8 dBRural: -10 dBChampaign: -26 dB
Hate Model and COST-231 Model
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Contents
Radio Propagation Characteristics
Link Budget Principle and Meaning
How to Calculate BS CoverageR
angeCoverage Influence Factors
Capacity Calculation Method
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Receiver
Antenna
Antenna
Transmission line
Transmitter
Transmission line
Power output
Transmissionline loss
Gain
Path loss
Gain
Transmissionline loss
Sensitivity
Margin
Radio Link Components
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Uplink
Downlink
MS BSFeeder
loss
Antenna
gainPath loss
Antenna
gain
Feeder
lossMargin
Link budget
Determines allowed
maximum path loss.
Determines the maximum
cell radius.
Downlink/uplink
K eeps balanced.
Building
Margin: Fading + Penetration Loss +...
Link Budget Model
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Transmitter
Cable or body loss (dB)
Transmitter antenna gain (dBi)
Transmitter power (dBm)Transmitter EIRP (dBm)
-
+
=
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Main mechanism:
Diffraction,
refraction
Calculation method:
Statistics
Building penetrationCar penetration
?
?
?
Typical building penetration loss values
Dense urban area
Urban
Suburb
Rural
25 dB
20 dB
15 dB
6 dB
Champaign 0 dB
Penetration Loss
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90%
75%
Assume that MS can reliably receive -105dBm levelin at least 75% of cell edge area (90% of cell area)
and the standard deviation is 8dB.
As shown in the right figure, the probability
corresponding to 0.675is 0.75%.
0.675 x 8 = 5.4 dB
-105 + 5.4 = -99.6 dBm
The median level strength should be set to -99.6
dBm.
Cumulated normal probability distribution
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%100%
-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
75%
0.675 W
Area
-99.6dBm
W!dB
Probability density
Rx
Normal distribution0.675 W!d&
- 105 dBm
Fading Margin
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Body Loss
At present the body loss for link budget
is 3dB.
It is omitted for data service.
Link Budget Description (I)
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Building Penetration Loss
Here gives experience values:
Dense Ur ban: 25dB
Ur ban: 20dB
Subur b: 15dB
Rural: 6dB
The actual penetration loss depends on the actual situation.
Interference Margin
Link Budget Description (VIII)
Loading
!1
1Interference margin
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Antenna Height
The antenna should stand low in dense ur ban with
centralized capacity distribution to reduce pilot pollution
and interference on other areas.
The antenna should stand high in champaign with
decentralized capacity distribution to provide large
coverage.
Antenna height:
Dense ur ban: 30 m
Ur ban: 40 m
Subur b and rural: 50 m
Link Budget Description (IX)
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Contents
Radio Propagation Characteristics
Link Budget Principle and Meaning
How to Calculate BS CoverageR
angeCoverage Influence Factors
Capacity Calculation Method
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WiM AX Link Budget DL Traffic UL Traffic DLM AP
Item Unit Value Value Value
ApplicationScenario - Mobility Mobility Mobility
Coverage Level - indoor indoor indoor
Frequency MHz 2500 2500 2500
Max. Data Rate at Coverage Edgekbp
s 984 64.00 -
FFT Size - 1024 1024 1024
Permutation - PUSC Total PUSC Total PUSC Total
TDD Channel Bandwidth MHz 10 10 10
FrequencyReuse - 2*6*3 2*6*3 2*6*3
Modulation Mode at Coverage Edge - QPSK QPSK QPSK
Coding Mode at Coverage Edge CTC 1/2 CTC 1/2 CTC 1/8
System Configuration - 2*4MIMO - 2*4MIMO
Num. of TransmittingSymbol - 28 12 2
RepetitionTime - 1.00 1.00 -
Num. of Subchannel to Meet Data
Rate- - 2.00 -
HARQ Time - 4.00 1.00 -
Dense Ur ban Link Budget
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Dense Ur ban
Link Budget
Table
0.430.270.57kmRadius of RF Coverage
ZTE General for 2.5GHzZTE General for 2.5GHzZTE General for 2.5GHz-Propagation Model
1.501.501.50mSS Antenna Height
303030mBS Antenna Height
CoverageDistance Cal.
127.78120.20132.77dBLink Budget
181818dBPenetration Margin
2.003.002.00dBInterference Margin
7.39 7.39 7.39 dBShadow Margin for 90% Area Rate
System Margin
---dB4*4BF Gain for DL Traffic
0.006.02dBHARQ Gain
-0.000.00dBRepetition Gain
-12.43-dBSubchannel Gain
System Gain
-101.29 -113.16 -96.62dB
mRx Sensitivity
0.0017.500.00dBiRx Antenna Gain
-3.311.700.74 dBRequired SINR at Antenna Port
0.003.000.00dBRx Filter Loss + Cable Loss
74 7dBRx Noise Figure
24 2-Num. of Rx Antenna
Receiver Side
53.8823.0057.51dB
mTx EIRP
3.000.003.00dBRF Filter + Cable Loss
17.500.0017.50dBiTx Antenna Gain
0.00.03.0dBMultiple Antenna Combining Gain
402340dB
mTx Power per Antenna
112-Num. of Tx Antenna
Transmiter Side
ValueValueValueUnitItem
DL M APUL TrafficDL TrafficWiM AX Link Budget
0.430.270.57kmRadius of RF Coverage
ZTE General for 2.5GHzZTE General for 2.5GHzZTE General for 2.5GHz-Propagation Model
1.501.501.50mSS Antenna Height
303030mBS Antenna Height
CoverageDistance Cal.
