1

HISTORY

Aboriginal communities - BZna P\kap-Zmb§Ä Aborigin - BZn-a\n-hm-kn- Abstention movement - \nhÀ¯\{]t£m`w Absolute monarch - kÀhm[n]Xnbmb cmPmhv Absolute right - k¼qÀWmh-Imiw Absolutist - GIm[n]XyhmZn

Accession - {]th-i\w/Øm\m-tcm-lWw Adaptation - A\p-cq]o-I-cWw/A\p-Iev]\w Administrative - `cW]camb

Adorning temple - A-ew-IrXt£{Xw

Adult suffrage - {]mb-]qÀ¯nthm«-h-Imiw Advent - BK-a\w Affidavit - kXy-hm-Mvaqew/kXy-{]-kvXm-h\ Aggression - B{I-aWw Aggressive nationalism - Xo{h-tZ-io-bX/B{I-atWmÂkpItZio-bX Agitations - {]t£m-`§Ä Agrahara - A{K-lmcw/{_mÒ-W-s¯-cphv

Agrarian culture - ImÀjnIkwkvImcw Agrarian process - ImÀjnI{]{Inb Agrarian revolution - ImÀjnIhn¹hw Agro-based culture - Irjnb[n-jvTnX kwkvImcw Ahimsa - Alnwk Allegory - A\ym]tZiIY /cq]Iw/ ZrjvSm´w Allied powers - kJy-i-àn-IÄ Alluvial plain - F¡Â kaXew Amara - nayakas - Aa-c-\m-b-I-À Amatya - AamXy³ / a{´n Ambassador - Øm\-]Xn Amil-guzar - AanÂKpkÀ Amnesty international - Bw\Ìn CâÀ\m-j-W Anarchy - Acm-P-IXzw

Anatomical homogeneity - - ico-c-im-kv{X-]-c-amb GIm-ß-IXzw Anatomy - ico-c-imkv{Xw Ancestor - ]qÀhn-I³/ ap³Kman Anglican church - Bw¥n-¡³ k` Annals - hÀjm-\p-{I-akw`-htcJ

Annex - Iq«n-t¨À¯ `mKw/A\p-_Ôw Annihilation - \nÀamÀP\w/]qÀW-amb \io-I-c-Ww Anthologies - kam-lmc§Ä Anthropologist - \c-hwiimkv{X-Ú/imkv{X-Ú³

Anti colonial movement - tImf-\n-hn-cp²{]Øm\w

2

Antiquity - ]pcm-X-\Xzw/]g¡w Anti-war - bp²-hn-cp²w Apartheid - hÀW-hn-th-N\w Ape - BÄ¡p-c§v Archaeo -zoologists - {]mNo-\-P-´p-¡-sf-¡p-dn¨p ]Tn-¡p¶ imkv{X-ÚÀ Archaeo-botanists - {]mNo\kky-§-sf-¡p-dn¨p ]Tn-¡p¶

imkv{XÚÀ Archaeologists - ]pcmhkvXpimkv{XÚÀ Archaeology - ]pcm-hkvXpimkv{Xw Archaic - ]pcm-X-\-amb/]ucm-Wn-I-amb Architect - hmkvXpinev]n- Architecture - hmkvXp-hnZy Archival records - ]pcmtcJ-IÄ Archive - ]pcm-tc-Jm-ebw Aristocracy - {]`pXzw Armed revolt - kmbp-[-hn-¹hw

Arsenal of democracy - P\m-[n-]-Xy-¯nsâ Bbp-[-¸pc Art of writing - teJ-\-Ie/Fgp-¯p-hnZy Artefact - ]pcm-h-kvXp- Ascending the throne - knwlm-k-\m-tcm-lWw Asceticism - k¶ymkw

Assembly of elders - apXn˦h-cpsS k`

Astrology - tPymXnjw Astronomers - tPymXn-Èm-kv{X-ÚÀ Astronomy - tPymXn-Èmkv{Xw Atlas - Aävekv/`q]-S-]p-kvXIw Auction - teew Authentic document - B[n-Im-cnItcJ Authoritarian - A[n-Im-c-hmZn Authoritarian government - kÀhm[n]Xy`cWIqSw Autocracy - GIm-[n-]Xyw Autocrat - GIm-[n-]Xn Autonomous - kzbw-`-c-Wm-[n-Im-c-apÅ Autonomy - kzbw-`-cWw/kzbw-`-c-Wm-[n-Imcw Awakening - DWÀhv/ DWÀ¯Â Axis - A¨p-X−v Axis powers - A¨p-X-−p-i-àn-IÄ Baked clay - Np« Ifn-a®v Balance of power - imànIk´p-e\w Balkan crisis - _mÄ¡¬ {]Xn-kÔn Ballads - KoX-§Ä/hoc-I-Ym-Km-\-§Ä

Barbarians - A]--cn-jvIr-XÀ Barracks - ]«mf-¯mhf§Ä Barter system - D¸¶ssIamähyhØ

3

Basel Evangelical Mission - _mk Chm-³P-en-¡Â anj³ Basic amenities - ASn-Øm\kuIcy§Ä Basic literacy - ASnØm\km£cX Bead - aWn/ap¯v

Before Christ - _n.kn.

Before Common Era - _n.kn.C.

Benami - _n\man (A]-csâ t]cnÂ) Betel-leaves - shäne Bhadralok - `{Z-mtemIv Bhakti movement - `àn-{]-Øm\w Bicameral - Zzna-Þew/c−v aWvU-e-t¯m-Sp-Iq-Snb Bill of rights - Ah-Im-i-_nÃv Bipedal locomotion - Ccp-ImÂNe\w

Bipedalism - Ccp-Im-en¯w Bipolar world - Ccp{[p-h-temIw

Birth right - P·mh-Imiw Black death - Idp¯ acWw (t¹Kv aqe-apÅ acWw) Black shirts - Icn¦p¸m-b-¡mÀ Black thursday - Ccp-− -hymgw Blade - t»Uv (hmbv¯-e)/I¯n-bpsS hmbv¯e Blockade - D]-tcm[w Blood less revolution - cà-c-lnXhn¹hw Blue revolution - \oe-hn-¹hw

Boundary dispute - AXnÀ¯n¯À¡w--------------------------- Bourgeoisie - _qÀjzmkn Boycott - _lnjvIcWw Brahminic domination - {_mÒ-W-ta-[m-hnXzw Brocade - Ae-¦cn¨ Ik-hp-]«v Bronze age - sh¦-e-bpKw Brown shirts - Xhn-«p-Ip-¸m-b-¡mÀ Brutality - arKo-bX/{IqcX Bullion - kzÀW-¡«n

Bureaucracy - DtZym-K-Ø-m[n-]Xyw Bureaucratic apparatus - DtZym-KØkwhn-[m\w Burial - ih-kw-kvImcw (Ipgn-¨p-aq-SÂ) Basti - _kvXn- /ssP\-t£{Xw Caliph - Jeo^ Caliphate - Jeo^bpsS `c-W-{]-tZiw/Jeo-^-bpsS cmPyw Calligraphers - ssIsb-gp¯phnZ-Kv[À Calligraphy - ssIsb-gp¯pimkv{Xw/ssIsb-gp¯p Iem-ssh-

ZKv[yw Canon law - Imt\m³\n-baw

Cannon - ]oc¦n

Capital - cmPy-X-e-Øm\w/aqe-[\w

4

Capitalism - apX-em-fn¯w Capitalist bloc - apX-em-fn-¯-tNcn Capitalist - apX-em-fn¯hmZn Caravan - kmÀY-hm-l-IkwLw (I¨-h-S-bm-{Xm-kw-Lw)

Caravan serais - kmÀYhm-l-I-kwLXmhfw/I¨-h-S-¸m-fbw Carbonisation - ImÀ_-Wo-I-cWw

Cardinal points - {][m-\_nμp Carding - NoInan\p¡Â Caricature - lmkym-ßINn{Xo-I-cWw Carnivore - amwk-`p¡v Cartographer - `q]S\nÀamXmhv Cartography - `q]-S-imkv{Xw Cartridge - shSn-¯n-c- Carving - sIm¯p-]-Wn

Caste - PmXn Caste discrimination - PmXn-hn-th-N\w Caste hierarchy - PmXnt{iWn Caste system - PmXn-k-{¼-Zmbw/ PmXn-hy-hØ Casteism - PmXobX

Cathedral - `{Zm-k\¸Ån- Catholic church - It¯m-en¡mk`/It¯m-en-¡m-]Ån Cattle rearing - I¶p-ImenhfÀ¯Â Cavalry - IpXnc¸«mfw Cave painting - Kplm-Nn-{Xw Cavity - Zzmcw/ Ipgn Ceasefire - shSn\nÀ¯Â Celestial body - BIm-i-tKm-f-§Ä Celibacy - {_Ò-Ncyw Censorship - ap³IqÀ /HutZym-KnI]cn-tim-[\ Census - Imt\-jp-amcn/P\-kw-Jym-I-W-s¡-Sp¸v Central asia - at[yjy Centralisation - tI{μo-I-cWw

