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CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISMSThe Logic of ArgumentsARGUMENT AND SYLLOGISMSARGUMENTContains a minimum of two (2) statements:PremiseConclusionARGUMENTInstances of reasoning concerning which it is claimed that some statement(s) provides evidence for truth of some other statementDEDUCTIVEINDUCTIVEConclusion from a universal-prop to particular-propConclusion from a particular instance to a universal-propARGUMENT: FUNDAMENTAL TYPESGeneral to Specific/ParticularSpecific/Particular to GeneralSYLLOGISMConnected thoughtDeductive argument: 2 premises & 1 conclusionIncludes categorical propositions- must be in standard-formSYLLOGISM: STANDARD FORMMajor PremiseMinor PremiseConclusionSYLLOGISM: STANDARD FORMAll persons are intellectual beings.Plato is a person.Therefore, Plato is an intellectual being.Major PremiseMinor PremiseConclusionAll persons are intellectual beings.Plato is a person.Therefore, Plato is an intellectual being.SYLLOGISM: TERMSMajor Term (P)Minor Term (S)Middle Term (M)SYLLOGISM: TERMSAll wide readers are knowledgeable.Alex is a wide reader.Hence, Alex is knowledgeable.SYLLOGISM: TERMSMajor Term (P)All wide readers are knowledgeable.Alex is a wide reader.Hence, Alex is knowledgeable.knowledgeableThe predicate of the conclusion =Predicate of the major premiseSYLLOGISM: TERMSMinor Term (S)All wide readers are knowledgeable.Alex is a wide reader.Hence, Alex is knowledgeable.The subject of the conclusion =Subject of the minor premiseAlexSYLLOGISM: TERMSMiddle Term (M)All wide readers are knowledgeable.Alex is a wide reader.Hence, Alex is knowledgeable.Found in both premises, but not in the conclusionwide readerVALIDITY AND SOUNDNESSCONTENTFORMSubject matter of an argumentStructure/ pattern of an argumentVALIDITYAnalyse the form of the argumentConcerns only the form, not the content!Only deductive arguments may be valid/invalidSOUNDNESSOnly attributed to deductive argumentsConcerns both content and form!Valid argument that contain only true premisesFIGURES OF CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISMSFIRST FIGURE: SUB-PREM is subject of the major premise, and predicate of the minor premiseMPSMSP:.SECOND FIGURE: PRE-PREM is predicate of the major premise, and predicate of the minor premisePMSMSP:.THIRD FIGURE: SUB-SUBM is subject of the major premise, and subject of the minor premiseMPMSSP:.FOURTH FIGURE: PRE-SUBM is predicate of the major premise, and subject of the minor premisePMMSSP:.MOODS OF CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISMSMOODSRefers to the different arrangements of four types of propositions (A, E, I, O)Only 19 follow the rules of correct deduction (VALID)19 moods from the mnemonic versesFIRST FIGUREBARBARACELARENTDARIIFERIOSECOND FIGURECESARECAMESTRESFESTINOBAROCOTHIRD FIGUREDARAPTIDISAMISDATISIFERISONFELAPTONBOCARDOFOURTH FIGURECAMENESDIMARISBRAMANTIPFESAPOFRESISONSome deadly weapons are grenades;But, all grenades are explosives;Therefore, some explosives are deadly weapons.1Identify the figure (position of middle term)2Identify the prop of each premise3Look for the mood (arrangement of premises)