127.78120.20132.77dBLink Budget
181818dBPenetration Margin
2.003.002.00dBInterference Margin
7.39 7.39 7.39 dBShadow Margin for 90% Area Rate
System Margin
---dB4*4BF Gain for DL Traffic
0.006.02dBHARQ Gain
-0.000.00dBRepetition Gain
-12.43-dBSubchannel Gain
System Gain
-101.29 -113.16 -96.62dB
mRx Sensitivity
0.0017.500.00dBiRx Antenna Gain
-3.311.700.74 dBRequired SINR at Antenna Port
0.003.000.00dBRx Filter Loss + Cable Loss
74 7dBRx Noise Figure
24 2-Num. of Rx Antenna
Receiver Side
53.8823.0057.51dB
mTx EIRP
3.000.003.00dBRF Filter + Cable Loss
17.500.0017.50dBiTx Antenna Gain
0.00.03.0dBMultiple Antenna Combining Gain
402340dB
mTx Power per Antenna
112-Num. of Tx Antenna
Transmiter Side
ValueValueValueUnitItem
DL M APUL TrafficDL TrafficWiM AX Link Budget
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InWiM AX networks, the coverage of every BS
varies with antenna height, antenna type (gain,
horizontal beamwidth and vertical beamwidth),
downtilt and transmit power. To accuratelyestimate coverage of a BS, the propagation
forecasting model should fully consider these
parameters.
Link Budget Description
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Link Budget Description
The link budget uses the propagation model ZTE General
for 2.5GHz and is applicable for 2.5GHz signal
propagation.
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Coverage Planning
Investigate and classify large coverage into, for example, urban,
suburb, or rural, and understand terrain and building distribution of the
area.
Make link budget.
f Know the edge coverage rate of the area and choose a proper log normalfading variance according to the terrain and a proper building penetration
loss according to the building distribution. Make link budget by using a
proper propagation model to obtain the maximum coverage radius.
Estimate the number of carrier sectors that can meet the coverage
requirement.
f Estimate the number of required BSs according to sector coverage and
area dimension.
(The planning considers coverage area only
regardless of capacity.)
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Contents
Radio Propagation Characteristics
Link Budget Principle and Meaning
How to Calculate BS CoverageR
angeCoverage Influence Factors
Capacity Calculation Method
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Coverage Influence Factor I
Improper BS position
Improper antenna height
Improper BS model
Improper azimuth planning
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Coverage Influence Factor II
Engineering Installation Problems
f Too long feeder leads to great feeder loss.
f Unqualified feeder connector leads to great insertion loss.
fWatered antenna or feeder leads to great loss.
f The antenna installation does not meet the height, azimuth
or downtilt requirement.
f Standing wave ratio alarm.
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Coverage Influence Factor III
Inaccurate engineering parameters
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Contents
Radio Propagation Characteristics
Link Budget Principle and Meaning
How to Calculate BS CoverageR
angeCoverage Influence Factors
Capacity Calculation Method
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Capacity (Throughput) Calculation
Concept of Slot
f For any uplink or downlink subframe, the corresponding slot contains 48data tones. This indicates every slot can carry 48 modulation and codingsymbols.
f Take 10MHz systems as an example:
f The frame length is 5 ms. Assume that the downlink subframe is allocated
with 31 symbols and the uplink subframe with 15 symbols.
f In the downlink subframe, the overhead is assigned with 3 symbols amongwhich one is for the preamble and the other two for FCH and DLM APrespectively.
f In the uplink subframe, the overhead is assigned with 3 symbols for ranging.
The number of slots in the downlink subframe: 30*(31-3)/2=420. The number of slots in the uplink subframe: 35*(15-3)/3=140
f The downlink subframe should bear UL M AP. Assume that UL M APoccupies 30 slots (30 subchannels, 2 symbols).
f The DCD/UCD transmission period is 400*5ms=2s. The number of slotsoccupied by the DCD/UCD overhead per frame is 90/400 and can beomitted.
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Downlink Subframe PHY Traffic Calculation
QPSK 1/2: DL Throughput= (420-30)*48*200=3.744Mbps
QPSK 3/4: DL Throughput= (420-30)*48*200*3/2=5.616Mbps
16QAM 1/2: DL Throughput= (420-30)*48*200*2=7.488Mbps
16QAM 3/4: DL Throughput= (420-30)*48*200*3=11.232Mbps
64QAM 1/2: DL Throughput= (420-30)*48*200*3=11.232Mbps
64QAM 2/3: DL Throughput= (420-30)*48*200*4=14.976Mbps
64QAM 3/4: DL Throughput= (420-30)*48*200*4.5=16.848Mbps
64QAM 5/6: DL Throughput= (420-30)*48*200*5=18.72Mbps
In 2×2MIMO (SM) mode, these traffics are doubled.
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Uplink Subframe PHY Traffic Calculation
QPSK 1/2: UL Throughput=140*48*200= 1.344Mbps
QPSK 3/4: : UL Throughput=140*48*200*3/2= 2.016Mbps
16QAM 1/2: UL Throughput=140*48*200*2= 2.688Mbps
16QAM 3/4: UL Throughput=140*48*200*3= 4.032Mbps
In 2×2MIMO (SM) mode, these traffics are doubled.
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Summary
Which factors are related with radio
propagation air loss?
Which factors affect BS coverage?
How to calculate throughput?
SummarySummary
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