Centralised planning - tI{μo-IrXmkq-{XWw Centre of power - A[n-Im-c-tI{μw Century - \qäm-−v Ceramics - Ifn-a¬]m{X-§Ä Ceremonial - BNm-c-]camb Chaityas - ssNXy-§Ä/_u²--cpsS Bcm-[\mtI{μ-§Ä Chalcolithic age - Xm{ainembpKw Channar revolt - Nm¶mÀIem]w Chariot - cYw Charioteer - tXcmfn Charkha - NÀ¡ Chaurasi - Nuckn

5

Chauri chaura incident - Nucn-Nucmkw`hw Chauth - NuXv/H-cn\w \nIpXn Chemical analysis - cmkhniIe\w Chhutiya - Np«nb Chieftain - apJy³ /\mSp-hm-gn- Child marriage - ssiihhnhmlw Chiselled stone - sN¯n-an-\p-¡nb IÃv Chishti - NnivXn þ Hcp kq^n k¶ymkn kwLw Chivalry - [otcmZm-¯X

Christian era - {InkvXphÀjw Chronicle - Imem-\p-{I-a- kw`hhnh-cWw/Imem-\p-{I-a-hn-h-

cWw Chronology - Ime-K-W\mimkv{Xw Circle of illumination - {]Im-ihebw Cist - knÌv/alm-in-em-bp-K-¯nse ih-¡-Ãd Citadel - tIm« Civic nationalism - ]uc-tI-{μo-IrXtZio-bX Civil disobedience - knhn \nbaewL\w Civil law - B`y-´c\nbaw Civil right - ]ucm-h-Im-iw Civil rights movement - ]ucm-h-Imi{]Øm\w Civil war - B`y´cbp²w Civilisation - \mK-cn-IX

Civilising mission - kmwkvIm-cnI ]cnjvIcWZuXyw Class war - hÀK-k-a-cw- Clergy - ]ptcm-ln-X-hÀKw Coalition government - ap¶WnkÀ¡mÀ/ap¶Wn`c-W-Iq-Sw Coarse cotton - -]-cp¡³ ]cp-¯n-¯pWn Codify - t{ImUo-I-cn¡pI Coins - \mW-b-§Ä Cold war - ioX-k-acw Colonisation - tImf-\n-h¡-cWw Colony - tImf\n (A[n-\n-hnjvS{]tZ-iw) Colossal - `oam-Imc-apff Commander - in - cheif - kÀhtk\m-]Xn/kÀh-ssk\ym-[n-]³ Commercial town - hmWnPy\-Kcw

Commercialization - hmWn-Py-h¡cWw Committee of public safety - s]mXp-kp-c-£m-k-anXn Commodity - hmWn-Py-hn-`-hw, Nc¡v Common sense - kmam-\y-_p²n Communal harmony - kmap-Zm-bnIkulmÀZw- Communal riot - hÀKo-b-e-lf Communalism - hÀKobX Communists - I½yq-Wn-Ìp-ImÀ

6

Compensation - \jvS-]-cn-lmcw Compositorts - A¨p\nc-¯p-Im-À Concentration camp - tIm¬k³t{S-j³ Iym¼v (]oU\tI{μw) Concubines - sh¸m-«n-IÄ Concurrent list - kwbp-à-¸-«nI Confederation - cmjv{S§fpsS Iq«mbva Confiscate - I−p-sI-«pI

Congregational - kmam-Pn-I-amb/k`m-]-c-amb Conscript - \nÀ_-ÔnX ssk\nItkh\w Conservation of resources - hn`hkwc-£Ww Conservative - bmYm-Øn-Xn-Iw Conservatives - bmYm-Øn-Xn-IÀ Consolidation - GtIm]\w Constellation - \£{Xkaqlw Constituent assembly - \nba\nÀamWk` Constitution convention - `c-W-L-S-\m-kt½-f\w Constitutional monarchy - `c-W-L-S-\m-hn-t[-b-cmP-`-cWw Constitutionalism - hyhØm]nX`cWkwhn[m\w Construction sector - \nÀamWtaJe Contemporaries - ka-Im-en-IÀ Continental congress - tIm−n-\â tIm¬{Kkv Continental system - tIm−n-\â k{¼-Zmbw/hyhØ Contonment - tk\m-hm-k-Øm\w/ssk\n-I-¯m-hfw Convention - kt½-f\w /k{¼-Zmbw Conventional religion - km{¼-Zm-bnIaXw Conventional symbols - km{¼-Zm-bnINnÓ-§Ä Copper stone age - sN¼v þ inem-bpKw Corbel - Npa-cnÂ\n¶v Fgp¶p\n¡p¶ `mKw Corruption - Agn-aXn Cosmopolitan citizen - hniz-]u-c³ Coulter - Ie-¸-\m¡v/sImgp Counter reformation - {]Xn-\-ho-I-cWw (]cn-jvI-c-W-hn-cp-²w) Coup - A«n-adn{iaw Court chronicle - Imem-\p-{I-a-amb sIm«mctcJ- Craft guild - ssIs¯m-gn kwLw Craze for war - bp²-shdn

Crowned - Inco-S-[mcn/A[n-Im-c-taä Crucifixion - Ipcn-in-te-ä Crusades - Ipcn-ip-bp²§Ä Cubical - L\-h-Sn-hpÅ Cultivable land - Irjn-tbm-Ky`qan Cultural diversity - kmwkvIm-cnIsshhn[yw Cultural enslavement - kmwkvIm-cn-ambn ASn-a-bm-¡Â Cultural environment - kmwkvIm-cnI]cn-kcw

7

Cultural heritage - kmwkvIm-cnIss]XrIw Culture - kwkvImcw Cuneiform script - Iyp\nt^mw en]n Curry stone - an\p¯IÃv Customary norms - BNmchyh-Ø-IÄ

Customs and rituals - BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-§Ä Cutchery - It¨cn/ tImS-Xn- Cylindrical - hr¯kvXw`mIrXnbnepÅ Dawa movement - Zmh{]Øm\w

Debris - AhinjvS§Ä Deccan riots commission - U¡m³ Iem] I½o-j³

Decennial - ]¯p-hÀj-¯n-sem-cn-¡Â D−m-Ip¶ Decentralisation - hntI-{μo-I-cWw Decimal system - Zimwik{¼-Zmbw Decipherment - ]pcm-en-Jn-X-hm-b\/]pcm-en-]n-hm-b\ Declaration of rights - Ah-Imi{]Jym-]\w Decolonisation - A]tImf\oIcWw Defection - Iqdp-amäw Defensive nationalism - {]Xntcm[tZio-bX Deforestation - h\\ioIcWw Deity - Bcm-[-\m-aqÀ¯n (tZh-X) Demilitarise - ssk\nIiàn -Ip-d-bv¡Â Democracy - P\m-[n-]Xyw Democratic alliance - P\m-[n-]XykJyw Democratic system - P\m-[n-]-Xy-k-{¼-Zmbw Democrats - P\m-[n-]-Xy-hm-Zn-IÄ Demolish - XIÀ¡pI Demonstration - {]I-S\w Denomination - C\w / Xcw Deport - \mSp-I-S-¯pI Depressed castes - AaÀ¯-s¸« PmXn-IÄ Depressed class - A[x-IrXhÀKw/AaÀ¯-s¸« hÀKw Despotic power - tkzÑm-[n-]Xyiàn Despotic rule - tkzÑm-[n-]-Xy-`-cWw Despotism - tkzÑm-[n-]Xyw Developed nations - hnIknXcmPy§Ä Devotional literature - `ànkmlnXyw Dhamma - [Àaw (F¶-Xnsâ ]men -`m-jm-cq-]w) Dharma mahamatra - [Àaa-lm-am-{X-·mÀ Dharma - [Àaw Dharmasutras - [Àa-kq-{X-§Ä Dictatorial rule - tkzÑm[n]Xy`cWw Dictatorship of the proletariat - sXmgn-emfnhÀKkÀhm-[n-]Xyw

8

Dietetics - ]Yy-{Iaw

Diku - ZnIp-IÄ/]en-i-¡mÀ

Diplomats - \bX-{´-ÚÀ Diplomatic relations - \b-X{´_Ô-§Ä Direct Action Day - {]Xy£{]t£m`Zn\w Direct Democracy - {]Xy£P\m-[n-]Xyw Disarmament - \ncm-bp-[o-I-cWw Disaster management - Zpc´\nhm-cWw (Zpc´w ssIImcyw sN¿Â) Discipleship - injyXzw Disintegration - XIÀ¨/inYn-eo-I-cWw Dispossession - FSp-¯p-am-ä Dissenters - AhnizmknIÄ (hna-XÀ) Diversity - sshhn[yw Divide and rule - `n¶n-¸n¨p `cn-¡Â Divine ecstasy - Znhy-amb ]c-am-\μw Divine right of kingship - ssZh-Z-¯-amb cmPm-[n-Imcw Division of labour - sXmgnÂhn`-P\w Division of power - A[n-Imchn`-P\w Doab - c−p-\-Zn-IÄ¡n-S-bn-epÅ {]tZiw Doctrine of lapse - Z¯h-Imi \ntcm-[-\-\n-baw Doctrine of divine - ssZhnIX¯zw Documents - tcJ-IÄ/{]amW§Ä Dolmen - IpS-¡Ãv Domestic architecture - Xt±-iob hmkvXp-inev]imkv{Xw Domestic waste water - KmÀlnI Pe-am-en\yw Domesticated animal - hfÀ¯parKw Domestication - sacp-¡n-sb-Sp-¡Â Domination - taÂt¡mbva/ B[n-]Xyw Dominion status - ]p{XnImcmPy]Zhn Downtrodden - Nhn-«n-¯m-gv¯-s¸« Draconian punishments - AXn-IÀ¡iin£m-co-Xn-IÄ Drain theory - tNmÀ¨m-kn-²m´w Drainage system - Agp¡pNmÂkwhn[m\w Drastic changes - {]_eamäw Drier zone - hc−taJe Drilling - Ipgn¡Â Drought - hcĨ Dwarf planet - Ipų{Klw Dwellers - \nhm-kn-IÄ Dynamic ruler - DuÀP-kz-e-\mb `c-Wm-[n-Imcn Dynasty - cmP-hwiw Earth day - `uaZn\w Earthenware - Ifn-a¬]m{X-§Ä/a®p-sIm-−p-−m-¡nb ]m{Xw

