07 lungtransplantation singer · multivariate hpdiagnosis 0.25 0.08‐0.6 0.008 age 1.03...
TRANSCRIPT
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Lung transplantation in occupational and environmental lung diseases
Jonathan Singer, MD MSAssistant Professor of MedicineUCSF Lung Transplant Program
Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine
Disclosures
• None
A bit of history• 1963: James Hardy performs first LTx
• Patient: Jail inmate; PMH: lung CA, chronic renal insufficiency• Survived 18 days
• 1963‐83: 40 more attempts at LTx• Most survived
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Survival is improving
2016JHLT. 2016 Oct; 35(10): 1149-1205
Median survival (years):1990‐1998: 4.2; Conditional=7.1; 1999‐2008: 6.1; Conditional=8.4; 2009‐6/2014: NA; Conditional=NA
Indications for Lung Transplantation
• Pulmonary Vascular Disease• Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension
• Pulmonary hypertension secondary to systemic disease
• Eisenmenger’s syndrome• Suppurative Disease
• Cystic Fibrosis• Bronchiectasis
• Obstructive Lung Disease• COPD• Alpha‐1‐antitrypsin deficiency• Bronchiolitis obliterans
• Restrictive Lung Disease• Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis• Fibrosis secondary to connective tissue disorders
• Sarcoidosis• Eosinophilic granuloma• Lymphangioleiomyomatosis• Occupational disease• Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
Indications by Year
2016JHLT. 2016 Oct; 35(10): 1149-1205
Eligibility Considerations
• Severe debilitation due to pulmonary disease
• Currently on maximal medical management
• Limited life expectancy(
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Listing: The Lung Allocation Score
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Transplant type based on underlying disease
• Single:• Pulmonary fibrosis• Emphysema
• Double:• Cystic fibrosis • Bronchiectasis• Pulmonary hypertension
• Heart‐Lung: CHD with Eisenmenger’s• Unique clinical characteristics with pulmonary HTN
Single lung transplantation
• Initially only offered for ILD and COPD• now 50/50 single/double• Maximizes donor pool, since one donor may benefit 2 recipients
• Technically easier than double lung• Contraindicated in CF, and other suppurativelung disease
• Use in pulmonary HTN remains controversial
Case 1. Something stinks…HPI
• 55 yo woman; symptoms begin in 2011 with dry cough
• 2012: Progressive SOB with periods of sudden worsening.• Diagnosed with pneumonia; multiple rounds of antibiotics did not help
• Diagnosed with asthma oral steroids steroids provided relief for up to weeks
• 6/2012 Initiated on oxygen, CT chest showed possible fibrosis
PMH MedsAsthma Albuterol, singulairSHWorks as a floor manager in a local casino; flooding 5 years ago with heavy damage to the carpet which covers concrete floors
ROSNone
PE: 37.5 110/70 70 16 86% RARRRDry inspiratory cracklesNo rashes, joint swelling
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Studies
• Autoimmune serologiesnegative
Spirometry
FEV1 1.15 (38%)
FVC 1.24 (36%)
TLC 2.71 (45%)
DLCO 5.6 (24%)
Expiratory
Interstitial Lung Disease
• “Interstitium” is a potentialspace between the epithelial and endothelial basement membrane
• Interstitial lung disease occurs when there isinflammation or fibrosisin this space
Interstitial lung disease
ILD of known etiology (HP, drugs, collagen‐vascular)
Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonia
(IIP)
Granulomatous ILD(Sarcoidosis)
Other (eosinophilic
pneumonia, LM, HX etc.)