9

Eastern front - Ing-¡³ap¶Wn Eastern question - ]uc-kvXy-k-aky Eco-friendly - ]cn-ØnXnkulrZ-]cw Economic crisis - km¼-¯nI{]Xn-kÔn Economic distress - km¼-¯nIsRcp¡w Economic embargo - km¼-¯ntIm]tcm[w Economic profile - km¼-¯nIcq]-tcJ Edict - imk\w Egalitarian village - ka-Xzm-[n-jvTnX{Kmaw Egalitarianism - kmaq-lnIkaXzhmZw Egyptian civilization - CuPn-]vjy³ kwkvImcw/CuPn-]vjy³ \mK-cn-IX

Eight-fold path - AjvSmwKamÀKw Elite class - htc-Wy-hÀKw

Elliptical orbit - ZoÀLhr¯m-Imc]mX ({`a-W-]-Yw) Embroidery - Ae-¦m-c-¯p-¶Â/Nn{X-¯p-¶Â Emperor - N{I-hÀ¯n Empire - km{amPyw Employment Guarantee Programme - sXmgn-ep-d¸p]²Xn Enclosure Movement - hf-¨p-sI-«Â{]Øm\w Endogamy - kzK-W-PmXnhnhmlw/kzPmXnhnhmlw Engrave - ap{ZWw sN¿pI/sIm¯n-h-bv¡pI Enlightenment - {]_p-²X/Úmt\m-Zbw/{]t_m-t[m-Zbw Entrepreneurs - kwcw-`-IÀ

Epic - CXn-lmkw Epigraph - ]pcmen-JnXw Epigraphy - ]pcm-teJimkv{Xw Epistolary - I¯pcq]-¯nepÅ Epoch - bpKw/Ime-L«w Equality before law - \nb-a-¯n\p ap¶n XpeyX Equality of opportunity - Ah-k-c-Xp-eyX Equality - kaXzw Equator - `qa-[y-tcJ Equinox - hnjphw Eradication - CÃm-Xm-¡Â Ethnic cleansing - hwiobip²o-I-cWw

Ethnography - hn`n-¶- hÀK-¡m-sc-¸-än-bpÅ imkv{Xo-b- {]Xn-]m-Z\w (tKm{X-kw-kvIm-c-]-T\w)

Etiquette - D]-Nm-c-{Iaw Eulogy - kvXpXn Evil customs - ZpcmNm-c-§Ä Evolution - ]cn-Wmaw

Excommunicate - -{`jvSv I¸n-¡pI Excavation - DXvJ\\w Executive powers - Imcy-\nÀhl--Wm[n-Imcw

10

Executive - Imcy\nÀhlWhn`mKw Exile - \mSp-I-S-¯Â Exogamy - hnPm-Xobhnhmlw Expedition - ]cyth£Ww Exploitation - NqjWw Exploration - ]cy-th-£Ww Extended family - hn]peoIrXIpSpw_w Extreme nationalism - Xo{htZio-bX Extremism - Xo{h-hmZw Faience - an\p-k-apÅ a¬]m{Xw Famine - £maw Fascism - ^mjnkw Fatwas - ^Xvh-IÄ (aX-I¸-\-IÄ) Faujdari - ^uPvZmcn February revolution - s^{_p-hcnhn¹hw Federal system - kwbp-à kw-Øm\ k{¼-Zmbw Federalism - s^U-d-enkw þ kwbp-à-kw-Øm\ hyh-ØnXn Female infanticide - s]¬in-ip-lXy Feminist - kv{Xo]£-hmZn Feud - ^yqUv/\o−p\n¡p¶ XÀ¡w/Xocm-¸I

Feudum - Xp−p`qan Feudal chieftains - ^yqU {]`p-¡Ä Feudalism - P·nþ-Ip-Sn-bm³ hyh-ØnXn Fifth report - A©mw dnt¸mÀ«v Financial bankruptcy - km¼-¯nI]m¸-c¯w Firangi - hntZ-in-IÄ

Firangiraj - sshtZ-inI`cWw First war of Indian Independence - H¶mw C´y-³ kzmX{´yk-acw First world war - H¶mw- tem-I-bp²w Fiscal policies - km¼-¯nI\b-§Ä Fiscal system - km¼-¯nIhyhØ

Five Year Plan - ]©-h-Õ-c]-²Xn Fixed exchange rates - \nÝnX ssIamä\nc¡v Floating exchange rates - \nÝn-X-ssI-am-ä-\n-c¡v Flying shuttle - ]d-¡p¶ HmSw Fold mountain - aS-¡p-]ÀhXw Folios - Xmfp-IÄ (A[ym-b-§Ä) Folk tale - \mtSmSn-¡Y Folk wisdom - \m«-dnhv Folklore - \mtSmSnhnÚm-\obw Folk songs - \mS³]m-«p-IÄ Foraging - A]-l-cn-¡Â/Xoä-tX-S Forefathers - ]qÀh-]n-Xm-¡Ä Foreign policy - hntZ-i-\bw

11

Foreign trade - hntZihym]mcw Forest - dweller - h\-hmkn Forest Conservation Act - h\-kw-c-£W\nbaw Fortification - tIm«sI«Â (_e-s¸-Sp-¯Â) Fortify - tIm«-sI«n _e-s¸-Sp-¯Â Forts - tIm«IÄ Fossils - Aiva-Iw/t^mkn (]pcm-h-in-jvSw)

Franchise - thm«-h-Imiw

Frankincense - Ip´n-cn¡w Fraternity - kmtlmZcyw Freedom of association - kwL-Sn-¡m-\pÅ kzmX{´yw Freedom of opinion - `mj-W-kzmX{´yw Freedom of press - ]{X-kzm-X{´yw/am[y-a-kzm-X{´yw Freedom of speech - kwkmckzmX{´yw/`mj-W-kzm-X{´yw Freedom of worship - Bcm-[\mkzmX{´yw Frigid zone - ssiXy-ta-Je Frontiers - AXnÀ¯n-IÄ Full moon - ]qÀWN{μ³/shfp-¯-hmhv/]uÀWan

Fundamental Rights - auenImh-Im-i-§Ä Furrow - Dgp-hp-Nm Grahapati - Krl-]Xn (Krl-\m-Y³) Galaxy - Xmc-k-aqlw Galley - sImSn-¡-¸Â/]mb-¡-¸Â Ganges - KwK-m\Zn Gangetic valley - KwKm-XSw Garbhagriha - KÀ`-Krlw/{iotIm-hn Garrison town - ssk\n-I-¸m-fbw/ kpkw-c-£nX ]«Ww/tIm«-\-

Kcw Gatherer - k¼m-Z-I³/k¼m-ZI

Gender discrimination - enwKhnth-N\w Gender equality - enwK-k-aXzw Gender - enwKw Genealogy - hwim-hen General will - s]mXp-Xm-¸cyw Generation - Xe-apd Genetics - P\n-XIimkv{Xw Geographical discoveries - `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb Is−-¯-ep-IÄ Geographical factors - `qanimkv{XLSI§Ä Geometric structure - Pyman-XobLS\ Geometrical design - Pyman-XobamXrIm Geometrical forms - PymanXobcq]§Ä Gift of nile - ss\ensâ Zm\w Global agricultural economy - BtKmf ImÀjnI k¼ZvhyhØ Global empire - BtKmfkm{amPyw

12

Global interconnectedness - BtKm-f-]m-c-kv]cyw Global market - BtKm-f-hn-]Wn Globalisation - BtKm-fo-I-cWw Glorification of the past - ]ucm-Wn-I-Xm-a-l¯zh¡-cWw Glorious revolution - al-¯mb hn¹hw Gothic style - tKmYnIv ssien Government - kÀ¡mÀ/`c-W-IqSw Graben - {Km_³ Granaries - [m\y-¸pcIÄ Grandeur - BUw-_ckar²n/Kmw`ocyw/{]Xm]w Great depression - h³km¼-¯n-I-amμyw Green revolution - lcnXhn¹hw Grey ware - Nmc-\n-d-¸m{Xw

Grid - Ad-IÄ/]mfn-IÄ/hnX-c-W-irw-Je Growth of vernacular literature - {]mtZ-inI`mjmkmln-XyhfÀ¨ Guardian deity - c£m-ssZhw Guernica painting - KzÀWnI F¶ Nn{Xw Guerrilla movement - Hfnbp²{]Øm\w Guild - hym]m-ckwLw /hmWn-Py-kw-Lw/sXmgn¡q«w Gurbani - KpÀ_m\n Gurdwara - Kpcp-Zzmcþ knJv Bcm-[-\m-ebw Gypsm - Np®m-¼p-IÃv Habitation - Bhmk-Øew Hagiographies - aX-t\-Xm-¡-fp-sStbm k¶ym-kn-am-cp-sStbm

Poh-N-cn-{X-§Ä

Handicraft - Ic-Iu-iew Handwork - ssIs¯m-gn Harmonious reign - k´p-en-X`cWw Harmonious synthesis - k´p-enXkwtÇ-jWw Hawkers - \S-¶p-hn-¸\-¡mÀ

Hegemony - ta[m-hnXzw/A[o-iXzw Herd - arK-¡q«w Herders - arK]me-I-À Hereditary monarchy - ]c-¼-cm-K-X-cm-PhmgvN Hereditary - ]c-¼-cm-K-X-amb Heredity - ]mc¼cyw Heretical - aX-\n-μm-ßIw Hereditary rights - ]mc-¼-cym-h-Imi§Ä Heritage - ss]XrIw

Hierarchy - A[n-Im-c-{Iaw/ A[n-Im-c-t{iWn High clergy - D¶-X-]p-tcm-ln-X-hÀKw High court - sslt¡m-SXn

13

Hill chieftain - Ip¶n³{]tZ-i-¯nsâ apJy³ Hindavi language - lnμmhn`mj Hinterland - DÄ\mSv Historical remains - Ncn-{Xti-jn-¸p-IÄ Historical research - Ncn-{X-K-th-jWw Historiography - Ncn{XcN\mcoXn

Holocaust - hwio-bIq«-s¡me Holy Roman Empire - hnip-²-tdm-am-km-{amPyw Holy Text - hnip-²-{KÙw Home Rule Movement - tlmwdqÄ {]Øm\w (kzbw`cW{]-Øm-\w) Hominids - slman-\nUvkv

Hominoids - slman-t\m-bnUvkv

Homo erectus - tlmtam Cd-IvSkv

Homo habilis - tlmtam- l-_n-enkv

Homo sapiens - tlmtam- km-]n-b³kv Homogeneous - GI-Pm-Xo-bw Horizontal - XncÝo\w Horsts - {`wi-a[yw Horticulture - DZym\Irjn Human resource - am\hhn-`-h-tijn Human rights - a\p-jym-h-Im-i-§Ä Human Rights Protection Law - a\p-jym-h-Imikwc-£W\nbaw

Humanism - am\-hn-IX

Humanist - am\-hn-I-Xm-hmZn Humped bull - ]qªpÅ Imf Hundi - \nt£]s¸«n/ImWn-¡-h-©n Hunger strike - \ncm-lm-c-k-acw Hunter chief - \mbm«paq¸³ Hypocrisy - I]-S-\mSyw Ibadat khana - C_mZ¯vJm\ ({]mÀY-\m-a-μncw)

Ice age - lna-bpKw Iconoclasm - hn{K-l-`-RvP\w Ideology - {]Xyb-imkv{Xw/ BibkwlnX Idolatry - hn{K-lm-cm-[\ Igneous - Btábw Image - {]Xncq]w Immigrants - IpSn-tb-ä-¡mÀ Immolation - I¯n-¨p-sIm-ÃÂ Imperial art - cmP-IobIe Imperial patronage - cmP-Iob]cn-c-£Ww Imperial power - km{am-Py-Xz-iàn Imperial - km{am-PyXz-]cw Imperialism - km{amPyXzw

14

Imperialist - km{amPyXzhmZn Impinge - AXn-{Ian-¨pIS-¡pI Impurity - Aip²n Indulgence - ]m]-hntam-N-\-¸{XnI

Indemnity - \jvS-]-cn-lmcw Indentured labour - IcmÀs¯mgn-emfn Independent judiciary - kzX{´\oXn-\ymbkwhn-[m\w Indian constitution - C´y³ `c-W-L-S\ Indian National Army (INA) - C´y³ \mj-W BÀan Individualism - hyàn-hmZw ndustrial capitalism - hymh-km-bnIapX-em-fn¯w Industrial Revolution - hymh-km-bnIhn¹hw Industrialisation - hyh-km-b-h¡-cWw Infantry - ImemĸS Infidelity - Cuiz-c-\nμ/hnizmkh©\ Information Act - hnh-cmh-Im-i-\n-baw Infringement - AXn-{I-an-¡Â Inhabitant - \nhmkn

Inquisition - aX-t{ZmlhnNm-cW Inscription - inem-en-JnXw/inem-im-k\w Insurgency - Iem]w/hn¹hw

Insurrection - hn¹hw/Iem]w Integration of cults - Bcm-[\mcoXn-I-fpsS kwtbm-P\w Integration of Princely States - \m«p-cm-Py-kw-tbm-P\w Integrity - kz`m-h-ZmÀVyw/BÀPhw Intellectual advancement - _u²nI]ptcm-KXn Intellectual awakening - _u²nI DWÀhv Intellectual trends - ss[j-WnI{]h-WXIÄ Inter-dining - an{i-t`mP\w/]´n-t`m-P\w Internal frontier - B`y-´cmXnÀ¯n Internal trade - B`y-´chym-]mcw International boundaries - A´mcmjv{S AXnÀ¯nIÄ

International financial institutions - A´mcmjv{S km¼¯nIØm]\§Ä International reputation - cmPym-´c{]ikvXn Iqta - CIvX Iqtadar - CIvX-ZmÀ Iron age - Ccp¼pbpKw Iron curtain speech - Ccp-¼p-ad{]kwKw Iron pillar - Ccp¼pXqWv Jagirdari system - PmKnÀZmcnk{¼-Zmbw Jallianwala bagh massacre - Pmen-b³hm-em-_mKv Iq-«-s¡me Jati panchayat - PmXn]©m-b¯v Jesuits - sPkyq«v (Hcp ]ptcm-ln-X-hn`mKw) Jewelled throne - cXv\m¦nXknwlm-k\w

15

Jews - PqX-À Jharoka - a«p-¸mhv Joint family - Iq«p-Ip-Spw_w Jotedars - tPmt«-ZmÀamÀ/k¼¶IÀj-IÀ

Judiciary - \oXn-\ymbhn`mKw Jurisdiction - A[n-Im-c-]-cn[n Jurist - \nb-aÚ/\nb-a-Ú³ Justinian's code of law - PÌo-\n-bsâ \nb-a-kw-lnX Juvenile act - _me-\o-Xn-\n-baw Kaccam - s]cp-am-ä-¨«w/ I¨w

Kayyur revolt - I¿qÀkacw Kerala renaissance - tIcf\thm-°m\w Khilafat - Jnem^¯v Kingdom - cmPyw/cmjv{Sw Kinship - cà-_Ôw Knight - Aizm-cq-Vtk-\m\n/[oc-tbm-²mhv Kotwal - tImSvhmÄ þ apKÄssk\y-¯nse Hcp Øm\-t¸cv Krishna - thungabhadra basin - IrjvWþXpwK-`-{Z-XSw Kshatriyas - £{Xn-b-À Kundara proclamation - Ip−dhnfw-_cw Kurichya revolt - Ipdn-Ny-e-lf Lacquer-work - tIme-c¡ptPmen Laissez-faire - A\n-b-{´n-X-hym-]m-c-ku-Icyw Land trade - Ic-bneq-sS-bp-ff hm-WnPyw Landed chieftains - `q{]`papJy³ Landlord - P·n Landlordism - P·n¯w/`q{]-`pXzw Land ownership - `qhp-S-a-ØX Landscape - `qZriyw Langar - Xpd-Êmb ASp-¡f

Large scale map - henb tXmXp `q]Sw Late capitalism - ]n¡meapX-em-fn¯w Latitude - A£mwiw League of Nations - kÀh-cm-jv{S-kJyw Leap year - A[n-hÀjw Lease agreement - ]m«-¡-cmÀ Left front - CSXpap¶Wn Legend - sFXnlyw Legislative council - \nba\nÀamWkanXn Legislature - \nb-a-\nÀamWhn`mKw Legitimacy - \nb-a-km-[pX Liberal nationalists - DZmctZiobhmZnIÄ Liberalisation - DZm-coI-cWw Liberalism - DZmcXmhmZw

16

Liberation struggle - hntam-N\kacw Liberation - hntam-N\w Liberators - hntam-N-IÀ Liberty - kzmX{´yw (hnap-àn) Life expectancy - {]Xo-£nX BbpÀssZÀLyw Lineage - hwim-hen Linguists - `mjm-]-Þn-XÀ Linguistic - `mjm-hnÚm\]cw Linguistic reorganisation of states - `mjm-Sn-Øm-\-¯n-epÅ kwØm\ ]p\ÊwL-S\ Living condition - PohnXmhØ Local administration - {]mtZ-inI`cWw Local self government - Xt±i/{]mtZ-inI kzbw-`-cWw

Lokayuktha - temIm-bpà Lokpal - temIv]m Long march - temMvamÀ¨v Long parliament - temMv-]mÀe-saâv Loot - sImÅ-sN¿pI Low born - Ffn-b-Ip-e-¯n P\n¨ Lower caste - IogvPm-Xn Lower palaeolithic - BZn{]mNo\inembpKw