Chronic fibrosing Smoking related Acute/subacute
IPF NSIP RBILD DIP AIP COP
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Differential DiagnosisCollagen Vascular Disease/Autoimmune• Antisynthetase syndrome (Jo‐1, PL‐7, PL‐12, EJ, OJ,
SRP, Mi‐2, Ku), also MDA‐5• Rheumatoid arthritis (higher proportion of UIP)• SLE (greater prevalence of ILD than appreciated in
the literature)• Systemic sclerosis (diffuse more associated with
ILD; limited more with PAH)• Mixed connective tissue disease• Sjogren’s• Vasculitidies: granulomatous polyangiitisIdiopathic• IPF• NSIP• COP• AIP (Hamman‐Rich Syndrome)• RBILD• DIP• LIP• PPFE• Unclassifiable
Environmental• Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (avian, molds,
isocyonates, other organic dusts)• Pneumoconioses (silicosis, asbestosis, berryliosis,
coal miner’s lung disease)
Medications• TNF‐alpha inhibitors (eternacept, infliximab,
adalimumab)• Chemotherapy drugs: bleomycin, busulfan, etc.• Amiodarone• Methotrexate• Sirolimus/everolimus• NSAIDS, antibiotics (eosinophilic)
Other• Eosinophilic pneumonia: idiopathic, parasitic• Sarcoidosis• Lymphangioleiomyomatosus (LAM)• Pulmonary langerhans cell histiocytosis• Lymphangitic carcinomatosis• Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis
Return to Case 1. Diagnosis
Return to Case 1. Diagnosis
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis from workplace mold exposure
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
• Allergic reaction to inhaled organic dust, fungus, molds, or chemicals
• Many names, depending on exposure• Bird fancier’s lung, farmer’s lung, hot tub lung, Woodman’s disease, etc…
• Avian antigen most likely to cause fibrosis
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Clinical course• Stopped working, started prednisone and cellcept• Over 6 months 2LPM 10LPM at rest, 15LPM w/ exertion
• Listed for transplant 3/12/2013• 4/30/13: underwent bilateral lung transplantation on central veno‐arterial ECMO support
• 22 day recovery period• Remains well today with stable allograft function
Transplant for Group D “Restrictive” 2000 ‐2013N = 8692
Source: UNOS
HP, 147Scleroderma,
121Sarcoidosis, 285
Pulmonary Fibrosis‐other,
1090
IPF, 5679
Other, 1370
HP
Scleroderma
Sarcoidosis
Pulmonary Fibrosis‐other
IPF
Other
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
• Likely under recognized indication
• National registry:
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Case 2. Between a rock and a hard placeHPI
• 44yo male moved to US from Mexico in late 2012.
• 2013: Spontaneous pneumothorax , hospitalized 19 days, TB excluded
• 2014: DOE, wheezing diagnosed with asthma
• 2014‐15: multiple ER visits for SOB prednisone bursts and antibiotics
• Oct 2015: CT chest showed “mild” pleural/paratracheal thickening and mediastinal adenopathy
• Bronchoscopy negative for cancer/tuberculosis
• Jan 2016: second pneumothorax
• Feb 2016: started on 2LPM of oxygen, stopped working
PMH Meds• Asthma Albuterol, pulmicort, combivent, singulair
SHLives with his wife and 3 children in Fresno, on disabilityLife long non‐smokerWorked in stone grinding and sculpting work in Mexico (cantera) for 18yrs
• Inconsistent PPE use
• Stopped working when he moved to the U.S.
PE: 37.5 105/70 118 36 82% on RA 93% 3LPMThinTachycardi, loud P2Expiratory wheezes and rhonchi upper lung zones > lower+ clubbing
Spirometry
FEV1 0.71 (19%)
FVC 2.47 (53%)
FEV1/FVC 0.29
DLCO 11.6 (33%)
Diagnosis: Progressive massive fibrosis from silica inhalation
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Diagnosis: Progressive massive fibrosis from silica inhalation
• Inhaled crystalline silica • Free radical generation• Direct toxicity to pneumocytes and alveolar macrophages
• Inflammation ‐> Fibrosis
Clinical course
• 9/22/16: seen in UCSF transplant clinic, decompensated right heart failure, saturating 65% on 5LPM
• Admit to ICU: initiate dobutamine, diuresis, BiPAP, rapid completion of transplant workup
• 10/4/16 Listed for transplant • Progressive hypoxia/hypercarbia over next 1 week (7.33/83/62) ‐> tracheostomy and mechanical ventilation
• 10/9 Progressive right heart failure, impending death, accept high risk donor
Clinical course
• Prepping chest for surgery: tachycardic to 170s with hypotension
• crash median sternotomy with cardiac massage and emergent central VA ECMO.
• Right ventricle football size and purple • 1 hour of manual cardiac massage, repeated defibrillation
• Patient expired
Lung transplant for silicosis is rare• Before 2011, 4 case reports and 2 case series
• U.S. national transplant registry for occupational lung diseases and silicosis from 2005‐2010
• 37 cases (0.5% of 8129 transplants)• Silicosis: 17• Pneumoconioses NOS: 7• Coal workers pneumoconiosis: 6• Asbestosis: 2• Berylliosis: 1
• Survival equivalent to non‐occupational lung diseases.