Lullabies - Xcm-«p-]m-«p-IÄ Lunatic asylum - at\m-tcm-Km-ip-]{Xn Lurinama - Xmcm«p]m«v Madaris - aZm-dnkv Maha - mandaleshwara - almaÞ-te-izcw Maha - samanta - alm-km-a´ Maha-danda-nayaka - almZÞ\mbI³ Mahajanapada - almP\]Zw

Mahals - {Kma-§Ä Mahalwari system - alÂhmcn k{¼-Zmbw Mahua - alph]pjv]w Majoritarianism - `qcn-]£hmZw Maktubat - aIvX_Xv þ ]pkvX-I-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸« Malangs - aemMvkv þ Hcp tKm{Xw Malfuzat - aÂ^p-kmXv Mammal - kkvX\n Mandalam - aÞew/Ifw Mandapa - aÞ]w Mandatory - \nÀ_ÔambXv Manifestation - km£m¡mcw/Bhn-jvI-cWw Manor - am\À/{]`p- B-hmkkap-¨bw Mansab - a³k_v Mansabdari system - a³k-_vZmcn k{¼-Zmbw Mansabdars - a³k-_vZmÀ

17

Manuscript - ssIsb-gp¯p{]Xn

Map - `q]Sw Mappila rebellion - am¸n-f-I-em]w/am¸nfelf Marginalisation - ]mÀiz-h¡-cWw Maritime exploration - kap-{Z-]-cy-th-£Ww Maritime trade - kap-{Zm-´chym]mcw Martial law - ]«mf\nbaw Marutham tract - acpXwtaJe Masonry - I¸Wn Mass movement - _lp-P-\-{]-Øm\w Massacre - Iq«-s¡me Materialism - `uXn-I-hmZw Materialistic education - `uXnIhnZym-`ymkw Mausoleum - ih-Ip-Socw Meadows - ]pÂta-Sp-IÄ Medieval india - a[yIme C´y Medieval kerala - a[y-ImetIcfw Medieval period - a[yIme-L«w Medieval sieges - a[y-Ime D]-tcm-[-§Ä Medieval world - a[y-Im-e-temIw Megalith - alm-ine Megalithic age - alm-inem Ime-L«w/bpKw Megalithic burials - alm-in-em-bp-K-¯nse ih-kw-kvImc§Ä Menhir - hoc-¡Ãv Mercantalism - saÀ¡â-enkw/hym]m-c-hy-h-ØnXn Merchant guilds - hym]mc¡q«m-bva-IÄ Mesolithic age - a[y-in-em-bpKw Mesopotamian civilization - saskm-s¸m-t«-an-b³ \mK-cn-IX

Metal age - teml-bpKw Metal scale pans - teml\nÀanX Afhp]m{Xw Metal tool - teml D]IcWw Metallurgy - teml-kw-kvIcWw Meteoroid - D¡ Methodology - coXn-imkv{Xw Meticulous - AXn-{i-²-bpÅ/AXn-kq-£va-X-bpÅ

Microlith - kq£va-ine Middle age - a[ybpKw Middle class - a[y-hÀKw Middle palaeolithic age - a[y{]mNo\inembpKw Migrants - IpSn-tb-ä-¡mÀ Military dictator - ssk\nItkzÑm-[n-]Xn Military dictatorship - ssk\nItkzÑm-[n-]Xyw Military offence - ssk\nIIpä-IrXyw Militia - {]mtZ-inIssk\yw/\m«p-]S

18

Milkiyat - an¡n-bm¯v Millennium - kl{km_vZw Millet - Xn\/Nma

Miniature model - eLp-am-XrI Miniatures - kq£va-Nn-{X-§Ä (sNdp-Nn-{X-§Ä)/eLp-cq-]-§Ä Missionaries - anj-\-dn-amÀ/aX-{]-Nm-c-IÀ Mixed economy - an{ik¼ZvhyhØ Mlechchhas - A]-cn-jvIr-XÀ/\nIr-jvSÀ/]m]n-IÄ/]ma-cÀ Moderates - anX-hm-Zn-IÄ Modern age - B[p-\n-IbpKw Modernisation - B[p-\nIoIcWw Modernity - B[p\nIX Mohenjodaro - saml³sP-mZmtcm Monarch - cmPmhv Monarchical - cmP-hm-gvNkw-_-Ô-amb Monarchy - cmPm-[n-]Xyw/cmP-hmgvN Monastery - k¶ym-kn-aTw Monetisation - ]Ww {]Nm-c-¯n sIm−phc Mongol empire - awtKm-fn-b³ km{amPyw Monopoly of trade - hym]m-c-¡p-¯I Monopoly - Ip¯I Monotheism - GI-ssZhhnizmkw/GI-ssZ-hm-cm-[\ Monsoon - a¬kq¬/Ime-hÀjw Monuments - kvamc-I-w Moroccan crisis - samtdm-¡³ {]Xn-kÔn Motifs - {][m\{]Xn]mZyw

Mound - taSv, a¬Iq\ Mount batten plan - au−v_mä¬ ]²Xn Mummy - a½n (kwc-£nXarX-tZ-lw) Munich pact - ayqWn¨v DS-¼Sn Muqti - apàn Mural paintings - ayqdÂNn{Xw/NpaÀNn-{X-w

Museum - ayqknbw/ZpÀe-`-h-kvXp-ti-J-c-{]-ZÀi-\-ime Musket - ssIt¯m¡v Mutiny - ]«mfIem]w

Muvendar - aqth-´-À (tNc-þ-tNm-f-þ-]m-WvUyÀ) Mystic tradition - anÌnIv ]mc-¼cyw Mysticism - anÌn-knkw Myth - sI«pIY/sFXnlyw/]pcm-hr¯w Mythology - ]pcm-hr-¯-Úm\w Nadu - \mSv Nagaram - \Kcw Nagara-shreshthi - \K-c-¯nse hym]m-c-kw-Lm-[y-£³

19

Nai talim (new education) - \bnXmenw (KmÔn Bhn-jvI-cn¨ Hcp hnZym-`ym-k-coXn)

Nation state - tZi-cmjv{Sw National assembly - tZiob Akw»n National freedom struggle - tZiob kzmX-{´y-k-acw National Human Rights Commission - tZiob a\p-jym-h-Imi I½o-j³

National integration - tZio-tbm-Zv{K-Y\w National movement - tZio-b-{]-Øm\w National self determination - tZiob kzbw\nÀWbmhImiw Nationalisation - tZi-km¡-cWw

Nationalism - tZio-bX Native population - Xt±-iobP\X Natural calamities - {]IrXnt£m`§Ä Natural disaster - {]IrXnZpc´w Natural phenomena - {]IrXn{]Xn`mkw Nature Conservation Act - {]IrXnkwc-£-W-\n-baw Naval mutiny - \mhnIIem]w Naval supremacy - kap-{Zm-[n-]Xyw Navigation - \mhn-I-hnZy/kap-{Z-k-©mcw Nazi ideology - \mkn X-¯z-imkv{Xw Nazi schooling - \mkn hnZym-e-b-coXn (in£Wk{¼-Zm-bw) Nazism - \mknkw Needs of the people - P\§fpsS Bhiy§Ä Negative growth - EW-]p-tcm-KXn Negotiation - kÔnkw`m-j-Ww/H¯p-XoÀ¸pNÀ¨ Neo classical - \ht{ijvT Neo-imperialism - \hkm{am-PyXzw Neolithic age - \ho\inembpKw New Economic Policy (NEP) - ]p¯³ km-¼-¯nI\bw New moon - Aam-hmkn/Idp-¯hmhv Nirguna - \nÀKpWw No confidence motion - Ahn-izmk{]tabw

Nobility - {]`pXzw Nomad - \mtSmSn Nomadic pastoralists - \mtSm-Sn CSb-·mÀ Nomadism - \mtSm-Sn¯w Non- alignment - tNcn-tN-cmbva Non co-operation programme - \nÊlIcW]cn]mSn Non tax payment protest - \nIpXn_ln-jvI-cW{]Xn-tj[w Non-aggression pact - A\m-{I-aWkÔn Non-aligned movement - tNcn-tNcm{]Øm\w Non-co-operation movement - \nÊ-lIcW{]Øm\w Non-co-operation - \nÊ-l-I-cWw Non-renewable resources - ]p\-Øm-]n-¡m³ Ign-bm¯ hn`-h-§Ä

20

Non-violence - A{I-a-cm-lnXyw/Alnwk Nuclear family - AWp-Ip-Spw_w Nuclear weapons - BW-hm-bp-[-§Ä Numeric majority - kwJym-ßI`qcn-]£w/F®-w sIm−pÅ `qcn-