• ? Non‐silicosis occupational lung disease
Singer. Occ Med (London). 2012
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Outbreaks of silicosis
Kramer. CHEST. 2012
Survival in silicosis vs IPF
• 2006‐ 2013• Tx for silicosis vs IPF
• 17 subjects, up to 80 months of follow up
Rosengarten. Am J Ind Med. 2017
Follow up on outcomes in the U.S.
• May 2005 – Sept 2013• Of 7,273 transplants
• Silicosis: 24• Non‐silicosis: 29
Hayes. Lung. 2015
Here we go again
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Blackley. MMWR. 2016; Blackley. Am J Ind Med. 2016
What about after lung transplantation?
What about after lung transplantation?
• Risk of infection• Impacts return to certain jobs
• Farming to teaching• Impacts avocation• Impacts places of residence
• Can disease recur in the allograft?• Air pollution and allograft failure
Case 3. It’s confusing.• 26 yo, 18 months post‐transplant for cystic fibrosis• Had been doing well. Working part time, enjoyed hiking with friends in East Bay hills
• Self‐report of transient R arm paralysis and loss of sensation and aphasia that resolved
T 36.8 BP 142/80 HR 96 RR 16 Sa02 98% RA
Gen: Lying in bed, eyes closed
Neck: No JVD
Cor: Borderline tachy, regular rhythm, no murmurs
Pulm: CTAB
GI: S/NT/ND +BS
Neuro: A&O x4, non‐focal exam
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MRI Brain
Brain biopsy performed
Diagnosis: Invasive Aspergillosis What about after lung transplantation?
• Risk of infection• Impacts return to certain jobs
• Farming to teaching• Impacts avocation• Impacts places of residence
• Can disease recur in the allograft?• Air pollution and allograft failure
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Diseases known to recur
• Sarcoidosis• Lymphangioleiomatosis (LAM)• Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis (PLCH)• Talc granulomatosis• Diffuse panbronchiolitis• Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP)• Desquamative interstitial pneumonitis (DIP) • Giant cell interstitial pneumonia (Hard metal/Cobalt lung
disease)• Alpha‐1 antitrypsin deficiency‐related emphysema • Bronchoalveolar carcinoma
Recurrence of HP after transplant: 6‐10%
Kern RM. CHEST. 2014
CT: air trapping;bronchoscopy: BAL 24% L, CD4:CD8
0.7, biopsy withsubepithelial granuloma
CT: air trapping;bronchoscopy: BAL 29%L, CD4:CD8 0.7, biopsies with
multiple granulomas
Transbronchial lung biopsy showing granuloma composed of histiocytes, multinucleate giant cells and lymphocytes.
What about after lung transplantation?
• Risk of infection• Impacts return to certain jobs
• Farming to teaching• Impacts avocation• Impacts places of residence
• Can disease recur in the allograft?• Air pollution and allograft failure
Chronic rejection is common
2016JHLT. 2016 Oct; 35(10): 1149-1205
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Chronic Lung Allograft Syndrome:Bronchiolitis obliterans Causes of death by time
2016JHLT. 2016 Oct; 35(10): 1149-1205
Air pollution and CLAD
Belgium: Nawrot. Thorax. 2011
Canada: Bhinder. Am J Transplant. 2014
Europe: Ruttens. ERJ. 2017
MOC Questions
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Q1. Of the following, which single test best distinguishes hypersensitivity pneumonitis from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?
1. CT chest with and without expiratory images2. Positive IgE antibody to suspected antigen3. CBC with differential4. Pulmonary function testing with diffusing capacity
Q2. How does silica cause pulmonary fibrosis?
1. Inhaled amorphous silica dust triggers an exuberant allergic reaction, leading to fibrosis
2. Inhaled crystaline silica dust generates an exuberant allergic reaction, leading to fibrosis
3. Inhaled amorphous silica dust generates free radicals and inflammation, leading to fibrosis
4. Inhaled crystaline silica dust generates free radicals and inflammation, leading to fibrosis
Q3. Up to what percentage of lung transplants are performed for occupational and environmentally‐caused lung diseases?
1. 1%2. 5%3. 10%4. 20%
Thank you.