]£w Numismatics - \mWb]T\imkv{Xw Oath of tennis court - sS¶nkvtImÀ«v {]XnÚ Oath - kXy-{]-XnÚ Obscurantism - sXän-²m-c-W-]-c-¯Â/Akv]-jvS-am-¡Â Occupational group - sXmgn¡q«w Occupational mobility - sXmgnÂ]-c-amb Ne-\m-ß-IX Oceanic trade - kap-{Z-hm-WnPyw Old regime - ]gb `cWw/]g-b- `-c-W-IqSw Oligarchy - Npcp¡w t]À tNÀ¶pÅ `cWw Ombudsman - Hmw_p-Uvkvam³/s]mXp-Øm-]-\-§-fpsS ]cm-Xn-IÄ

tI«v ip]mÀi kaÀ¸n-¡p¶ hnizkvX a[y-Økwhn-[m\w

On the brink of war - bp²-¯nsâ h¡¯v Open door policy - Xpd¶hmXnÂ\bw Open field system - Xpd-¶- h-bÂhy-hØ Opium - Idp¸v /-Hcn\w ab-¡p-a-cp¶v Oral traditions - hmsamgn]mc-¼-cy-§Ä Orbit - {`a-W-]Yw Orbital plane - {`a-W-Xew Organised strikes - kwL-SnXka-c-§Ä Oriental learning - ]uckvXy]T\w Oriental - ]uckvXyw Orientalism - ]uc-kvXy-hmZw Orientation - ]pXnb A`n-hn-\ymkw/\ho-I-cWw Original inhabitants - BZn-a-\n-hm-kn-IÄ Ottoman empire - Hmt«m-a³ km{amPyw Outpost - ]pdw-Im-hÂ\nebw

Pahi-kashta - ]mln - IjvS (apKÄIm-es¯ Hcp IÀj-I-hn-`mKw) Paharias - ]lm-cn-b-À (Hcp tKm{Xhn`mKw)

Painted grey wares - Nmc-\ndw]qinb ]m{X-§Ä Pak-occupied Kashmir - ]m¡[o\ -Im-ivaoÀ Palaeography - ]pcm-X-\-ssI-sb-gp-¯p-]-T\w Palaeolithic age - {]mNo\inembpKw Palestine Liberation Organization - ]me-kvXo³ hntam-N\ kwL-S\ Panchasheel principles - ]©-ioeX¯z-§Ä Pantheism - hniz-tZ-h-Xm-hmZw/{_Ò-ab-sa-¶ -hmZw Pargana - ]ÀKm\ Partition of Bengal - _wKmÄhn`-P\w Partition - hn`-P\w

21

Partnership - ]¦m-fn¯w Pastor - CS-b³ Pastoralists - \mtSm-Sn- CS-b-·mÀ Pasture land - ta¨nÂ{]tZiw Paternalism - ss]XrIhyhØ Patriliny - ]nXr-Zm-b{Iaw/a¡-¯mbw Patriotic songs - tZi-`-àn-Km-\-§Ä Patriotism - tZi-kvt\lw Patronage - c£m-[n-Im-cnXzw/]cn-c-£Ww Pavilion - IqSmcw Peace effort - kam-[m\{iaw

Peace Keeping Force - kam-[m\kwc-£W-tk\ Peace Treaty of Paris - ]mcnkv k-am-[m\kÔn (DS-¼-Sn) Pearl Harbour attack - t]ÄlmÀ_À B{I-aWw Peasant revolt - IÀj-I-k-acw Peasant society - IÀjIkaqlw Peasant struggle - IÀjIt¸mcm«w/IÀj-I-k-acw Peasant uprising - IÀjIapt¶äw/DWÀhv Peasantry - IÀj-I-k-aqlw Pedestal - ]oTw Penance - X]-Ýcy Peninsula - D]Zzo]v Peninsular plateau - D]Zzo]ob]oT`qan People's plan - P\-Iob]²Xn Perennial river - F¶pw Pe-apÅ \Zn/häm¯ \Zn Perestroika - s]cnkvt{Sm-bn¡ Permanent settlement - imizX\nIp-Xn-hy-hØ/Ønc\nIpXnhyhØ

Permanent settlements - Ønchmk-tI{μ-§Ä Perpetuated mobility - \nc-´-c- Ne-\m-ß-IX Personification - aqÀ¯o-I-cWw Philanthropist - a\p-jy-kvt\ln Philosophers - X¯zNn´-IÀ Phoney war - I]-S-bp²w Picket - XSÊs¸Sp¯Â kacw Pilgrim ships - XoÀYm-S-I-bm\w Pilgrims - XoÀYm-S-IÀ Pillar - kvXw`w Piyadassi - ]nb-Zin ({]nb-ZÀin) Plains - ka-X-e-§Ä Plan - ]²Xn Planning commission - Bkq-{XW I½o-j³ Plateau - ]oT-`qan Plebiscite - P\-lnX]cn-tim-[\ Plough share - Ie-¸-s¡mgp

22

Plunder - sImÅsN¿pI Polishing - an\pks¸Sp¯Â Political instability - cmjv{SobmØn-cX Political philosophers - cmjv{SobX¯zNn´-IÀ Political rivalry - cmjv{Sobsshcw Political transformation - cmjv{Sob]cn-Wmaw Polyandry - _lp-`ÀXrXzw Polytheism - _lp-ssZhhnizmkw

Poorna swaraj - ]qÀW-kz-cmPv (]qÀW-kzm-X-{´yw) Pope - t]m¸v/amÀ]m¸ Port town - Xpd-ap-J-]-«Ww Portrait sculpture - Nn{XsIm¯p-]Wn Portraiture - Nn{X-Ie/BteJyw

Positivism - t]mkn-än-hnkw/{]Xy-£-hmZw Post- modernism - D¯-cm-[p-\n-IX Posterity - `mhn-X-e-apd Post-revolutionary - hn¹-hm-\-´capÅ Pottery - a¬]m{X§Ä Pounding - Acbv¡Â, CSn¡Â Poverty Alleviation Programme - Zmcn{ZyeLq-I-cW]²Xn Poverty eradication - Zmcn-{Zy-\nÀamÀP\w

Poverty - Zmcn{Zyw Power structure - A[n-Im-c-cq]w/A[n-Im-c-L-S\

Pradakshina patha - {]Z-£n-W-]Yw Prashastis - {]i-kvXn-IÄ Prathama-kulika - {]Ya Iqen-I³ Preamble - BapJw Precious metals - Aaqeyteml-§Ä Pre-colonial cities - sImtfm-Wn-b Ime-¯n-\p-a-p¼pÅ \K-c-§Ä Pre-historic period - Ncn-{X-]qÀh-Imew

Preserve - kwc-£n-¡pI Pressure groups - k½À±hn-`m-K-§Ä Primate - kkvX-\n-I-fnse Gähpw DÀ¶ KWw

Prime Meridian - apJy-tc-Jmwiw Primogeniture - ]qÀhP·w Primordial - auen-I-w Princely state - \m«p-cmPyw Principalities - cmP-`-cW{]tZ-i-§Ä Private ownership - kzImcy DSaØX Private property - kzImcykz¯v Private sector - kzImcytaJe Privatisation - kzImcyh¡cWw Proclamation - {]Jym-]\w/ hnfw-_cw

23

Production - D¸mZ\w Progressive alliance - ]ptcm-K-a\kJyw Prohibition on temple entry - t£{X-{]-th-i\\ntcm[\w Praja - {]P Proletarian - sXmgn-em-fn-hÀKw Proletarianisation - sXmgn-emfnhÀK-h¡-cWw Propagator - {]Nm-c-I³ Prostration - _e-£bw Protection of private property - kzImcykz¯nsâ kwc-£Ww Protection - kwc-£Ww Protest - FXnÀ¸v/FXnÀ¡pI Protestant reformation - s{]m«-Ìâv aX\ho-I-cWw Proto - BZy/ {]Yaw Proto-shiva - BZnainh³ Province - {]hniy Provisional government - Xm¡m-enI `c-W-IqSw Prudential - hnth-I-]qÀh-amb Public administration - s]mXp-`-cWw Public agitation - P\-Iob{]t£m`w Public interest litigation - s]mXp-Xm-¸cy lÀPn

Punch - ap{ZWw

Punch marked coin - ]©v amÀ¡vUv \mWbw/ap{Zn-X-\m-Wbw Punnapra-vayalar outbreak - ]p¶{] þ hb-emÀ Iem]w Puritan church - ]yqcn-«³ k` Pyramid - ]nc-anUv Qawwali - Jhmenþ Hcp kwKoXhn`mKw Quit India Movement - Iznäv C´ym {]Øm\w Race - hwi-w Racial state - hwicmjv{Sw Racism - hwio-bX Racist regime - hwiob`cWhyhØ Radical nationalist - Xo{h tZio-b-hmZn/kaqe]cn-jvI-cWw B{K-ln-

¡p¶ tZio-b-hmZn Radicalism - kaq-e-]-cn-jvI-cWhmZw

Radicals - kaqe ]cn-jvI-c-W-hmZn/DXv]-XnjvWp Rationalism - bpàn-Nn´ Raw material - AkwkvIrXhkvXp Realism - bmYmÀYy-hmZw/bYmXY {]Øm\w Rebellion - elf/Iem]w Reclamation - hos−-Sp-¡Â Reconstruct - ]p\À\nÀcn¡pI/]p\-krjvSn¡pI Rectangular walled enclosures - ZoÀL-N-Xp-cm-Ir-Xn-bn-epÅ hf¨psI«Â Redistribution - ]p\Àhn-X-cWw Redressal of grievance - ]cmXn]cn-lmcw

24

Referendum - lnX]cn-tim-[\ Reformation - aX\ho-I-cWw Refugee migration - A`-bmÀYn-¡pSn-tbäw Regime - `c-W-Imew/hmgvN/`c-W-hy-hØ Regionalism - {]mtZ-in-I-hmZw Reign of Terror - `oI-c-`-cWw Reign - `c-W-Imew/hmgvN Relativity theory - Bt]-£n-IXmkn²m´w Relief maps - \navt\m-¶X`q]Sw Religious discrimination - aXhnth-N\w Religious ideology - aX-]-c-amb Bibw Religious nationalism - aXm-[n-jvTnXtZio-bX

Reminiscent - kvacn-¸n-¡p¶ (HmÀan-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv)

Removal of untouchability - Abn-t¯m-¨m-S\w Renaissance - \thm-°m\w Renewable resource - ]p\Øm-]n-¡m³ Ign-bp¶ hn`-hw

Rent - hmSI Renunciation - ]cn-XymKw Repressive policy - ASn-¨-aÀ¯Â\bw Republic - dn]-»nIv þ P\m-b-¯-cmjv{Sw

Rescue operation - c£m{]hÀ¯\w Reservoir - kw-`-cWn Resident - dkn-Uâv/\m«p-cm-Py-§-fnse {_n«njv {]Xn-\n[n Resistance - sNdp-¯p-\n¸v/{]Xn-tcm[w Resource conservation - hn`hkwc-£Ww Resource depletion - hn`htimjWw Resource scarcity - hn`hZuÀe`yw Resource utilisation - hn`thm]-tbmKw Responsible government - D¯-c-hmZ`c-W-IqSw Restoration - ]p\Øm]\w Retailer - sNdp-In-S-hym-]mcn/NnÃ-d-¡-¨-h-S-¡m-c³

Retribution - {]Xn-{Inb/{]Xn-Imcw/{]Xyp-]-Imcw Revolt - Iem]w Revolution - hn¹hw/]cn{I-aWw Revolutionary change - hn¹-h-I-c-amb amäw Revolutionary committee - hn¹hkanXn

Revolutionary government - hn¹hkÀ¡mÀ

Revolutionary war - hn¹hbp²w Rift valley - {`wiXmgvhc Right faith - icn-bmb hnizmkw Right knowledge - icn-bmb Úm\w Right to education - hnZym-`ymkmh-Imiw Right to live - Pohn-¡m-\pÅ Ah-Imiw

25

Right to protection - kwc-£-Wm-h-Imiw Right to service - tkh-\m-h-Imiw Right to survival - \ne-\n¡m-\pÅ Ah-Imiw

Rigorous law - ITn-\-\n-baw Riot - Iem-]w Ritual significance - BNm-c-]-c-amb {]m[m\yw/A\p-jvTm-\-]-c-amb

{]m[m\yw Ritual - A\p-jvTm\w Ritualism - BNmc]cX Roman empire - tdmam-km-{amPyw Romantic nationalism - Imev]\nI tZiobX Romanticism - Im¸\nIX/ Im¸-\nI{]Øm\w Rome-Berlin Axis - tdmw þ s_Àen³ A¨p-X−v Rotation - {`aWw Rowlatt Act - dueäv \nbaw Royal Charter - cmP-Iob A[n-Im-c-]{Xw

Royal mint - cmP-IobI½«w (\mW-b-ap-{Z-W-Øew) Royal monopoly - cmPIob Ip¯Im-h-Imiw Royal seal - cmP-Io-b-ap{Z Royalty - cmP-]-Zhn Rule of Law - \nb-a-hmgvN Rump Parliament - dw]v -]mÀe-saâv/Ah-in-jvS-]mÀe-saâv Rural elite - {KmaoWhtcWyhÀKw Rural settlement - {KmaoWm[nhmktaJe Ryots - IÀj-IÀ Ryotwari system - db-ävhmcn k{¼-Zmbw Sabha - k` Safavid - k^m-hnZv Sagacity - IqÀa_p²n- Saguna - kKpWw Sailor - \mhn-I³ Salt satyagraha - D¸p-k-Xy{Klw Salvation - tam£w Samanta - kma´-³ Sandstone - aW¡Ãv Sangam - kwLImew Sangha - kwL Sanitorium - s]mXp-P-\m-tcm-Ky-tI{μw Sanskritic tradition - kwkvIrX]mc-¼cyw Santhals - km´m-fp-IÄ Saptangas - k]vXmw-K-§Ä Sarcophagus - inem-\nÀan-X- ihs¸«n/kmÀt¡m-^m-Kkv Sardeshmukhi - kÀtZ-ivapJn (adm¯ cmPys¯ \nIpXn) Satellite - D]-{Klw

26

Satire - ]cn-lm-k-IrXn/Bt£-]-lmkyw Satyagraha - kXy-{Klw Sawar - khmÀ Scale - tXmXv Scavenger - ip-No-I-c-W-¡mc³ Scheduled languages - ]«n-I-bn DÄs¸-Sp-¯nb `mj-IÄ Scientific socialism - imkv{Xobtkmjy-enkw Scribes - ]IÀs¯-gp-¯p-Im-À Script - Fgp¯p{]Xn/aqetcJ/ en]n Scripture - {]mam-WnI{KÙw/thZ-{K-Ù-§Ä Sculptor - inev]n-

Sculptural motif - inev]-Iem{]Xn-]mZyw Sculpture - inev]-Ie/inev]hnZy/inev]w

Sea route - kap-{Z-]mX Sea voyage - kap-{Z-bm-{X- Seal - ap{Z Secessionism - hnL-S-\-hmZw Sectarianism - hn`m-KobNn´ Secular education - aX\n-c-t]£hnZym-`ymkw Secular - aX-\n-c-t]£w Secularism - atX-X-c-Xzw, aX-\n-c-t]-£X Seditious - cmPy-t{Zm-l-]-c-amb Self -absorption - kzmwio-I-cWw Self sufficient - kzbw]cym]vXamb Semi arid land - `mKn-I-ambn hc− {]tZiw Sepoy - in]m-bn-

Serfdom - ASna¯w/IpSn-bmbva

Serfs - Iogm-f-³ /ASn-a- Servile labour - ASn-a-s¯m-gn-emfn Servitude - ]mZ-tk-h-sN-¿p¶ Settled communties - Ønc-Xm-a-k-am-¡nb kap-Zm-b-§Ä Settled cultivators - ØnchmkIÀj-IÀ Settlement - A[n-hm-k-taJe Shaivites - inh-`-àÀ Salabhanjika - kme-`-RvPnI (XSn-bn sIm¯n-bp-−m-¡nb cq]w) Shell cutting - Nn¸n¸Wn Shalabhoga - je-t`mK Share cropper - ]¦m-fn¯IÀj-I³

Shariat - icnA¯v/CkvemanI\nbakwlnX

Shifting cultivation - amä-¡rjn

Shikhara - inJcw Shogun - tjmK¬ Shreni - t{iWn Shrine - tZhm-ebw/Bcm-[-\m-ebw

27

Shuddhi movement - ip²n{]Øm\w

Shudras - ip{Z-À Signboard - kqNnIm^eIw Silk route - ]«p-]mX Silsila - knÂkne (kq^n-kwLw) Sketch - cq]-tcJ Skilled craftspersons - Ic-Iu-iehnZ-Kv[À Slave trade - ASn-a-hym-]mcw Slave - ASna Slavery - ASn-a¯w Slum - tNcn Small scale map - sNdptXmXv `q]Sw Social backwardness - kmaqlnI]n¶m-¡m-hØ Social censure - kmaq-lnI\nμ Social diversity - kmaqlnIsshhn[yw Social hierarchy - kmaqlnIt{iWn Social inequality - kmaq-lnImk-a-Xzw Social justice - kmaq-lnI-\oXn Social mobility - kmaqlnINe-\m-ß-IX Social obligation - kmaq-lnI{]Xn-_-²X

Social organisation - kmaq-lnIkwL-S\ Social reconstruction - kaql]p\À\nÀamWw Social stratification - kmaqlnIhn`-P\w/kmaq-ln-I-t{i-Wo-I-cWw Socialism - tkmjy-enkw/ ØnXn-k-a-Xz-hmZw Socialist bloc - tkmjy-enÌv tNcn Socialist revolutionary - tkmjy-enÌv hn¹hImcn- Socio-cultural reform - kmaq-lnIþ-kmw-kvIm-cnI ]cn-jvImcw Socio-economic sector - kmaqlnIþkm¼-¯nItaJe Solidarity - sFIy-ZmÀVyw Sophisticated skill - ]cn-jvIrXss\]pWn Source - t{kmXÊv Sovereign nation - ]c-am-[n-Imccmjv{Sw Sovereignty - ]c-am-[n-Imcw Specialists - hnZ-Kv[À Species - -hÀKw Spherical - tKmfmIrXnbnepÅ Spice route - kpK-Ô-hyRvP\]mX Spiritual master - B[ym-ßnIKpcp Spiritual song - BßobKoXw Spiritualism - Bßo-b-hmZw/Bßo-bX Stagnant system - ]ptcm-K-Xn-bn-Ãm¯ hyh-ØnXn/\nÝ-e-amb hyh-

ØnXn/kvXw`-\m-h-Ø-bn-epÅ hyh-ØnXn Standard time - Ìm³tUÀUv kabw (am\I-k-abw) State list - kwØm\ A[n-Imc]«n-I/kwØm\ ]«nI

28

State owned - cmjv{S-¯nsâ DS-a-Ø-X-bn-epÅ State reorganisation - kwØm\ ]p\ÊwL-S\ Statecraft - cmPy-X{´w Sterile layer - Xcniv `q]mfn Sthapati - Ø]Xn Stone age - inem-bpKw Stone blade - I¨o-fv Stone circle - IÂh-ebw Stone cutting - IÃpsh«v Stone seal - inem-ap-{Z-

Stone tool - IÃp]-I-c-Ww Stone weapon - inem-bp-[w Strategic - X{´-]-c-amb Stratigraphic layer - `qL-S-\m-]-c-amb ]mfn Stupa - kvXq]w Suba - kp_ ({]hniy) Subadar - kpt_-ZmÀ Subcontinent - D]`qJÞw Subjugated - Iogvs¸-Sp¯s¸« Submission - Iog-S-§Â/D]-t£]w Subsidiary Alliance System - ssk\nIklmbhyhØ Succession dispute - ]n´p-SÀ¨¯À¡w Sufis - kq^n-IÄ

Sulh-i kul - kpÂ- -C--þ-Ip Sultanate - kp¯\¯v/kp¯m³ `cWw Summer solstice - DjvWmb-\m´w Summit - D¨-tImSn

Sunclock - kuc-L-Sn-Imcw Sunset law - kqcym-kvX-ab\nbaw (Hcp -\n-IpXn\nbaw) Supernatural power - {]Ir-Xy-XoX iàn Superstition - AÔ-hn-izm-kw Superstructure - D]-cn-L-S\ Sustainable development - kpØnchnI-k\w

Suzerainty - A[o-iXzw/taÂt¡mbva Swadeshi Movement - kztZin{]Øm\w Swaraj - kzcmPv Symbolism - {]Xo-Im-ß-IX Synagogue - PqX¸Ån, kn\-tKmKv Syncretic - ka\zbmßIw Table land - ]oT`qan Taluqdar - Xmeq-IvZmÀ Tariff - Np¦w, Xocph Tawarikh - Xhm-cn¡v Tazkiras - XkvIn-cmkv

29

Temperate zone - ka-io-tXm-jvW-ta-Je Temple architecture - t£{Xhm-kvXp-hnZy Temple complex - t£{Xkap-¨-bw Temple entry proclamation - t£{X-{]-th-i\hnfw-_cw Temple entry - t£{X{]th-i-\w Tenant - IpSn-bm³ Terminology - kmt¦Xn-Ikw-Úm-imkv{Xw Terracotta sculpture - Ifna¬inev]w Terracotta tablet - Ifna¬^eIw

Territory - `q{]-tZ-i-]cn[n Terror - `oI-cX Terrorism - `oI-c-hmZw/Xo{h-hmZw Testimony - sXfnhv Textual record - enJnX{]amWw Tharisappally copper plate - Xcn-km-¸Ån sNt¸Sv

The Arab Empire - Ad_v km{amPyw The Gonds - tKmÞp-IÄ The Indo-islamic style - Ct´m þ CkvemanIv ssien

The International Monetary Fund - A´ÀtZiob \mWb\n[n Masjid - akvPnZv (apkvenw {]mÀY-\m-e-bw) Thematic map - hnj-bm-[n-jvTnX`q]Sw Theologians - ssZh-im-kv{X-ÚÀ Theology - ssZh-imkv{Xw Theories of race - hwikn²m-´-§Ä Theory of causation - tlXp-hmZw Theory of evolution - ]cn-Wm-a-kn-²m´w Third world - aq¶mw-temIw Three tier Panchayath - {XnXe ]©m-b¯v Throne - knwlm-k\w Time immemorial - AXn-]p-cm-X-\-Imew Tolerant struggle - kl-\-k-acw Tomb - ih-¡-Ãd/ ih-Ip-So-cw Tomb-shrine - hnip² ih-Ip-Socw Topography - Øe-hn-h-cWw Torrid zone - DjvW-ta-Je Total revolution - k¼qÀWhn¹hw Totalitarian control - ka-{Km-[n-]-Xy-\n-b-{´Ww Trade centres - I¨-hStI{μ-§Ä / hym]mctI{μ-§Ä

Trade guilds - hym]mc Iq«m-bva-IÄ Trade route - hmWn-Py-]mX/I¨-h-S-]mX Traditional industry - ]c-¼-cm-K--Xhy-h-kmbw Transaction - CS-]mSv Transmigration - ]c-Im-b-{]-thiw/tZim-´-c-K-a\w

Transplantation - ]dn-¨p-\-SÂ

30

Transporation - KXm-KXw Travelogue - bm{Xm-hn-h-cWw Trench - InS-§v Tribal - tKm{X-kw-_-Ôn-bmb Tribe - tKm{Xw Tributary - t]mj-I-\Zn/ssIhgn Tribute - _lp-aXn/ I¸w/ kw`m-h\ Tripartite struggle - aq¶p -hy-XykvX -tN-cn-IÄ X½n-epÅ kwLÀjw Tropic of cancer - D¯-cm-b\tcJ Tropic of Capricorn - Z£n-Wm-b\tcJ Tropical climate - DjvWta-JemImem-hØ

Tropical region - DjvWtaJem{]tZiw Turbot - ISÂao³

Turmoil - {]£p-_v[X/Ipg¸w Tutelary deity - Ipe-tZ-hX/A[n-tZ-hX Two nation theory - Zzncm-jv{S-kn-²m´w

Two pronged attack - ZznapJm{I-aWw Tyranny - \njvTpchmgvN/tkzNvOm[n-]Xyw Ulama - Deaþ Ckvemw aX-]-WvUn-X³ Unapproachables - Xo−n-¡q-Sm-¯-hÀ/ASp-¡m³ ]mSn-Ãm-¯-hÀ Uncontrolled power - A\n-b-{´n-Xm-[n-Imcw Unification - GIo-I-cWw Uniform system of weights and measures - GIo-IrX Af-hp-Xq¡kwhn-[m\w Union list - tI{μ-enÌv (]«n-I)/tI{μ -A-[n-Imc¸«nI Unipolar world - GI-{[p-h-temIw Unitary system - GIm-b¯ `c-W-hy-hØ/ GIm-b¯ k{¼-Zmbw United Nations Organization - sFIycmjv{S kwL-S\ Unity in diversity - \m\m-Xz-¯n GIXzw Universal declaration of human rights - kmÀh-tZ-iob a\p-jym-hImi{]Jym-]\w

Universal suffrage - kmÀh{XnI thm«hImiw Universe - {]]©w Untouchability - sXm«p-Iq-«mbva, Akv]r-iyX Untouchables - sXm«p-Iq-Sm-¯-hÀ Upper-caste - D¶XPmXn Urbanisation - \K-c-h¡-cWw Urbanism - \mK-cn-IXmhmZw Urn - \¶§mSn/Ieiw/IpSw Utilitarian - {]tbmP\{]Zamb D]-bp-à-Xm-hmZw Utilitarians - {]tbm-P-\-hm-Zn-IÄ/{]tbm-P-\-{]-Z-amb D]-bp-à-Xm-

hmZw Utopia - k-¦Â¸-temIw Utopian socialism - Dt«m-]y³ tkmjy-enkw Uzhavar - Dg-hÀ Vachanas - hN-\-§Ä

31

Vaishnavites - hnjvWp-`-àÀ Vaishyas - sshiyÀ

Varna - hÀWw Vassalage - B{inXmhØ/kma-´-hy-hØ Vedic period - thZ-Imew

Vellalar - shÅm-fÀ Verbal communication - hmNn-I- Bi-b-hn-\n-abw

Vernacular education - {]mtZ-in-I-`mjmhnZym-`ymkw Vernacular press act - \m«p-`m-jm-]-{X-\n-baw Vernacular - \m«p-`mj

Versailles treaty - thgvkmbv DS-¼Sn Vigilance Court - hnPn-e³kv tImSXn Vihara - _p²-a-X-k-¶ymknaTw/hnlmcw Village autonomy - {Kma-kzbw`cWw Viruti - hncp¯n þ Hcn\w ]ng

Volcano - Aán-]ÀhXw Voyage - ISÂbm{X Wagon tragedy - hmK¬ {SmPUn/hmK¬Zpc´w Wali - hmen War communism - bp²-Ime I½yq-Wnkw War fear - bq²-`oXn War indemnity - bp²\jvS-]-cn-lmcw War reparation - bp²]cn-lmcw Wardha education plan - hmÀ[mhnZym-`ymk]²Xn Warehouse - ]−-I-ime/]m−n-I-ime

Warrior - tbm²mhv Weather - A´-co£ØnXn Wedge shaped - B¸v BIr-Xn-bn-epÅ

Western Front - ]Sn-ªm-d³ ap¶Wn Western ghats - ]Ýn-a-L«w Wetlands - \oÀ¯-S-§Ä White revolution - [hfhn¹hw White Town - shÅ-¡mÀ Xma-kn-¡p¶ \Kcw

Winter solstice - ssiXy Ab-\m´w Wooden handles - ac¸nSnIÄ Working class movement - sXmgn-emfnhÀK{]Øm\w World bank - temI_m¦v World Economic Depression - temIkm¼-¯nIamμyw World Social Forum - temI tkmjy t^mdw World Trade Organization - temIhym]mckwLS\

Yagas - bmK§Ä

Yajnas - bPvR-§Ä

Zamindars - skao-μmÀamÀ

32

Zamorin of calicut - tImgn-t¡mSv kmaq-Xncn Zat - kXv Zedoray - It¨mew

Zorostrians - PcXpjv{SaX-¡mÀ Zimma - kn½ Ziyarat - knbm-dXv